Genre text

1. NARRATIVE
Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
2. RECOUNT
Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
1. Using Past Tense
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past
so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense,
Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount
told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found
in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are
constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict,
social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all
these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text.
Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

Example of Narrative Text :

The Legend of Toba Lake
Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He
liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish
could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish
changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in
love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara
Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and
promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very
angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the
word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and
talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was

shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth
formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this
lake is known as Toba lake.

Example of Recount Text :

Visiting Bali
There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to
see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three
days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected
two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through
mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet
town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they
returned very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to
see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone
sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of
stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that
he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent
on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

3. DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms

Example of Descriptive Text :

Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under
Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang,
Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the
Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist
of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by
walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each
of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large
stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends
through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which
symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a
valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

4. REPORT
Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection

Example of Report Text :

Human Body Energy
Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living
machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which
we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of
heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The
number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which
the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing
than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical
substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories
per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food
contains different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are
all important for body staying healthy

5. EXPLANATION
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or
socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
1. Using modals
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
8. Using connectives/transition

Example of Analytical Text :
Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates
Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of
America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by
Businessweek.
The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move into
due to their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and
services.
The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback to
living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot
hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.
The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of
disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the
administration to improve its performance.

7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be
done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:
2. Using modals
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective

9. Using connectives/transition
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In
simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer
of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do
for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How
should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to
convince that the thing should be done

Example of Hortatory Text :

Wearing Helmet
Why Should Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling.
We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle
when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.
Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative
aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can
save a rider‟s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended
designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect
riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as
rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.
Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the
opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on
they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others, it means a
lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various
styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can
projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel
more confident when riding on the road.
However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it
properly. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not
good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling them properly.
The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and
comfort.

8. PROCEDURE
Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
Example of Procedure Text :

Planting Chilies
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on
how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
1. Dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
2. Put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
3. Wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
4. Put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some
fresh chilies soon.

9. DISCUSSION
Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue
(„For/Pros‟ and „Against/Cons‟)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

Nuclear Power
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the
world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria,
England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy.
It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:
* It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
* It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse
effect.
* It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
* It produces small amount of waste.
* It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried
for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a
lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be
a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990′ s nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

10. REVIEW
Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

Example of Review Text :

Book Title : UML By Example
Type : Book
Author : Jalloul, Ghinwa
Publisher : Cambridge

The book is designed to be a step-by-step introduction to object-oriented software
development, and intended for teaching as well as practical applications.

It presents a systematic approach to the development of analysis models. In this
respect, this is exactly what teachers would like to have: in the early stages of learning
the UML students like to have a process to follow in a systematic fashion. If too much
is „left to one‟s own judgement‟ in the early stages at least, it tends to put students off,
and so the book is a welcome addition to possible core texts in that respect.

The book presents a process and case studies. The process is entitled Bridge , and the
book leads the learner by examples. The process is described as a grammatically-
based approach (p. 56) According to the introduction, the back cover, and page xxi of
the preface, there are seven case studies. The reader will look in vain (as I did) for the
remaining two: in fact, there are five case studies, and it is this inattention to detail
which sets the tone for the rest of the book.

Indeed, it is a closer inspection of the systematic approach which reveals holes,
particularly in the quality of expression used. Perhaps this is a result of insufficient
attention to detail in the editing stages. For example, let us focus in on the first case
study on an online reservations agency. The user requirements are presented in textual
form, and the analysis proceeds from there. Occasionally the quality of expression
could be enhanced: the first line of these requirements starts „a software for a travel
agency…‟ and begins by identifying actors through the listing of all the „names‟ in the
text. This was certainly confusing for my students, who would have preferred the use
of the word „nouns‟. The use cases are determined by considering the verb phrases in
the requirements that are associated with the selected actors, but the listing conflates
update and access to update access, and fails to mention „complain‟, which then turns
out to be a use case in the subsequent model. The text refers to the use cases of

Reserving, Canceling, etc, but labels them on the model as Reserve a tour, Cancel a
reservation, and so on. This accompanying diagram also leaves the „complain‟ use
case hanging in mid-air, associated with no actor. These may seem like minor
quibbles, but these are exactly the kinds of inconsistencies which are off-putting for
learners.

In many ways I like the focus of the book, as the concept of a step-by-step approach is
very appealing to teachers and learners alike, but I would have appreciated more
attention to detail. In particular, the illustrative diagrams would have benefited from a
re-read: page 13 figure 1-14 is supposed to depict two musical devices playing music,
where the text identifies 2 different use cases, but the diagram only labels one of
them, and has four associations, two of which are uni-directional, without any
explanation in the text. The text-diagram inconsistencies on page 17 are particularly
irritating, as the focus is on an explanation of the „uses‟ relationship; the reader
searches for two „distinct‟ use cases, „Checks Move‟ and „Checks Legal Move‟, and
finds only one. Page 16 has a database model where a use case called „Print Student‟s
Biographic File‟ is later referred to in the text as „Print Student File‟. This tends to
confuse the novice learner. There is a need to go through the text and related diagrams
with a fine-toothed comb. Similarly, there is a tendency towards random
capitalisation, as well as random subject-verb agreement: again with use cases, in
some instances (for example, page 14) it is „Add User‟ (as opposed to „Add user‟) but
in others „Decorates a house‟ (as opposed to „Decorate a house‟, or „Decorates a
House‟, and so on). Page 46 has an object model for joke-teller software, which does
not differ from a class model, and again suffers from random capitalisation where all
the classes are upper case with the exception of „password‟ although this is capitalised
in the text. The diagram on page 39 is particularly prone to this random approach.
More complicated diagrams such as that on page 121 contain such a mix of upper and
lower case as well as an inconsistent use of underscore (and a strange relationship
where an employee turns out to be an aggregation of a travel agency) that I would be
reluctant to let my students loose on them. In many cases, the text appears to deal with
the „correct‟ version; it is the diagram which needs revision.

I like the aims of the book, I like the concept of a systematic approach, and I find the
case studies useful, attractive and realistic, but the insufficient attention to detail, and
occasional unfathomable prose, tend to jar on occasion. I could recommend the text to
lecturers who were prepared to tidy up the prose and inconsistencies, but I would not
like my students to think that they could „get away‟ with such an approach.

11. NEWS ITEM
Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy
or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event(s)
2. Background event(s)
3. Sources
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
3. Using saying verbs

4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
Example of News Item Text :

Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against
HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get exploited by
their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as
saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it‟s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was
celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for HIV-victim. In the
past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed
with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have been
infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides
sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly by
their husbands. “It‟s not that people don‟t know that condoms can protect them. But there are
some men who don‟t care to take precaution, even though they know they have HIV” she
said.

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