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AntiAtlas Conference, Aix-en-Provence, 2 October, 2013

	
  

Border	
  Control	
  Technologies:	
  
	
  

	
  General	
  Trends	
  &	
  Pa-erns	
  of	
  Development	
  
	
  

Mariya Polner
Research and Strategies Unit
World Customs Organization

Disclaimer:	
  All	
  views	
  expressed	
  in	
  this	
  presenta5on	
  are	
  solely	
  those	
  of	
  the	
  author	
  and	
  do	
  not	
  
necessarily	
  represent	
  the	
  views	
  of,	
  and	
  should	
  not	
  be	
  a<ributed	
  to,	
  the	
  World	
  Customs	
  
Organiza5on	
  or	
  its	
  Members.	
  
	
  
What	
  is	
  Customs?	
  
	
  
A	
  short	
  history	
  of	
  Customs
	
  
•  IV	
  century	
  BC	
  -­‐	
  Indian	
  Arthashastra,	
  Chapter	
  XXXV:	
  the	
  use	
  of	
  
‘spies’	
  to	
  detect	
  tax	
  evasion	
  
	
  
•  Roman	
  Empire	
  –	
  export	
  controls	
  in	
  the	
  Danube	
  basin	
  (gold	
  and	
  
spices)	
  
	
  
•  XVIII	
  century	
  –	
  	
  records	
  on	
  various	
  techniques	
  of	
  contraband	
  of	
  tea	
  
and	
  spirits	
  into	
  the	
  UK	
  ports	
  	
  
Original – at Customs & Tax Museum
in Rotterdam
XIX	
  century
	
  
 	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  XX-­‐XXI	
  century	
  

Picture 2: © Australian Customs
Picture 3: Credit Reuters/George Frey
Picture 4: © New Zealand Customs
What	
  do	
  we	
  know	
  about	
  border	
  challenges?
	
  
•  PoliNcal	
  transformaNons	
  (‘internalisaNon’	
  and	
  ‘externalisaNon’)	
  
	
  
•  Security	
  demanded	
  as	
  a	
  policy	
  response	
  to	
  9/11	
  and	
  the	
  acNviNes	
  of	
  
internaNonal	
  terrorist,	
  extremist	
  and	
  criminal	
  groups	
  
	
  
•  Changes	
  in	
  operaNonal	
  environment	
  (economic	
  shocks,	
  natural	
  disasters,	
  
growing	
  compeNNon	
  etc.)	
  =>	
  border	
  agencies	
  under	
  pressure	
  for	
  more	
  
effecNveness	
  and	
  efficiency	
  
	
  
•  Increasing	
  awareness	
  of	
  need	
  to	
  protect	
  the	
  resilience	
  of	
  the	
  internaNonal	
  
supply	
  chain	
  itself	
  and	
  ensure	
  the	
  safety	
  and	
  security	
  of	
  goods	
  in	
  trade	
  and	
  
people	
  in	
  travel	
  
	
  	
  
	
  
	
  
	
  
An	
  effecNve	
  response	
  needed
	
  
	
  
Development	
  of	
  standards
	
  
In	
  the	
  meanNme
	
  
‘Hardening’	
  
of	
  security	
  

Niche	
  
market	
  for	
  
border	
  
technologies	
  
‘So[’	
  	
  
security	
  
‘Pushing’	
  the	
  Border	
  Out
	
  
enforced compliance
voluntary compliance

EXPORT	
  

Advance	
  
informaNon	
  
=>	
  	
  
SAFE	
  FoS	
  

Release/	
  
Clearance	
  	
  
=>	
  	
  
RKC	
  provisions	
  

IMPORT	
  
inland clearance or
post clearance audit

decisions on
admissibility

SAFE AEO
On	
  the	
  technology	
  front	
  
On	
  the	
  insNtuNonal	
  level
	
  

Public	
  

Private	
  
However…
	
  
Usage	
  

AdaptaNon	
  

Sharing	
  

Legal	
  
framework	
  

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Mariya Polner (WCO, Brussels) : "Border Control Technologies: general trends & patterns of development"

  • 1. AntiAtlas Conference, Aix-en-Provence, 2 October, 2013   Border  Control  Technologies:      General  Trends  &  Pa-erns  of  Development     Mariya Polner Research and Strategies Unit World Customs Organization Disclaimer:  All  views  expressed  in  this  presenta5on  are  solely  those  of  the  author  and  do  not   necessarily  represent  the  views  of,  and  should  not  be  a<ributed  to,  the  World  Customs   Organiza5on  or  its  Members.    
  • 3. A  short  history  of  Customs   •  IV  century  BC  -­‐  Indian  Arthashastra,  Chapter  XXXV:  the  use  of   ‘spies’  to  detect  tax  evasion     •  Roman  Empire  –  export  controls  in  the  Danube  basin  (gold  and   spices)     •  XVIII  century  –    records  on  various  techniques  of  contraband  of  tea   and  spirits  into  the  UK  ports    
  • 4. Original – at Customs & Tax Museum in Rotterdam
  • 6.                                                  XX-­‐XXI  century   Picture 2: © Australian Customs Picture 3: Credit Reuters/George Frey Picture 4: © New Zealand Customs
  • 7. What  do  we  know  about  border  challenges?   •  PoliNcal  transformaNons  (‘internalisaNon’  and  ‘externalisaNon’)     •  Security  demanded  as  a  policy  response  to  9/11  and  the  acNviNes  of   internaNonal  terrorist,  extremist  and  criminal  groups     •  Changes  in  operaNonal  environment  (economic  shocks,  natural  disasters,   growing  compeNNon  etc.)  =>  border  agencies  under  pressure  for  more   effecNveness  and  efficiency     •  Increasing  awareness  of  need  to  protect  the  resilience  of  the  internaNonal   supply  chain  itself  and  ensure  the  safety  and  security  of  goods  in  trade  and   people  in  travel             An  effecNve  response  needed    
  • 9. In  the  meanNme   ‘Hardening’   of  security   Niche   market  for   border   technologies   ‘So[’     security  
  • 10. ‘Pushing’  the  Border  Out   enforced compliance voluntary compliance EXPORT   Advance   informaNon   =>     SAFE  FoS   Release/   Clearance     =>     RKC  provisions   IMPORT   inland clearance or post clearance audit decisions on admissibility SAFE AEO
  • 11. On  the  technology  front  
  • 12. On  the  insNtuNonal  level   Public   Private  
  • 13. However…   Usage   AdaptaNon   Sharing   Legal   framework