This presentation was my Senior Biology Major Capstone and was given along with a written paper. The presentation discusses three scientific papers following the ebola virus from fruit bats to carriers such as gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans.

1. Zoonotic Disease Transmission : Ebolavirus in Africa Antoinette Rivera Baldwin-Wallace College Senior Seminar January 22, 2010

2. Zoonotic Disease: Cross species transmission of an infection. Endemic: usual rate of disease within a certain area. Epidemic: unusually high rate of disease within a certain area. Host, Carrier: Animal, insect or plant that carries the infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic). Vector: Any living thing that humans receive a disease from. Reservoir: Animal that carries the infection that occurs naturally but is not affected by it.

3. Places Zoonotic Diseases affect (1940-2004) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases Kate E. Jones, Nikkita G. Patel, Marc A. Levy, Adam Storeygard, Deborah Balk, John L. Gittleman & Peter Daszak

4. Blame Apportioning and the Emergence of Zoonoses over the Last 25 Years S. B. Ca’ceres and M. J. Otte

5. Ebolavirus (EBOV) Classification

7. Negative-Sense ssRNA, 19,000 RNA bases.

9. Ebola Infection Direct contact with: Infected blood, organs, tissues and other secretions Handling of infected wildlife Plants

10. Ebola Attack on immune system

11. Hemorrhagic Fever Incubation: 1st week Fever Weakness Muscle pain Headache Sore throat Vomiting Diarrhea Late symptoms: 2nd-3rd weeks Bleeding (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, rectum) Eye Inflammation Genital Swelling Rash over entire body (hemorrhagic) Seizures Coma Mortality rate: ~50-90%

12. Vaccine/Cure How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system. MansourMohamadzadeh, Lieping Chen, and Alan L. Schmaljohn*

13. Ebola in Africa Major Ebola Outbreaks http://www.nsrc.org/AFRICA

14. Africa and Ebola

15. Africa and Ebola

16. 1 person=10 people 185 People

17. Ebola 1 person=10 people 65 People

18. Pathway for Transmission

19. Potential Reservoirs Other Vertebrate Mammal ? Plant Arthropod

20. Potential Mammalian Filovirus Reservoirs A. Townsend Peterson, Darin S. Carroll, James N. Mills, and Karl M. Johnson

21. Which mammals? Reviewed all mammal species in the world. Deletions of genera based on 5 rationale criteria were made. Reviewed previous studies that tested African mammals for the virus.

22. Study Rationale 1. Previous studies that suggest mammals. 2. Size. 3. Virus known to have a long-term evolutionary relationship with the reservoir species. 4. Range. 5. Non-commensal animals.

23. Families and Sub-families Fitting all rationale points Crocidurinae Potamogalinae Pteropodinae Macroglossinae Emballonuridae Megadermatidae Rhinolophinae Hipposideridae Kerivoulinae Vespertilionidae Miniopterinae Molossidae Nycteridae Procaviidae Sciurinae Muridae Cricetomyinae Dendromurinae Gerbillinae Anomaluridae Zenkerellinae Graphiurinae Thryonomyidae Leporidae http://farm1.static.flickr.com http://www.nwtrek.org/ http://thewebsiteofeverything.com

25. Other studies have tested bats for antibodies to the virus; 3 fruit bat species were positive.

27. Apes As Carriers and Hosts of Ebola Apes are considered carriers and hosts because: Infect other animals in the area. Succumb to the disease (90-95% ape mortality). Can be transmitted between ape species. (Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Humans)

28. Apes and Ebola Gabon and the Congo hold ~80% of the world’s great apes. Between 1983 and 2000 ape populations have declined by half due to hunting and Ebola. Deaths of gorillas, from Ebola, in the area of Gabon were tallied to be approximately 5000 individuals by 2000.

30. Eat pith, leaves, shoots and fruit

31. Live in Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Nigeria, and DRC

32. Eat fruit, tree seeds, flowers, soft pith, galls, resin and barkhttp://www.cleverbadger.net http://www.apetag.orgg

33. Potential for Ebola Transmission Between Gorilla and Chimpanzee Social Groups Peter D. Walsh, Thomas Breuer, CricketteSanz, David Morgan, and Diane Doran-Sheehy

34. Is there potential for infection to pass between ape populations? Researchers used the fruit bat as an assumption, referencing previous study. Surveyed fruit trees. Analyzed feeding periods of both species.

35. Which fruit tree? Apes are very picky about fruit. Both apes leave bodily secretions on the fruit, tree or surrounding (Urine, feces, saliva). Types of trees: Naucleapobeguinii (African Peach), Ficus http://www.ethnopharmacologia.org/ http://arbresvenerables.free.fr/ArbresVenerables

36. Findings: Gorilla-Gorilla Transmission 15 total social groups (units) eating in 37 African Peach trees. 4 Solitary silverbacks, 11 groups of 2+ # of Cases: 56: pair of units fed in same trees on the same day, using same paths. 13: gorilla(s) from one unit fed in the same tree on the same day as another had.

37. Gorilla –Gorilla Foraging Overlap

38. Findings- Gorilla-Chimpanzee Observed 4 different communities of chimpanzees in Ficus. 5 out of 75 days (once for every 15), Chimpanzees and Gorillas foraged in the same tree at the same time.* Lasted for ~47 minutes: ~10 Chimpanzees, ~4 Gorillas *True Rates of occupancy might have been higher.

39. Pathway for Transmission

40. Human contact with non-human primates Keep pet NHP Butcher NHP Hunt NHP Eat NHP Avg. no. NHP Meals per month % Reporting Behavior Exposure to Nonhuman Primates in Rural Cameroon Nathan D. Wolfe, et. al. 2004 Savanna Gallery Forest Forest Habitat

41. Sudan Cameroon Uganda Gabon Congo Dem. Rep. of Congo http://files.posterous.com/forestpolicy/

42. Wild Animal Mortality Monitoring and Human Ebola Outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003 Pierre Rouquet, Jean-Marc Froment, Magdalena Bermejo, AnnelisaKilbourn, William Karesh, Patricia Reed, Brice Kumulungui, Philippe Yaba, Andre Delicat, Pierre E. Rollin, and Eric M. Leroy.

43. Sampled Carcasses August 2001- June 2003, 98 carcasses ( Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and Duikers) Found carcasses using field GPS locations and villager sightings. Liver, spleen, muscle, skin and bone samples. 2 Peaks of animal death: Nov-Dec 2001, Dec 2002-Feb2003.

45. Carcass peaks coincide with human outbreaks Carcass Peak Carcass Peak Human Outbreak Human Outbreak 51 Carcasses 20 Carcasses 92 Cases 70 Dead 143 Cases 128 Dead

46. Pathway for Transmission Carcasses

47. Ebola is a problem without a solution… Complicated pathways. Research each level and inhibit transmission. Find an alternative means of food and income for native Africans. One strain of Ebola has been in the U.S. another could possibly come and infect thousands of Americans. Continue work on a vaccine as well as treatment for humans and apes.

48. Thank You!!! Family Friends Sisters Teachers Dr. Barratt Dr. Melampy Zoo Influences D’Edra Thompson Terry Joyce Dr. Kristen Lukas

49. Any Questions? http://farm2.static.flickr.com/ http://i30.photobucket.com http://media.photobucket.com/

50. References Caceres, S B., and M J. Otte. "Blame Apportioning and the Emergence of Zoonoses over the Last 25 Years." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 56 (2009): 375-79. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Jones, Kate E., Nikkita G. Patel, Marc A. Levy, Adam Storeygard et al. "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases." Nature 451 (2008): 990-94. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Mohamadzadeh, Mansour, Lieping Chen, and Alan L. Schmaljohn. "How Ebola and Marburg viruses battle the immune system." Nature 7 (2007): 556-67. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Peterson, A. Townsend, Darin S. Carroll, James N. Mills, and Karl M. Johnson. "Potential Mammalian Filovirus Reservoirs." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10.12 (2004): 2073-81. Web. 10 Dec. 2009. Rouquet, Pierre, Jean-Marc Froment, Magdalena Bermejo, AnnelisaKilbourn et al. "Wild Animal Mortality Monitoring and Human Ebola Outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001-2003." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11.2 (2005): 283-90. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Walsh, Peter D. "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa." Nature 422 (2003): 611-14. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. Walsh, Peter D., Thomas Breuer, CricketteSanz, David Morgan et al. "Potential for Ebola Transmission between Gorilla and Chimpanzee Social Groups." The American Naturalist 169.5 (2007): 684-89. Web. 15 Dec. 2009. Wolfe, Nathan D., A. Tassy Prosser, Jean K. Carr, UbaldTamoufe et al. "Exposure to Nonhuan Primates in Rural Cameroon." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10.12 (2004): 2094-99. Web. 22 Dec. 2009.