Dramatic energy use in the Middle East continues to create problems. This presentation goes through real world solutions that can be cost effectively implemented and contribute to a sustainable world view.
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Energy Solutions in Kuwait
1.
2. Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT:
A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Department of Building and Energy Technologies
Environment and Urban Development Division
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
3. Fifteenth Symposium on Improving
Building Systems in Hot and Humid
Climates, Orlando, FL, July 24-26,
2006
4. Due to heavy use of air conditioning,
reliance on desalination for water,
and highly subsidized electricity
prices, Kuwait's per capita electricity
consumption is amongst the highest
in the world.
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
5. In Kuwait, nearly 300-350 MW
power is added every year only to
satisfy the growing demand of the
A/C systems
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
6. Kuwait
• Seven months of summer
• Temperatures over 50 C.
• “Air-conditioning of buildings is the single
largest consumer of electricity and accounts
for nearly 75% of nation’s peak power
demand and over 50% of annual energy
consumption. “
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
7. • MEW is spending nearly 80 million
Kuwaiti Dinars at 400 KD/kW every year
to add additional power generation and
distribution.
• The amount spent annually on fuel to
generate electricity for the operation of
the A/C systems is well over 90 million
KD (MEW, 2002).
ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
8. ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
9. ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL PERSPECTIVE
Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
10. • Power demand is expected to continue
increasing at 7-9 percent a year, necessitating
construction of new generating capacity.
• According to government estimates, roughly
$3.6 billion in further investment is needed by
2010.
<http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Kuwait
11. September 14, 2009
GE Energy announced that the Kuwait Ministry
of Electricity and Water signed a $2.65 billion
USD contract for a new power plant
Kuwait’s robust business and residential growth
has strained the country’s power generation
capability, resulting in power outages during
the hot summer months.
http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20090914093137
12. From the Energy Information
Administration:
Kuwait seeks to significantly increase
its use of natural gas in electricity
generation, water desalination, and
petrochemicals to free up as much as
100,000 barrels per day of oil for
export.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Full.html
13. Kuwait Consumption & Imports
In 2006, an annual basis - natural gas consumption
matches production.
Kuwait’s electricity demand, has outpaced natural
gas production during the summer months.
Result is the shutdown of refinery and
petrochemical operations to meet the increased
demand in electricity.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Full.html
14. By 2014 regional energy demand is
forecasted to have a 25.1% growth over
the period since 2009.
Kuwait's thermal power generation is forecast to rise 70.2% between 2009 and 2019
by Mike King
http://www.pr-inside.com/kuwait-s-thermal-power-generation-is-r1724985.htm
15. GOALS
• Reduce Electrical Demand
• Increase Energy Exports
• Reduce Energy Imports
• Provide More Reliability
• Provide a Better Environment
16. Our world is changing…
we need to change with it.
Our Designs, our Products, our Processes
21. Los Angeles Heat Island
• With increasing
irrigation &
orchards, LA cooled
5ºF until the 1930’s
• As orchards gave
way to hot roofs &
pavements, LA
warmed 6 ºF to
1980
Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
22. Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory Heat Island
Study
One degree increase in air temperature
raises energy demand by two percent …and
raises smog by three percent
23. Buildings account for…
36% of total energy use
65% of electricity consumption
30% of greenhouse gas emissions
30% of raw materials use
30% of waste output/136 million tons annually
12% of potable water consumption
data from USGBC Website
24. Heat Transfer
Where there is a temperature difference
between objects in proximity, heat transfer
between them can never be stopped; it can
only be slowed down.
26. SOLAR RADIATION
Infrared (thermal) heat rays travel…
•With the greatest intensity
perpendicular to the surface.
•With the least intensity parallel with
the receiving surface (zero intensity).
27. SOLAR RADIATION
Radiation Exposure
• A 7 story building is exposed to more radiation on
the walls than on the roof.
• A single story building receives 70% of it’s solar
radiation on the roof.
29. Building Material Factors
Can be manipulated:
• Material resistivity (r-value)
• Surface Solar reflectivity
• Surface Solar absorptivity
• Surface Thermal radiation emissivity
30. Heat Transfer and Buildings
The best way to reduce heat transfer:
Prevent it from entering the building.
The best way to manage heat transfer:
Re-emit it quickly.
37. Kuwait Declaration
• Calls for…
taking the necessary procedures to preserve
environment & natural resources, & the optimal
use of it to achieve sustainable development.
…and take action to limit the impact of climate
change & its repercussions on Arab societies.
http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/articles/arab_economic_summit_2009_sp
eeches.php?p=summit_declaration
38. History
• In 1995, the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (EPA) was created.
• With the help of the ESCWA (the Economic Commission for Western Asia
(ECWA) in 2005 set forth an environmental strategy with three types of
objectives:
the reduction of the rate of pollution;
introduction of the environmental dimension in policies, plans and
national programs;
the protection of the national resources and the biodiversity in the
context of sustainable development. (LEED)
“The adoption of such strategies can hardly be considered as a luxury in all Gulf countries;
in which environmental problems are somewhat similar”.
http://www.escwa.un.org/divisions/pptcdadvisors.asp?id=12
39. Questions
Can Kuwait avoid the need to build new power plants?
Can economic competitiveness be increased?
Can health conditions be improved ?
Can building maintenance and operation costs be
decreased?
Can green house gas emissions be reduced?
41. A Radiant Heat Barrier…
Reduces surface temperatures by as much as 20˚ C
Reflects at least 70% of radiant heat
Limits radiant heat absorption between 15% and 20%
Emissivity level of 90% quickly reducing heat transfer
Reduces energy consumption by as much as 40%
44. Reflective roof surfaces
$0.45 per square foot of reflective roof
When the retrofit application reflects at least
73% of the sun’s heat.
45. San Antonio, TX
• CPS Energy
• The Largest Municipally Owned Energy
Company in the Nation
• (Provides Both Gas and Electricity)
46. Residential Cool Roof Rebate
$0.20 per square foot.
Must be ENERGY STAR® cool roof
products.
47. $0.10 per Sq. Ft. for Commercial Roofs
• Rated reflectivity must be measured by test
method ASTM E424-71, ASTM E903-96
• Must have a minimum reflectivity of 75%.
49. The USA Federal Energy Policy
Act of 2005
• Commercial buildings are eligible for tax
deductions up to $1.80 USD per square foot.
• Many buildings are eligible for improvements
completed within the normal course of
business.
• For municipal buildings, benefits are passed
through to the primary designers/architects in
an attempt to encourage innovative municipal
design.
50. Hashem Akbari Heat Island Group
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
• Cool roof standards are designed to reduce a/c
demand, save money, and save emissions.
• In Los Angeles they will eventually save $100,000
per hour.
• Each 25m2 of cool roof offsets 1 ton of CO2
52. Power Grid Benefits with
“Cool Roofs”
Utility Grid/Operator Benefits
Reduced need for infrastructure spending
Generation
Transmission
Local Distribution
Mitigation of System Peaks
Reduced Spending will lower rates over long term
55. • Since 2005 California has required most flat-
roofed buildings to be white.
• 75% of Wal-Mart stores in the US have
installed “cool roofs”.
• Washington, D.C. will require new flat roofs on
commercial buildings to be covered in
vegetation or a reflective material.
56. Hashem Akbari
"It buys us precious time" to figure out
ways to limit greenhouse-gas emissions or
remove the gases from the atmosphere. “
"It basically buys us time until we come up
to our senses."
57. 1998 US established the
Cool Roof Rating Council
First products rated in 2003.
2009 EU established its Cool
Roof Rating Council
60. Environmental benefits:
Enhance and protect ecosystems and biodiversity
Reduce waste - Nothing added to landfills
Conserve natural resources
Sustainable…extends life of roof
• Renewable every 10 years
61. Economic benefits:
• Reduce operating costs
• Enhance asset value and profits
• Improve employee productivity, safety and
satisfaction
• Optimize life-cycle economic performance
62. Health and community benefits:
• Improve air, thermal and acoustic
environments
• Minimize strain on local infrastructure
• Mitigate Heat Island Effect
63. Health and community benefits:
• Lower roof top and building temperatures
• Less heat transfer
• Increased occupant comfort
• Reduced AC load
• Lower building occupant’s electricity bills
» Up to 40% reduction in cooling costs
• Reduce peak electricity demand (avoid black-outs)
• LBNL estimates Worldwide energy savings of
$27 billion (2008)
64. “Cool Roof”
Cost vs. Benefits
Good design, but is it
economically feasible?
65. Economics
Astec Roof Coatings:
• No need to tear off old roof.
• No need to raise equipment on roof.
• No Facility Downtime
• Makes most roofs better than original.
66. Economics
Astec Roof Coatings:
• Reduced Air-Conditioning Demand
• Equipment lasts longer
• Sustainable, Renewable…lower life-cycle cost.
• Substantial savings over other conventional roofing
systems... Up to 50% savings
67. Cool Roofing Energy Savings
“Cool” roof systems will eventually pay
for themselves and continue to pay a
premium.
69. Cool Roof Coating Case Study:
Paulding County, GA
Thermostats Controlled at District Office
Both Facilities 90,000 SQ.FT.
Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
70. Cool Roof Coating Results
1st Year Savings
$8,054 USD
Total Electricity Reduction 13 %
Projected 35 Year Savings
$282,000 USD
Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
71. Cool Roof Coating
Demonstrated Savings
• Evaporative cooling system was undersized
• Store was well over 85°F on some afternoons
• Instead of adding cooling capacity - installed a
cool coating
Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
72. Cool Roof Coating
Demonstrated Savings
Initial solar reflectivity of 31%, after coating 74%
Initial max temperature 170°F, after coating 120°F
Used 10% less cooling energy
Always 85°F or less in store
Optimal comfort (below 79 F and 60% relative
humidity) for 10 more shopping hours a week
Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
83. “Our engineering department reported
that the plant is consuming less energy …”
-Vice President, Rainier Cold Storage & Ice
84. Airport Hanger:
The concrete pad in front of the hanger:
107 ̊ F / 42 ̊ C
The underside of the roof of an adjoining hanger:
164 ̊ F / 73 ̊ C
The temperature on the underside of the Astec roof:
98 ̊ F / 37 ̊ C
85. Galveston, Texas
• Prior
• Ambient: 95 ̊ F / 35 ̊ C
• Inside: 119 ̊ F / 48 ̊ C
• Surface 173 ̊ F / 78 ̊ C
• 2 hours after
• Ambient: 95 ̊ F / 35 ̊ C
• Inside: 97 ̊ F / 36 ̊ C
• Surface 104 ̊ F / 40 ̊ C
86. “In the past, we have struggled to maintain
minus 12° F / -11° C … Since the application, we
have been able to maintain minus 15° F / -9° C
or less.”
-Plant Superintendent, Land-O-Sun Dairies
93. Cool Roofing
improves insulation performance
• “The thermal resistance of insulation installed
immediately below a black membrane has been
found to be up to 30% lower than advertised,
when measured at peak summertime
temperatures in Austin, Texas.”
-Konopacki and Akbari
94. Fluid Applied Cool Roof Systems
Provide durable / flexible surfaces
Protect from Ultra-violet degradation
Eliminates/minimizes roof tear-off
Sustainable, Renewable, lower life-cycle cost
95. Some Benefits of the
Astec Re-Ply and Ceramic Coating Systems:
Save on annual electricity bills by reducing summer air
conditioning costs.
Save peak electricity demand.
Reduce roof maintenance and replacement expenses by
extending roof life.
Increase indoor comfort in summer by reflecting heat from
the roof surface.
96. Benefits of the Astec Re-Ply
and Ceramic Coating Systems:
Reduce the heat island effect in cities and suburbs.
Reduce air pollution and smog formation.
Reduce waste added to landfills.
Help builders and building managers meet Energy
Efficiency Building Standards such as Perl, LEED, etc.
115. What is the difference between a
paint and a coating?
Paint: An aqueous liquid continuous film applied at
film thickness' of less than 10 wet mls.
Coating: An aqueous liquid continuous membrane
applied at film thickness’ greater than 40 wet mls.
116. Benefits of
Acrylic Roof Membrane
vs.
Paint
Remain Flexible
Resist standing Water
Excellent Adhesion to a variety of substrates
Resist UV exposure
Applied at greater film thickness for increased flexibility
Resistance to Foot Traffic…tensile strength
Higher Reflectivity and increased emissivity
117. Definition of an
Advanced Roof Coating
An aqueous liquid suspension, applied to roofing
substrates, which dries to a seamless, resilient,
durable membrane which is flexible across a
broad temperature range.
119. White coatings have good solar reflectance, but…..
Chalks, talc and clay can be added to make the
coating white and increase solid content.
They have a higher rate of erosion over advanced
roof coatings using titanium and ceramics.
Ceramics dramatically reduce erosion.
Premium resins are superior for adhesion,
flexibility and durability.
120. So what makes a quality
Roof Coating?
Binder
Volume Solids
PVC
121. Volume Solids (VS)
High Quality Coating Lower Quality Coating
Pigments Pigments
Resin Resin less
60% or than 50%
Greater
122. How to insure you are
getting quality products?
Testing - ASTM
Earned credibility in the field
ISO
123. Fluid-Applied Membranes
QUALITY
is the only way to go!
Cheap coatings lead to continued roof problems.
124. Insulating Coatings Corporation
ASTEC Authorized Applicators insure
that the applications are done to ASTEC
Specifications.
164. United States Air Force
“… After the application of the coating,
the average peak temperature in the
warehouse area dropped to 86° F,
a decrease of 17° F. “
- James A., Capt. USAF Chief RSD of Civil Engineering
166. United States Army
“… a 64° F reduction in roof surface
temperature, a 23° F reduction in attic
temperature and a 10° F reduction in room
temperature as a result of the insulative and
reflective value of the coating.”
- Benjamin S., Col, Dept. of the Army
171. • Un-treated Tent includes a Sun shade on Top
• Un-treated Tent Contains 3 split Units
• Treated Tent includes No Sun shade on Top
• Treated Tent Contains 2 split Units
172.
173. Further Tests….
• Un-treated tent
• Removed the third air conditioner
• Same air conditioning units in both tents.
• Treated tent used 26% less energy.
176. “I avoided taking a shower during
the noon time, but after you have
coated my water tank with Astec,
there is no issue with hot water in
my house any more, at any time
of the day". – Recent Customer in Kuwait
177.
178. “Astec is amazing, after 4 years the finish on the
tanks still look great”
-President, Studer Fertilizer
199. For Further Information Please Contact:
Saad Al-Yaseen
Burgan One General Trading and Contracting
Tel: +965 22409685 or Tel: +965 22409686
Fax: +965 22409551
PO Box 29770 Code: 13158 Safat – Kuwait
saadalyaseen@burganone.com
www.whyreplace.com
www.icc-astec.com
200. References
• http://www.escwa.un.org
• http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Full.html
• Energy Information Administration (Content source); Langdon D. Clough
(Topic Editor). 2008. "Energy profile of Kuwait." In: Encyclopedia of Earth.
Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information
Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First
published in the Encyclopedia of Earth June 28, 2007; Last revised
September 2, 2008; Retrieved February 15, 2010].
• http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Kuwait
• http://www.da.gov.kw/eng/articles/arab_economic_summit_2009_speec
hes.php?p=summit_declaration
201. References
• ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN KUWAIT: A LOCAL
PERSPECTIVE ; Ali E. H. Hajiah, PhD; Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research
• http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20090914093137
• http://www.goodplanet.org/en/
• Dr. Lisa Gartland, Principal Engineer, Positive Energy
• Kuwait's thermal power generation is forecast to rise 70.2%
between 2009 and 2019 by Mike King,
http://www.pr-inside.com/kuwait-s-thermal-power-generation-is-
r1724985.htm