1. RISE OF CHRISTANITY IN ROME

2.  Religion was very important to the Romans.
Within the Roman Empire, Christianity was
banned and Christians were punished for
many years.
 The message of Christianity was spread
around the Roman Empire by St. Paul who
founded Christian churches in Asia Minor and
Greece. Eventually, he took his teachings to
Rome itself.

3.  In AD 64, part of Rome was burned down. The
Emperor Nero blamed the Christians and the
people turned on them. Arrests and executions
followed
 The dangers faced by the Christians in Rome
meant that they had to meet in secret. They
usually used underground tombs as these were
literally out of sight. In AD 313, the Emperor
Constantine made Christianity legal and for the
first time, they were allowed to openly worship.
Churches were quickly built not just in Rome but
throughout the empire.

4. Impact of Christianity on Roman
Buildings
 The impact of Christianity on Roman buildings
was a negative one. The Imperial Forum was
abandoned, temples were chopped down for
building materials, walls were added between
columns to create churches.
 More often than not, stones from Roman
buildings were fired in large kilns to make lime
for mortar.
 The sanctuary was eventually destroyed and
the remnants redesigned as a relatively humble
church.

5. St. John Lateran, Rome
 It has long been held that early Christian
architecture evolved out of the atrium or
tablinium of the Roman houses where early
Christians met.
 The basilica that became so important was
an imperial form and imposed as a pattern
on church building by Constantine, the first
example being the church of St. John
Lateran, built from an imperial palace in
Rome in 314 CE. For this church, the
basilica was a logical choice.

6.  It consisted of five aisles, with the central one
higher to let in light from a clerestory. Two rows
of 15 huge columns created the colonnade 75
meters long. A hundred years later, Rome saw
the construction of Santa Sabina, a mature and
stately replica of St. John Lateran. Its larger
windows show a greater confidence in masonry
construction

7.  The whole was covered with a wooden roof.
The roof beams shimmered in gold foil, and the
walls were ornamented with mosaics high
above the red, green and yellow marble
columns of the nave. Seven golden altars and
offering tables stood in the sanctuary.

8. St. Peter’s in Rome
 Though a basilica, St. Peter
founded in 333 CE had a
slightly different shape than
St. John Lateran, reflecting
its status as a martyrium.
 A broad flight of stairs led to
the atrium built on a vast
platform over the sloping
ground.
 The church because of its
use, was longer than St.
John Lateran , totaling 112
meters in length.

9.  The nave can be described as a covered street with
colonnades on both sides. The columns were not built
for the church but were taken from pre Christian
Roman buildings.
 Floors were carpeted with graves. In that sense, it
was part street, part graveyard, and part sanctuary,
on feast days it became a site of family celebrations.

10.  To understand the significance of this building,
one has to remember that the use of concrete
had by this time been forgotten and that
vaulting was thus, impossible. The art of
masonry itself was diminished, even for a
building commissioned by the emperor, the
columns had to be taken from Roman
buildings.
 Despite the limitations, and perhaps even
because of them the building achieved a
directness and majesty as one of the first
buildings in the evolving Mediterranean world
that was meant to highlight the new religion.

11. FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE
ECONOMIC CRISIS
 The economic crisis is said to have affected nearly
every aspect of the Roman life, from the decline of
the population to the lack of maintenance of
infrastructure.
 Two reasons for the lack of funds are
d)wholesale hoarding of bullion by Roman citizens,
and
e)the widespread looting of the Roman treasury by
the "barbarians".
 This, along with the enormous trade insufficiency

12.  The rivers surrounding Rome had highly irregular
courses. This resulted in frequent flooding, which
damaged and destroyed all buildings situated below
the hills of Rome and the empire lacked sufficient
funding to repair its crumbling structures.
 The Roman Empire lacked the necessary resources
to keep such a vast empire intact. The empire
reached such a point that it could no longer support
itself, becoming top heavy, and crashed down like a
tower that had grown too high for its own foundation

13. MILITARY DECAY
 Rome's military strength gradually started
declining. In the end it was this lack of security,
which allowed the barbarians to bring down what
had once been the mightiest empire in the world.
 The destruction of Roman military power in the
fifth century A.D. was the obvious cause of the
collapse of Roman government in the West. The
massive Roman army, with about 200,000 men,
ultimately disintegrated into an unorganized mob.
 Rome was also experiencing a population
decrease during this time. As the population
decreased, the available manpower also
decreased.

14. DARK AGES BEGIN
 The "D a r k A g e s " is a historical periodization
emphasizing the cultural and economic deterioration
that supposedly occurred in Europe following the
decline of the Roman Empire.
 Originally it is a period of intellectual darkness
between the extinguishing of the "light of Rome" after
the end of Late Antiquity, and the rise of the Italian
Renaissance in the 14th century.
 The term "Dark Ages" was originally intended to
denote the entire period between the fall of Rome and
the Renaissance; the term "Middle Ages" has a similar
motivation, implying an intermediate period between
Classical Antiquity and the Modern era.

15.  Many of the improvements in the quality of life introduced
during the Roman Empire, such as a relatively efficient
agriculture, extensive road networks, water-supply systems,
and shipping routes, decayed substantially, as did artistic
and scholarly endeavours. This decline persisted throughout
the period of time.
 Apart from that interlude, no large kingdom or other political
structure arose in Europe to provide stability. The only force
capable of providing a basis for social unity was the Roman
Catholic Church. The Middle Ages therefore present the
confusing and often contradictory picture of a society
attempting to structure itself politically on a spiritual basis.
This attempt came to a definitive end with the rise of artistic,
commercial, and other activities anchored firmly in the
secular world in the period just preceding the Renaissance

16. CRUSADES

17. CRUSADES
 The C r u s a d e s were a series of religious
expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and
the Catholic Church, with the main goal of
restoring Christian access to the holy places in
and near Jerusalem. The Crusades were
originally launched in response to a call from
the leaders of the Byzantine Empire for help to
fight the expansion into Anatolia of Muslim
Seljuk Turks who had cut off access to
Jerusalem.
 The crusaders comprised military units of
Roman Catholics from all over western
Europe, and were not under unified command.
Finally in the fall of 1096, the main Crusade
left for Jerusalem. They went by different

18.  The largest concentration of Crusader architecture
was Palestine.
 The main territories comprising the Crusader
dominions the kingdom of
c) Jerusalem ( modern Palestine),
d) The county of Tripoli ,
e) The principality of Antioch (on the north coast of
Syria), county of Edessa (with its capital at Urfa)
 The main period of Crusader architecture was from
the beginning of the twelfth century to the end of the
thirteenth century

19.  Crusader architecture -
high quality ashlar
masonry, massive
construction of frequent
use of masonry marks.
 Sculptural decoration,
extensive use of
vaulting, their most
distinctive work is found
in castles and churches
 The larger castles were
designed for a specific
location so that each
building has a different
plan.

20.  Each castle had
common features which
could include a rock-cut
fosse or ditch, a glacis
or stone revetment and
one or more sets of
curtain wall linked by
towers, with a keep in
middle. Loopholes
tended to be very large
with wide reveals.

21.  The most common form of fortification was the
tower which is equivalent with the Arabic burj.
Typically these had two or three vaulted stories
which would provide protection and a good
view of the surrounding countryside.

22.  The entrance to a tower in the castle that was
added during the Mamluk period with the seal of
Baibars (the two lions) on it
 The castle extends over a southern spur of the
plateau. It is a notable example of Crusader
architecture, a mixture of European, Byzantine,
and Arab designs.

23. Kerak Castle
 B u i l t ->1142
 I n u s e ->1142–1917
 C o n t r o lle d b y
 Crusader Ayyubids ;
Mamluks ; Ottomans
 K e r a k C a s t l e is a
large crusader castle located
in Kerak in Jordan. .

24.  Its walls are
strengthened with
rectangular projecting
towers and long stone
vaulted galleries are
lighted only by arrow
slits.
 The steep slopes of the
spur are covered by
a glacis.
 In the lower court of the
castle is the Karak
Archaeological Museum,
which was newly
opened in 2004 after

25. CHURCHES
 Most Crusader churches were small barrel-
vaulted single-cell buildings with an apse at
the west end.
 The larger churches were mainly built on a
cross-in-square plan, although it is
noticeable that domes were rarely used.

26. RISE OF
MONASTRIES
NANCHAN and FOGUANG MONASTERIES
 One of the thousand wooden monasteries built during
Sui and Tang period (800CE)
 Foguang temple(857CE) was a more ambitious
construction. It's hall is seven by four bayed and has
a roof format that was known as the first class hip
style, the columns divide the hall into an inner and
outer space.

27.  Nanchan temple is a relatively modest structure
which was rebuilt in its present form in 782CE.
 Main hall is dedicated to the bodhisattva Manjusri
which means “Gentle Glory” was a semimythical
figure.

28.  Monasteries during this time generally
consisted of a Buddha hall framed by a
courtyard within a colonnaded enclosure with a
north and south gate. The larger ones had east
and west gates as well.

29.  The courtyards were named after their
principal buildings.
 The overall style of both the temples is very
similar with low pitch roof slopes, deep
eaves, and dominating brackets.

30. MOORISH RULE IN SPAIN

31.  The word Moors derives from the Latin mauri,a
name for the berber tribes living in Roman
Mauretania. It has no ethnographic meaning but
can be used to refer to all Muslims, Berber or
Arab, who conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
 This Moorish land was known as Al-Andalus and
included all of the Iberian Peninsula except for
the extreme north-west from where the Christian
Reconquest would originate.
 The Moors expanded and improved Roman
irrigation systems to help develop a strong
agricultural sector.
 They introduced many new crops including the
orange, lemon, peach, apricot, fig and
pomegranate as well as saffron, sugar cane,
cotton, silk and rice which remain some of

32. MOORISH ARCHITECTURE
THE ALHAMBRA
 Of all their buildings, the Alhambra
is universally considered to be the
masterpiece of Spanish-Moslem art.
It is fortified, as such citadel-palaces
had to be protected from enemies.
 The Alhambra was the stronghold of
the Moorish Kings. The surrounding
wall is more than a mile in extent,
and in its prime the fortress would
have held fully forty thousand
soldiers.

33.  Perched on a hilly terrace on the southern edge of
Granada, Spain, Alhambra is an ancient palace
and fortress complex with stunning frescoes and
interior details.
 The Alhambra Palace was first constructed in the
mid-1300s in Spain. Later, in the 16th century,
Alhambra Palace was renovated and modified for
King Charles V Columns and muqarnas appear in
several chambers, and the interiors of numerous
palaces are decorated with arabesques and
calligraphy.

34.  The palace rooms are arranged around the two
courtyards: one is the Court of the Myrtles built
in the first half of the 14th century, the area for
the purpose of kings public audience. The other
is the Court of the Lions (Patio de los Leones)
built in the latter half of the 14th century, the
private area, that is the seraglio (Harem) where
general vassals could not enter.

35.  In the characteristic style of the Mudéjar Alhambra Palace
incorporates many traditional Islamic details:
 Column arcades
 Fountains
 Reflecting pools
 Geometrical patterns
 Arabic inscriptions
 Painted tiles

36. Court of the Lions and The Fabulous
Fountain
 Court of the Lions is an oblong court, 116 ft (35 m) in length
by 66 ft (20 m) in width, surrounded by a low gallery
supported on 124 white marble columns.
 A pavilion projects into the court at each extremity, with
filigree walls and a light domed roof. The square is paved
with coloured tiles and the colonnade with white marble,
while the walls are covered 5 ft (1.5 m) up from the ground
with blue and yellow tiles, with a border above and below of
enamelled blue and gold.
 The columns supporting the roof and gallery are irregularly
placed.

37. • Inthe centre of the court is
the Fountain of Lions, an
alabaster basin supported by
the figures of twelve lions in
white marble, not designed
with sculptural accuracy but
as symbols of strength and
courage.
• It was designed to work as a
clock. Each hour one lion
would produce water from its
mouth. This shows how
important time was for Arabs
and Muslims.

38. Court of the Myrtles
 This court is 42 m (140 ft) long by 22 m (74 ft)
broad, and in the centre there is a large pond set in
the marble pavement, full of goldfish, and with
myrtles growing along its sides.
 There are galleries on the north and south sides.

39. MADE BY:
ARUSHI WADHWA
NIKITA KUMAR
WAMIKA BANSAL
PAYAL JAIN