GPR Potential for Engineering Geology Applications

The potentialities of ground-
penetrating radar in the engineering
geology using the radars GROT 12
and GROT 12E
9nd April, 2013
ZAO “Timer”
Oxana Gulevich, Business development ZAO “Timer”
Liudmila Volkomirskaya, Head of the GPR laboratory IZMIRAN
Dmitry Musalev, Head of the geophysics laboratory JSC “Belgorhimprom”

1© ZAO “Timer”. All rights reserved. www.zaotimer.ru/eng/
Contents
Brief information about ZAO “Timer” 2
Application fields of the ZAO “Timer” production 3
Distinctions of technology used in GROT 12 GPR family 4
Computation of the signal propagation in dielectric, considering
dispersion with dependence on conductivity
5
The depth range of GPR 6
The impact of the medium dispersion:
the investigation of oil pollution in Voronezh, Russia
the investigation of a goldfield in Hargraves, Australia
7
8
Examples of practical usage of GROT 12 GPR family
Specifications of GROT 12 and GROT 12E
9 – 13
14
Partners of ZAO «Timer» 15

Brief information about ZAO “Timer”
 ZAO “Timer” was founded in 1997
 The head office is situated in Moscow, Russia
 The company has clients in more than 10 countries
 ZAO “Timer” has 4 patents on several technologies
 In 2011 an innovative GROT 12E GPR was launched
The countries, in which the GROT
family radars are used

Application fields of the ZAO “Timer” production
GROT family radars Ultra wideband optico-electronic equipment
Geology and archeology Constructional engineering
and public service
Oil and gas industry Ecology
The market requires further developments of our technologies providing higher resolution, deeper exploration depth
as well as data interpretation refinement in different media with varying conductivity

Distinctions of technology used in the GROT 12 GPR family
 Powerful transmitter, with the most abrupt leading edge, has more than 1MW and ability to adjust the power
 Linear digitization without gating
 Antennas provide a short aperiodic pulse



0
0 ),(),(),(  dxtExtExtD
02
2
2
2
0 








x
E
t
E
t
E

0div D
0div B
tc 


B
E
1
rotJ
D
H
ctc
41
rot 



HB 



0
)()()()(  dtftt EED
2
2
2
2
0
x
E
t
E






2
2
1
x
E
t
E




 

 )()(),( 0 rrr i
 )()(),( 0 rrr i
Wave equation Heat equation
Maxwell’s equations describing the propagation of impulse electromagnetic signals
in real media
Ground-penetrating radar Electrical exploration
The modeling of the function
f( 𝜏) for a real medium
We simulate the functionf ( 𝝉)and verify the quasistationary condition for a real medium
Quasistationary condition

Computation of the signal propagation in dielectric, considering dispersion with
dependence on conductivity
25.0
40 
The signal propagation with attenuation but without shape distortion when σT≤1 transforms into the typical
propagation with attenuation in the skin depth of the conductor if σT˃˃1
The propagation of signals with transmitted wave periods
T=4 (on the left) and T=40 (on the right)
Transmitted wave Transmitted wave
Quasi-logarithmic scale

The depth range of ground-penetrating radar
• The conductivity of a medium, which stands in the wave equation as σ, determines dissipation of wave energy and
therefore the potentialities of ground-penetrating radar.
• At low frequencies attenuation depends on frequency, and it can be tiny as possible, when the frequency becomes
lower. But at such frequencies the wideband signals undergo dispersion or a shape distortion.
• At high frequencies the attenuation can be considered as not depended on frequency so the pulse amplitude reduces
without shape distortion.
The length of antennas is
determined by the
conductivity of the medium
1
Hz
low conductivity
high conductivity

The impact of the medium dispersion: the study of oil pollution in Voronezh, Russia
It was proved that oil polluted
areas can be detected with GPR
for ecological purposes
The oil leakages
Not polluted area Polluted area
[m] [ns]
[m] [ns]

The impact of the medium dispersion: the investigation of a goldfield in Hargraves,
Australia
It was proved that the quartz-based gold deposits can be detected and
contoured down to 80 meters in depth using 4 meter long antennas
[ns][m][m] [ns]
[m]
[m]
[ns]
[m]

Examples of practical usage of GROT 12 GPR family

Localization of the service lines under the reinforced concrete surface in airports
Sheremetyevo airport, Moscow, Russia, 2012
GPR tracks scheme
Sewer manhole,
diameter 0.7 m
Tracks
Slits in the concrete
Takeoff strip
Detected anomaly
Track 1
Track 2
Track 1 Track 2
Drain pipe
Tr3

Localization of the reinforced concrete tunnel in the water intake structure,
Sydney, Australia
Detection of the
tunnel under a
concrete plate at
the depth of
40 meters
Detection of the
tunnel at the
depth of
70 meters
[m]
[ns]
[m]
[ns] [m] [m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[ns] [ns][m]

Localization of boreholes in the mines of Solegorsk, Belorussia, in collaboration with
JSC “Belgorhimprom”
It is proved that boreholes with diameter less than 0.1 m
can be detected
Pulse reflection
from the borehole

Detection of the flooded abandoned mines in Solegorsk, Belorussia,
in collaboration with JSC “Belgorhimprom”
The transmitter power has a considerable impact on the
depth range of ground-penetrating radars
Transmitter power 1MW Transmitter power 0.1MW

Frequency Range, MHz 1 - 200 50-500/100-1500
Energy potential, dB ≥140 ≥120
Transmitter power, MW from 0.05 to 10 from 0.05 to 10
Average power, W < 1 < 1
Range of recorded time delays,
ns
10240 32000
Input resistance, Ohm 100 100
The length of the pulse, ns
High-frequency version
Low-frequency version
5
20
1
5
Sensitivity, mV ≥100 ≥50
Operating temperature range, ℃ -20 +50 -20 +80
Power consumption, W ≤3 ≤6
Weight of the GPR with
batteries, kg
≤3,5 ≤3,5
Processing in real time, s < 1 < 1
PC control RS232,USB,Ethernet,
Bluetooth
RS232,USB,Ethernet,
Bluetooth
GROT 12 GROT 12E
The GROT12 is easily packed and placed into
a small case and a pouch for the antennas
• The key advantage of the radars of the GROT12 family is the direct digitization of the received signal without additional operations of
gating and frequency conversion, as well as the usage of ultra wideband antennas.
• The GROT 12 radars excel other ground-penetrating radars in their portability, improved measurement accuracy and longer battery
life as well as ability to reach the depth of more than 100 meters, while probing high-conductive soils.
• All the GROT 12 family radars are safe for health.

Partners of ZAO “Timer”
Thank you for your attention!
The goal of ZAO “Timer” is development and application of innovative technologies
to raise competitive capacity of our partners.

GPR Potential for Engineering Geology Applications

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