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Is men’s out-migration empowering women farmers in rural Nepal?
- 1. Is men’s out-‐migra0on empowering women farmers in rural Mohanraj Adhikari Resources, Environment and Development Crawford School of Public Policy ANU
- 2. Background
- 3. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
- 4. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate
- 5. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
- 6. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%)
- 7. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%) Consequences -‐ family leN behind
- 8. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%) Consequences -‐ family leN behind
- 9. Background MigraEon -‐ livelihoods strategy – disproporEonate Migrants – disproporEonately Men(87%) Consequences -‐ family leN behind Consequences on women farmers
- 10. Consequences • FeminizaEon of agriculture
- 13. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one
- 14. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one
- 15. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse
- 16. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse
- 17. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse • Culturally diverse
- 18. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse • Culturally diverse
- 19. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse • Culturally diverse
- 20. Nepal IntroducEon • 3 countries in one • Ecologically diverse • Culturally diverse
- 21. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 22. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 23. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 24. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 25. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 26. Study Area Three loca*ons (districts)
- 27. Sample
- 28. Sample • Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random)
- 29. Sample • Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random) • 50% women headed households selected
- 30. Sample • Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random) • 50% women headed households selected • 150 respondents – each district
- 31. Sample • • • • Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random) 50% women headed households selected 150 respondents – each district Target to include 110 each
- 32. Sample • • • • • Interview respondents -‐ voter list (random) 50% women headed households selected 150 respondents – each district Target to include 110 each Individual interview -‐326 households (HHs)
- 33. Sample HHs MigraEon status Kalikot HHs having at least one 74 male migrant member District Dailekh 71 Bardia Total 59 204 Non Migrant HH 35 36 51 122 Total 109 107 110 326 Migrant HH percentage Na*onal average (%) (NLSS, 2011) 68 66 54 63 44
- 34. Sample HHs Household Head by Sex Man Frequency 215 Percent 66.0 Woman 111 34.0 Total 326 100.0
- 35. Women Empowerment in Ag Index
- 36. Women Empowerment in Ag Index • ObjecEvely measures Women empowerment in Ag
- 37. Women Empowerment in Ag Index • ObjecEvely measures Women empowerment in Ag • Five domains – Produc*on – Resources – Income – Leadership – Time
- 38. WEAI Indicators Indicator Input in produc*ve decisions Autonomy in produc*on Ownership of assets Purchase, sell and transfer of assets Access and decision about credit Control over use of Income Group member Speaking in public Workload Leisure Weight 1/10 1/10 1/15 1/15 1/15 2/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10
- 39. Analysis and cutoff • Total score range from 0-‐10 • 3.5 cutoff point
- 40. Results Index, by districts MigraEon and empowerment District Kalikot Dailekh Bardia Total Index/MigraEon Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 0.0 -‐ 3.49 25 14 6 17 17 16 48 47 3.5-‐7.49 48 21 63 19 40 34 151 74 7.5 -‐ 9.99 1 0 2 0 2 1 5 1 Total 74 35 71 36 59 51 204 122 66 60 92 53 71 69 38 22 Empowered % Not Empowered 34 40 8 47 29 31 24 39 %
- 41. Results Women headed household Vs Man headed Kalikot HH Head Index/Migra*on 0.0 -‐ 3.49 3.5-‐7.49 7.5 -‐ 9.99 Total Empowered % Not Empowered % Man Yes 20 38 0 58 66 34 No 11 11 0 22 50 50 Woman Yes No 5 3 10 10 1 0 16 13 69 77 31 23
- 42. Results Women headed household Vs Man headed Dailekh HH Head Index/Migra*on 0.0 -‐ 3.49 3.5-‐7.49 7.5 -‐ 9.99 Total Empowered % Not Empowered % Man Yes 4 39 0 43 91 9 No 12 12 0 24 50 50 Woman Yes No 2 5 24 7 2 0 28 12 93 58 7 42
- 43. Results Women headed household Vs Man headed Bardia HH Head Index/Migra*on 0.0 -‐ 3.49 3.5-‐7.49 7.5 -‐ 9.99 Total Empowered % Not Empowered % Man Yes 12 21 0 33 64 36 No 13 22 0 35 63 37 Woman Yes No 5 3 19 12 2 1 26 16 81 81 19 19
- 44. Discussion
- 45. Discussion • Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households.
- 46. Discussion • Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households. • The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed.
- 47. Discussion • Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households. • The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed. • Presence of men in the households does NOT endanger women empowerment
- 48. Discussion • Not all male migraEon leads to women headedness of the households. • The proporEon of empowered women is higher in women headed households than in men headed. • Presence of men in the households does NOT endanger women empowerment • Longer term migraEon and relaEvely higher economic acEvity boost empowerment
- 49. Story
- 51. Thank You