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Renal function test
1. Renal Function Test
Dr. Apeksha Niraula
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
BPKIHS
2. Objectives
General Anatomy
Functions of Renal System
Classification of renal function tests (Urine analysis,
blood, Glomerular function and Tubular function)
Clinical Implications
3. Overview of General Anatomy
Two bean shaped
Both side of vertebrae
Weight: 150 gm
About 10 to 13 cm (4 to 5 inches) long
Approximately 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3
inches) wide
About 2 to 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick
Size of fist
Site: T11-L3
5. Formation of
urine as the
waste product
Excretion of
NPN
substances
Regulation of
salt & water
balance
Regulation of
acid-base
balance
Production of
Hormones
Functions of
KIDNEY
7. Urine Analysis
Normal color: Urochrome pigment : pale to amber
Blue green: Riboflavin, pseudomonas infection etc
Pink-orange-red: Hb, myoglobin, porphyrins
Red-brown black: Hb, myoglobin, RBC, Homogentisic acid etc
Specific gravity/osmolarity:
Sp. Gr. :1.005-1.030
Osmolarity (24hrs): 500-800 mOsm/kg of water
Turbidity: Due to infection or fat particles
8. Reagent impregnated cellulose strips
Protein
Albumin
Hemoglobin
Glucose
pH
Reagent Strip Dipstick Test
9. Microscopic Examination
Centrifugation of fresh sample
Sediment observation under
microscope
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Epithelial cells
Casts ( composed of Tamm Horsfall
glycoprotein)
Fat or pigmented particles
Parasites or bacteria
Crystals
10. Classification of Renal Function Tests
Tests based on Glomerular filtration:
i. Urea clearance test.
ii. Endogenous creatinine clearance test.
iii. Inulin clearance.
iv. Cr51- EDTA clearance test.
Tests to measure Renal Plasma Flow (RPF):
i. Para-amino hippurate test (PAH).
ii. Filtration fraction
Tests based on tubular function:
i. Concentration and dilution tests.
11. Glomerular Function Measurement
Plasma Urea
Plasma Creatinine and clearance
Calculated creatinine clearance (eGFR)
Inulin clearance
Isotopic technique for measuring GFR
Cystatin C
Plasma β2-microglobulin
12. Clearance Test
Clearance is that volume of blood or plasma from which a measured amount of
substance can be completely eliminated into the urine per unit of time.
C= UV / P
C= clearance
U= concentration of substance in urine ( in mg / 100 ml )
V= volume of urine in ml / min
P = concentration of substance in plasma/ blood
Clearance tests are
Endogenous - Urea, Creatinine,
Exogenous - Inulin , 51Cr-EDTA
13.
14. Creatinine clearance
At normal level of creatinine, this metabolite is filtered at the glomerulus but neither
secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. Hence, its clearance gives the GFR
Convenient method for estimation of GFR since:
Normal metabolite in the body
Does not require the intravenous administration of any test material
Estimation of creatinine is simple
Procedure of test:
An accurate 24 hr urine specimen is collected
Collect a blood sample for serum creatinine determination
Estimate the serum and urinary creatinine concentration
Normal range: 95- 105 ml/ min
15. Serum Urea
Plasma urea is widely ordered along with creatinine for measuring renal
function but has many disadvantages:
Plasma concentration is dependent in part on its rate of formation
Significant passive reabsorption from tubules
Method of estimation
Direct chemical : DAM in hot acidic medium
Indirect Enzymatic method: Urease, Glutamate Dehydrogenase method
16. Cystatin-C
Low mol. Wt. protein: 13.4 kDa, non glycated basic protein
Cysteine protease inhibitor, found in surface of all nucleated cell
Its plasma concentration appears to be far less dependent than that of
creatinine on weight, height, muscle mass, age or sex
More sensitive index of mild renal impairment that is it increase in creatinine
blind range (GFR of 70-90mL/min/1.73m2)
GFR estimation is far less variable
Immunoassay technique available but expensive
17. Plasma β2-Microglobulin
Mol wt. of 11.8 KDa is shed into plasma at constant rate
Passes freely through the glomeruli
Normally <2 mg/L in plasma
Impaired renal function: upto 40 mg/L
Direct relationship between plasma β2-microglobulin and GFR but its
measurement has not been widely adopted as an index of GFR for
methodological reasons
18. Exogenous Substances for GFR
Inulin:
Plant polysaccharide (fructose monomer)
satisfies all criteria for estimation of GFR (Gold standard for estimation of GFR)
Disadvantages:
Time consuming
Poor specificity of analysis
Chromium-EDTA
Isotopic (simple)
Time consuming
19. Test of Tubular Function
Proximal tubular function
Phosphate reabsorption test
Detection of urinary amino acid
Detection of glycosuria
Distal tubular function
Urinary concentration and dilution
Urinary acidification
20. Urine concentration tests
Restrict water intake for 14- 16 hours
Collect three urine samples at 1-, 2- and 4 hours
Measure specific gravity
Normal tubular function - >1.025
Decreased renal function = 1.020
Severe renal impairment approaches < 1.010
Normal finding does not rule out active kidney diseases
“Fluid deprivation may be contraindicated in heart diseases and early renal
failure”
21. Quantitative Assessment of Proteinuria
Total protein measurement
Albumin
Bence Jones Proteinuria
Myoglobinuria
22.
23. Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy has been classically defined by the presence of
proteinuria>0.5 g/24 h or
Clinically important indicator of deteriorating renal function in diabetic subjects so
regular screening of albumin loss a valuable in monitoring type 1 and type 2 DM
ACR measures more accurately than random or timed albumin excretion
measurement
24. Acute renal failure / Acute Kidney Injury
ARF is essentially characterized by a sudden decline in renal function, leading to
retention of nitrogenous and other waste products, disordered hydrogen ion
homoeostasis and disturbances of extracellular fluid volume and composition
Potentially life threatening condition and, developing as it often does in patients
who are already severely ill
In many cases of acute renal failure there is oliguria (urine flow rate: <15mL/hr)
25. Glomerular Diseases
Suggested clinically by finding blood and protein in urine on urine reagent strip
testing
Primary Glomerular Disease: IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy
Nephrotic Syndrome: Heavy proteinuria (>3g/d), reduced serum albumin and
edema
Acute nephritic syndrome: rapid onset of hematuria, proteinuria, reduced
GFR, sodium and water retention followed by hypertension and localized
peripheral edema
Cause: group A alpha-hemolytic streptococcal infection of pharynx
26. Several disease that results in:
Injury and increase permeability of glomerular basement
membrane
Abnormal findings
Massive proteinuria (>3.5 gm/day)
Hypoalbuminemia
Generalized edema
Other hallmarks. Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
Nephrotic syndrome
27. Tubular Disease
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Inherited and acquired disorders affecting proximal and distal tubule
Characterized by hyperchloremic, normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and urinary
bicarbonate or hydrogen ion excretion abnormality
Distal RTA (type I): inability to secrete hydrogen ions in DCT in acidosis
Proximal RTA ( type II): failure in bicarbonate reabsorption from PCT
Selective Aldosterone Deficiency (type IV): Aldosterone deficiency or
resistance
28.
29. Chronic Kidney Disease
The National Kidney Foundation-Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality
Initiative (NKF-KDOQI) defines CKD is as abnormalities of kidney
structure or function, present for >3 months, with implications for
health
30.
31. Assessment of the
extent of renal
damage
Monitoring the
progression of
renal damage
Monitoring and
adjusting the dose
of renal toxic
drugs
Renal Function Tests –required for……
32. What to examine???
Renal function tests are divided into the following:
Urine analysis
Blood examination
Glomerular Function Test
Tubular Function Test
33. Teitz textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics; 5th
Edition
Clinical Biochemistry Metabolic and Clinical Aspects; William J
Marshall, 3rd Edition
Textbook of Biochemistry 8th edition; DM Vasudevan
Clinical Chemistry 6th edition; Marshal
References
Nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are damaged. This damage allows protein normally kept in the plasma to leak into the urine in large amounts, which reduces the amount of protein in your blood. Nephrotic syndrome is not a specific kidney disease. It can occur in any kidney disease that damages the filtering units in a certain way that allows them to leak protein into the urine. Some of the diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome, such as nephritis, affect only the kidney. Other diseases that cause nephrotic syndrome, such as diabetes and lupus, affect other parts of the body as well.
Lipiduria makes oval fat bodies in the urine
Renal tubular cell also engulf these fats and shed off.
Primary cause are directly associated with glomerular disease status.
NEPHRITIC syndrome??????
Previuosly renal failure was divided into ARF and CRF. Terms tells the rate at which damage occurs rather than the mechanism at which it occurs.
(NKF-KDOQIevaluate , classify and stratified CKD. + NICE( national institute of health and clinical significance)
Renal has been replaced by Kidney more understand by patients and non specialist.
Most individual with CKD stage 3 donot progress to ESRD, with prevalence stage of CKD stage 3 of 10-20 times greater than Stage 4 and 5. on the basis of epidemiologic and prognostic significance.
ESRD is US federal government defined term – indicates needs for long term treatment by dialysis or transplantation.
Kidney failure is deficned as a GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m2.
These are the severaltests performed in the laboratoty to assess the kidney function.
Its is said that 2/3 rd of kidney damage only these test shows results.