Wan routing 1

Teknologi WAN & Routing
Materi Kuliah # 1
Pengantar WAN (Teori)

Politeknik Negeri Manado www.polimdo.ac.id
Agenda
Konsep & Definisi WAN
1
Pengantar Teknologi WAN2
Standard WAN3
WAN Connection Methods4
Teknologi & Perangkat WAN6
Overview – Data Link – OSI Model5
Emerging WAN Connection
7

Pengantar Perkuliahan
Semua mahasiswa wajib hadir, Tugas
(Kelompok & Individu) & Evaluasi (UTS & UAS)
Terlambat :
 < 15 Menit – Ditoleransi - Bisa masuk kelas
tidak mengganggu Dosen sedang
menjelaskan!
 > 15 Menit – Alasan khusus atau ALPA !
HP & Gadgets – Tidak AKTIF!
Jika tidak memahami materi yang
dijelaskan dapat menginterupsi untuk
bertanya.

Proses Belajar Mengajar
 Model belajar mahasiswa AKTIF.
 Dosen adalah Fasilitator / Moderator
 Metode dan Proses Pembelajaran :
 Perkuliahan : Mahasiswa = 60 %
Dosen = 40%
“Mahasiswa diharapkan menyiapkan diri dengan membaca
/ berlatih dengan materi / modul yang akan menjadi topik
bahasan di setiap pertemuan.

Definisi WAN
Jaringan WAN merupakan kumpulan dari beberapa MAN , LAN
dan/atau Workgroup yang dihubungkan dengan menggunakan alat
komunikasi modem dan jaringan Internet, dari/ke kantor pusat dan
kantor cabang, maupun antar kantor cabang.

Karakteristik WAN
 Terhubung ke peralatan yang tersebar ke area
geografik yang luas
 Menggunakan jalur layanan umum, misalnya
perusahaan telekomunikasi. PT. Telkom, PT.
Indosat, PT. Excelcomindo, PT PLN, dll untuk
membentuk jaringan di dalam area geografik
tersebut.
 Menggunakan koneksi serial untuk akses
bandwidth di seluruh area geografik tersebut.

Keuntungan menggunakan WAN
• Server kantor pusat dapat berfungsi sebagai
bank data dari kantor cabang.
• Komunikasi antar kantor dapat menggunakan
E-Mail & Chat.
• Dokumen/File yang biasanya dikirimkan
melalui fax ataupun paket pos, dapat dikirim
melalui E-mail dan Transfer file dari/ke kantor
pusat dan kantor cabang dengan biaya yang
relatif murah dan dalam jangka waktu yang
sangat cepat.
• Dll

Layanan WAN
 Beroperasi pada area geografik yang sangat luas
 Mampu memberikan koneksi serial dengan biaya murah
dan kecepatan rendah atau biaya mahal dan kecepatan
tinggi misalnya lewat jalur ATM atau fiber optik
 Mampu menyediakan koneksi full-time dan part-time

Peralatan WAN
 Router, termasuk internetworking dan port-port
interface WAN
 Modem, termasuk interface voice-grade, channel
service units/digital service units (CSU/DSU)
yang melayani interface T1/E1, dan Terminal
Adapter/Network Termination 1 (TA/NT 1)
sebagai interface Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN)
 Server-server dial in dan user-user yang
melakukan dial out untuk melakukan koneksi

Pengantar Teknologi WAN
 Type of Networks:
 Local & Wide Area (LAN, MAN, WAN ) :
• Spans miles of distance
• Two or more separate locations
• Down the road or across the world such as
Microsoft, Federal Express
 InterNetworks & IntraNetworks :
• A network of networks
• A networked collection of LANs
• More than one floor in a business
(intranetwork)
• Multiple buildings such as Campus
environment

Internet
 A WAN internetwork
 Millions of machines worldwide
 The World Wide Web (WWW)
Konsep dan Prinsip dari WAN yang
membuat Internet itu ada !
1

WAN Standardization
Organizations that create standards
1. International Organization for Standards
(ISO)
2. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
3. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
4. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
5. International Telecommunications Union-
telecommunication (ITU-T)

Standar & Protocol Layer Fisik WAN
 EIA/TIA-232 & EIA/TIA-449
 V.24
 V.35
 X.21
 G.703
 EIA-530
 ISDN
 T1, T3, E1 dan E3
 xDSL
 SONET (OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, OC-192)

Standar & Protokol Layer Data Link WAN
 High-level data link control (HDLC)
 Frame Relay
 Poin-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
 X.25
 ATM
 LAPB
 LAPD
 LAPF

WAN Connection Methods
 Four connection methods
1. Dedicated point-to-point (Leased line)
2. Point-to-multipoint (Time division multiplexing )
3. Circuit-switched
4. Packet-switched
 Standards organizations define several types of Data
Link protocols used on WAN connections

Overview – Data Link – OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host B
Network
Network
Physical
Router
Network
Data Link
Physical
Router
Bit
Frame
Packet
TPDU
SPDU
PPDU
APDU
Nama unit yang
dipertukarkan
Internet subnet protocol
Communication subnet boundary
Application protocol
Presentation protocol
Session protocol
Transport protocol
Network layer host-router protocol
Data Link layer host-router protocol
Physical layer host-router protocol
Interface
Interface
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Host A
Application Application Lapisan Atas
Presentation
Session
Transport Data Transport Lapisan Bawah
Network
Data Link
Physical
• Protokol WAN beroperasi pada ketiga
lapisan terbawah dari model OSI dan
mendefinisikan komunikasi di atas
macam-macam WAN
• Protokol LAN
beroperasi pada
lapisan fisik dan data
link dari model OSI
dan mendefinisikan
komunikasi di atas
macam-macam media
LAN.

Fungsi Lapisan Bawah
1. Network Layer
Berfungsi untuk mengantarkan paket ketujuan (Routing). Mengontrol
paket yang akan dikirim ke data link layer dengan cara mencari route yang
paling murah dan cepat. Fungsinya untuk mendefinisikan alamat-alamat
IP, membuat header untuk paket-paket, dan kemudian melakukan routing
melalui internetworking dengan menggunakan router dan switch layer-3.
Protocol dalam layer ini adalah: IP
2. Data-Link layer
Pada layer ini data diterima dari network layer berupa Paket yang
kemudian diencapsulasi menjadi Frame. Fungsinya untuk
menentukan bagaimana bit-bit data dikelompokkan menjadi format
yang disebut sebagai frame. Kemudian mengirimkan frame
menurut topologi yang di gunakan. Protokol dalam layer ini: Frame
relay, ATM.

Application protocol
Presentation protocol
Session protocol
Transport
protocol
Network
protocol
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Application
Layer
Presentation
Layer
Session
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network
Layer
Data Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Bits
DH Data DT
TH Data
DataNH
DataPH
SH Data
DataAH
Data
Proses
Penerimaan
Proses
Pengiriman
Path transmisi data sebenarnya
Fungsi Lapisan Bawah
3. Physical Layer
Pada layer ini data diterima dari data link layer berupa Frame yang
dan diubah menjadi Bitstream yang akan dikirim ketujuan berupa
sinyal melalui media komunikasi. Pada penerima, layer ini akan
mengubah sinyal dari pengirim menjadi Bit dan sebelum dikirim ke
data link layer Bit diubah menjadi Byte. Protocol dalam layer ini
adalah: RJ45

WAN Data Link Protocols
Three categories of Data Link protocols used
for WAN
 Interface to IBM enterprise data centers
1. Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
 WAN connections using peer devices
2. High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 Switched or relay services
4. X.25/Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAPB)
5. Frame Relay
6. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)/Link Access
Procedure D-channel (LAPD)
7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

WAN Data Link Protocols (continued)
1. SDLC
 IBM hosts system communication over WAN
links
 Point-to-point
 Point-to-multipoint
 Connections between
• Remote devices
• Central mainframe
 Synchronous communication

2. HDLC
 Default protocol on WAN links
 Also known as Advanced Data Communications
Control Procedure (ADCCP)
 Superset of the SDLC protocol
 Point-to-point
 Point-to-multipoint
 Supports full-duplex and half-duplex
 Synchronous and asynchronous
 Default HDLC does not support multiple protocols
 Cisco HDLC allows for multiple protocols

3. PPP
 SLIP
 Further extends default HDLC by providing a protocol field
 Dial-up
 Leased lines
 Network Control Protocols (NPCs)
 Can transfer IP, IPX, AppleTalk and other network layer protocols
 PPP provides the following connections
• Router-to-router
• Host-to-router
• Host-to-host
 Physical interfaces for PPP
• Asynchronous serial
• ISDN/synchronous serial
• High-speed Serial Interface (HSSI)

4. X.25/LAPD
 Packet-switching
 Widely implemented for international
communications
 Connections over virtual circuits
 Create to function over existing unreliable
analog telecommunication lines
 Errors correction and flow control
 Older than OSI, does not directly translate

5. Frame Relay
 A Data Link protocol
 A service
 Improved upon X.25 standard
 Operates between 56 Kbps and 45 Mbps
 Higher layer protocols provide error checking and flow control
 Packet-switching
 Shared bandwidth with other frame relay subscribers
 Defines the connection between
• Customer premise equipment (CPE)
• Service provider’s local access switching equipment
 Operates on almost any Physical layer interface
 Two types of virtual circuits
• Switched virtual circuits (SVC)
• Permanent virtual circuits (PVC)
 Uses statistical multiplexing to allocate bandwidth

5. Frame Relay (continued)
 Congestion control
• Forward explicit congestion notification (FECN)
• Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN)
 Configuration considerations
• Local access rate
• Committed information rate (CIR)
• Committed burst size (CBS)
• Excess burst size (EBS)
 Configuration considerations (continued)
• Data link connection identifier (DLCI)
• Local Management interface (LMI)
• Discard eligible (DE)

6. ISDN/LAPD
 Circuit-switched technology
 Dedicated circuit for the length of the transmission
 Two types of ISDN
• Basic rate interface (BRI)
• Primary rate interface (PRI)
 Bandwidth (BRI 128 kbps, PRI 1.544 mbps)
 B-channels (bearer channels)
• 64-kbps
 D-channel (delta or data channel)
• BRI 16 kbps
• PRI 64 kbps
 BRI (Two B channels & One D channel )
 PRI (23 B channels & One D channel )

6. ATM
 Used within and between LAN connections
 Based on Frame Relay technology
 Cell-switched technology
 Circuit-oriented in the sense that ATM cells follow the
same path for the duration of the connection
 Cell are fixed length of 53 bytes
 Provides high-speed data transmission
 No error correction like X.25
 Bandwidth up to 10 gbps

Teknologi & Perangkat WAN
WAN Physical Layer
• Demarcation
• Point of presence (POP)
• Local loop or last mile
• Central office switch (CO)
• Toll network

WAN Connections
 Provide connections between two LANs
 Connections between
 Channels service unit/ data service unit CSU/DSU
 Router
 Routers now include internal CSU/DSU
 Data terminal equipment (DTE)
 Data-circuit terminating equipment (DCE)
 Demarcation or demarc
 Point of presence (POP)
 Local loop or last mile
 Central office switch (CO)
 Toll network

WAN Physical Standards
 Physical WAN serial interface standards
 EIA/TIA-232
 EIA/TIA-449
 EIA-530
 High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)
 V.24
 V.35
 X.25
 X.21
 G.703

WAN Topologies
WAN topologies
 Peer
 Star
 Partial mesh
 Mesh
 Peer :
• Daisy-chained
• Simplest WAN topology
• Least expensive
• Easy to configure
• No redundancy

WAN Topologies (continued)
 Star topology
 Most implemented design
 Also know as the “hub-and-spoke” topology
 Simple hierarchical design
 One central router acting as the hub
 Several edge routers connect to hub
 Full mesh
 Most expensive topology
 Most fault-tolerant design
 Each router has a connection to every other router
 Partial mesh
 Compromise between star and full mesh
 Connection are made according to need and traffic flow
LAN biasanya berbentuk topologi simetris, sebaliknya WAN umumnya
bertopologi tak menentu.

Emerging WAN Connection Methods
 Broadband access
 Two new WAN connection methods
 Digital subscriber lines (DSL)
 Cable access with cable modem
 DSL
 Two types of DSL
• Asynchronous DSL
• Symmetric DSL
• Modulates voice and data over
existing copper phone lines
• Download speeds vary
• 256 kbps to faster than T1 (1.544 mbps)
• Upload speeds are typically slower than download speeds
• Speed and cost are attractive
• Distance limitations to CO
 Cable access and cable
modems
• Uses existing cable TV
infrastructure
• Shared bandwidth
• Distance limitation not an issue
like DSL
• Need VPN!

Highlights WAN
 WANs connect LANs in geographically separate areas
 WAN connections typically function at the Physical and Data Link
layers of the OSI reference model, and are made over serial
connections
 WAN connections operate at a lower speed than LAN connections,
and can be made as point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and
switched WAN connections
 You can use several different data link protocols for WAN
connections
 The different types of WAN connections are: (1) interfaces to IBM
mainframes provided by SDLC; (2) WAN connections using peer
devices with HDLC and PPP; and (3) switched or relayed services
including X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, and ISDN
 X.25 is the oldest of the switched or relayed services and provides
the least efficient service because of its excessive error checking
 Frame Relay is an enhancement over X.25 because it is faster and
does not provide redundant error checking.
 ATM is similar to Frame Relay, except that it uses fixed-length
cells instead of variable-length packets
 In addition, the ATM protocol can be used on LANs as well as
WANs

Highlights WAN (continued)
 ISDN is a leased digital line that can support X.25 and Frame
Relay connections, among others
 ISDN comes in PRI and BRI levels
 BRI only provides 128-Kbps throughput over two B-channels, and
16 Kbps over one D-channel that is used for controlling the
connection
 PRI provides 23 B-channels of 64 Kbps each and one 64-Kbps D-
channel for controlling the connection
 This allows PRI to offer 1.544-Mbps throughput
 The Physical layer WAN connections concern the interface
between the DTE and DCE
 The DTE is the endpoint of the user’s network, which connects to
the WAN interface
 This is typically a router, computer, or terminal of some type
 The WAN service provider usually provides the DCE, which is often
a CSU/DSU, modem, or terminal adapter

Highlights WAN (continued)
 The DCE is then connected to a demarc, which is a
communications facility owned by the WAN service provider
 The local loop is the connection (usually copper cable) that
links the demarcation to the WAN service provider’s CO
switch, which is actually part of the toll network or PSTN
 The physical WAN topologies are
 Peer, which is simply customer facilities connected in
a daisy-chained fashion
 Star, which involves connecting remote customer
facilities to a central facility
 Full mesh, which connects every location to every
other location
 Partial mesh, which provides redundancy only where
necessary

Referensi
 Cisco Networking Academy - CCNA Guide to Cisco
Networking – WAN Concepts

Materi Praktek II
Googling cara mengkonfigurasi jenis-
jenis Router dan Port yang tersedia di
Packet Tracer, contoh bisa dilihat di
http://ilmukomputer.org/2013/02/01/
cisco-packet-tracer-konfigurasi-router-
menggunakan-cli/
Googling Bagaimana menggunakan
Packet Tracer di jaringan LAN (Keyword
MultiUser )
Hotspot : Polimdo
Pass : Poli1

Wan routing 1

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Semelhante a Wan routing 1

Semelhante a Wan routing 1 (20)

Último

Último (20)

Wan routing 1