1. TERM PAPER
On
MATERIAL HANDLING
TECHNIQUES
Submitted To : - Submitted By:-
Name:-Jaspreet Singh Name: Praneet Singh
Reg no.:-14566 Reg.No. 11012571
Course Code :- MEC104
Roll No. RB5004A81

2. ACKNOWIEDGEMENT
First and for most I think my teacher who has
assigned me this term paper to bring out my
creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents
for being a continuous source of
encouragement and for all their financial aids
given to me.
I would like to acknowledge the
assistance provided to me by the library staff
of LPU PHAGWARA.
My heart is full gratitude to my friends,
and our respected physics teacher sir Jaspreet
Singh for helping me to complete my work in
time.
Thanking you

3. CONTENT
1). Material handling
a). Material
b). Handling
2). Manual handling
a). Safe manal handling techniques
3). Material handling techniques products
4). Technique used
a). Work stations designs
b). Lifting and lowring
c). Carring and holding
d). Storage
5). References

4. Introduction
For most of us material handling refers to everything from the movement of
products on an assembly line to our luggage at the airport. Material handling is
simply the physical movement of material from one location to another. While
there is nothing really wrong with this definition, it is too broad and doesn't
really tell us much about material handling in the manufacturing industry. To
understand material handling, especially as we understand it here at Foremost,
you have to look a little more carefully a t what we mean by "handling" and
"material".
Material handling from our standpoint, is simply the study of the systems and
equipment required for the movement of a solid raw material with a saltation
velocity that is easily handled by the dilute or dens e phase methods of
pneumatic conveying. The critical question facing those in the manufacturing
industry is whether or not their particular kind of material can be moved by
these two methods of handling. These methods are not restricted to handling
only plastic resins. If the material is a solid with the right kind of properties,
i.e., the appropriate saltation velocity, there is no reason why these handling
methods couldn't do the job.

5. Material
For the plastics industry, material handling is the study of systems and
equipment required for the movement of plastic resin, whether it be pellet,
granule, powder or flakes. When it comes to the manufacturing process in
general, the material being handle d can come in any size, shape, weight or
form. It can be everything from raw material, partially assembled components
to finished goods. The material, in our case, is a plastic resin - a raw material
that has certain properties and acts in a certain way. F or more about plastic in
general see About Plastics.
For most industries, material handling is about the movement of something
atomic that occupies space, has mass, and is used to make things. While raw
material exists in either the form of a solid, liqui d or gas, the plastics industry
works primarily with a solid or a semi-solid polymer which is basically a long -
chain of carbon-based molecules. As a solid or semi-solid, a plastic resin can
exist in four possible forms: as pellets, granular, powdered or ev en flaked. Each
form comes with its own set of properties that must be considered when it
comes to their handling.
Handling
At Foremost we tend to restrict our expertise to the handling of material that
is delivered by truck or railcar. The handling of material can include everything
from the physical movement of a finished product like a car to the alteration of
an object's chemical composition. It can refer to everything from the
movement, storage, control and protection of material throughout the process
of its production, distribution, consumption, and disposal. We are concerned
with the handling of the plastic resin from its delivery by truck or railcar, to its
storage in storage silos, to its distribution to the processing equipment, i.e., an
extruder hopper. Since we are always dealing with bulk quantities of resin,

6. whether it be from a truck or a railcar, our methods of handling were designed
specifically for bulk materials.
The first method, known as dilute phase pneumatic conveying, is a method of
handling that uses a vacuum pump to pull the plastic resin from the railcar
through a pipe up to the vacuum receiver on the s torage silo. The second
method, called dense phase pneumatic conveying, uses a vacuum/pressure
blower assembly to pull the plastic resin from the railcar through a pipe to a
transfer station where the resin is blown into the storage silo by the pressure
blower. In both cases, material is moved through a pipe at a velocity such that
the material is moved in a stream-like state of suspension. The main difference
is that the dilute phase method can produce a higher rate of air velocity than
the dense phase method.
In order to know which method to use, the material handling expert has know
what kind of material is to be moved and its saltation velocity, i.e., the velocity
at which the material will fall from suspension in the pipe. The air velocity of
the dilute phase method, for instance, is anywhere from 4000 to 8000 feet per
minute (FPM). Since most plastic resins have a saltation velocity of 3500 FPM,
it follows that most experts would recommend using the dilute phase method
to move them. There are of course, certain drawbacks to the dilute method,
that must be considered. Some plastic resins, for example, cannot be moved
above a certain velocity or they begin to deteriorate. These issues are
addressed in detail in our article How To Choose Between Dilute and Dense
Phase Conveying. It is enough to know that by material handling we are talking
about a certain kind of solid raw material and two competing methods of
handling that material.
Material handling from our standpoint, is simply the study of the systems and
equipment required for the movement of a solid raw material with a saltation
velocity that is easily handled by the dilute or dense phase methods of
pneumatic conveying. The critical question facing those in the manufacturing
industry is whether or not their particular kind of material can be moved by
these two methods of handling. These methods are not restricted to handling
only plastic resins. If the material is a solid with the right kind of properties,

7. i.e., the appropriate saltation velocity, ther e is no reason why these handling
methods couldn't do the job.
Manual handling
Manual handling of loads (MHL), manual material handling (MMH) o r
manutention involves the use of the human body to lift, lower, fill, empty, or
carry loads. The load can be animate (a person or animal) or inanimate (an
object). Most manufacturing or distribution systems require some manual
handling tasks. Though decreasing lately, the rate of workers in the EU -25 that
report carrying or moving heavy loads, is still high (34.5 % ), reaching 38.0 % in
the EU-10. When performed incorrectly or excessively, these tasks may expose
workers to physical risk factors, fatigue, and injury. A variety of MMH
techniques and tools exist to alleviate these potential problems.
1 Manual handling hazards
2 Safe manual handling techniques
2.1 Lifting
2.2 Climbing
2.3 Pushing and pulling
2.4 Pivoting
Manual handling hazards
Any job that involves heavy labor or manual material handling may include a
high risk for injury on the job. Manual material han dling entails lifting, but also
usually includes climbing, pushing, pulling, and pivoting, all of which pose the
risk of injury to the back.[4] MMH work contributes to a large percentage of a
1.1 million cases of musculoskeletal disorders reported annually in the United
States. Musculoskeletal disorders often involve strains and sprains to the lower
back, shoulders, and upper limbs. Potentially injurious tasks may involve

8. bending and twisting, repetitive motions, carrying or lifting heavy loads, and
maintaining fixed positions for a long time. MMH under these conditions can
lead to damaged muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and bl ood vessels.
Safe manual handling techniques
Ergonomic intervention in manual handling can decrease injuries and increase
worker productivity.
Lifting
Lifting containers can strain the lumbar vertebrae when done improperly.
Ergonomic lifting techniques involve keeping loads close to the body and near
the person's center of gravity, using diagonal foot positions, and moving loads
at waist height rather than directly from the floor.
Climbing
When climbing with a load, safe material handling includes maintaining contact
with the ladder or stairs at three points (two hands and a foot or both feet and
a hand). Bulky loads would require a second person or a mechanical device to
assist.
Pushing and pulling
Manual material handling may require pushing or pulling. Pushing is generally
easier on the back than pulling. It is impor tant to use both the arms and legs to
provide the leverage to start the push.[4]

9. Pivoting
When moving containers, handlers are safer when pivoting their shoulders,
hips and feet with the load in front at all times rather than twisting their back.
The lower back is not designed to torque or for repetitive twisting.
Material Handling Techniques Products:
Conveyor system
"Conveyor" redirects here. For other uses, see Conveyor (disambiguation).
This article is about conveyor systems. For information on conveyor belts, see
conveyor belts. For information on overhead conveyors, see overhead
conveyors.
An overhead chain conveyor conveys cars at Mercedes in Germany
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful

10. in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials.
Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of
materials, which make them very popular i n the material handling and
packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are
used according to the various needs of different industries.
Forklift truck
"Pallet truck" redirects here. For the smaller pallet-moving tool sometimes
called a pallet truck, see pallet jack.
A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker -truck, trailer loader,
sideloader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck
used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the
1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing
company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing. The
forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in
manufacturing and warehousing operations.
Lift table
A lift table is a device that employs a scissors mechanism to raise or lower
goods and / or persons. Typically they are used to raise large, heavy loads

11. through relatively small distances. Common applications include pall et
handling, vehicle loading and work positioning. Lift tables are a recommended
way to help reduce incidents of musculoskeletal disorders
(www.hse.gov.uk/msd) by correctly re-positioning work at a suitable height for
operators. Lift tables lend themselves to being easily adapted to a specific use.
They can work in hostile environments, be manufactured in stainless steel and
have equipment like conveyors, turn -tables, barriers and gates easily added to
their deckplates.
Lift tables can come in a vast array of configurations and can be built to suit
various highly specialized industrial processes. The most common lift table
design incorporates hydraulic cylinders and an electrically powered pump to
actuate the scissor lifting mechanism. Lift tables can also be driven by
pneumatic sources, trapezoidal threaded screw drives, push chains or by
hydraulic foot pump when the load is not heavy. Lift tables can be mounted in
a pit for floor-level loading, especially useful for acce ss by manual pallet-pump
trucks and the mobility impaired or wheelchair users.
Automated guided vehicle
This article's introduction section may not adequately summarize its contents.
To comply with Wikipedia's lead section guidelines, please consider expan ding
the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (July
2010)

12. An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile
robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. They
are most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a
manufacturing facility or a warehouse. Application of the automatic guided
vehicle has broadened during the late 20th century and they are no longer
restricted to industrial environments.
Crane (machine)
A crane, can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of
machine used for lifting, generally equipped with a winder (also called a wire
rope drum), wire ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and
lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple
machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads
beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in
the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the
construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing
industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

13.
The firs c s ruc ion cranes were invente by the Ancient Gree s and were
¢¡ £ ¤
powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys These cranes were
¥
used for the construction of tall buildings Larger cranes were later developed,
¥
employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier
weights In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and
¥
unload ships and assist with their construction ʹ some were built into stone
towers for e tra strength and stability The earliest cranes were constructed
¦ ¥
from wood, but cast iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial
Revolution.
Techniques used:
o t tion esi n
Reduce the distance over which the load has to be moved by relocating
production and storage areas.
Design work stations so that workers §

14. can store and handle all material between knuckle and shoulder height; waist
height is most desirable
can begin and end handling material at the same height
can face the load and handle materials as close to the body as possible
do not have to handle loads using awkward postures or an extended reach,
and
do not handle loads in confined spaces that prevent them from using good
body mechanics
Facilitate access to material by:
providing workbenches and other work stations with toe cut -outs, so that
workers can get closer
to the load
supplying bins and totes with removable sides
removing obstructions, such as unnecessary railings on bins
Work Practices
Lifting and Lowering
Eliminate the need to lift or lower manually by providing and ensuring proper
use of:
lift trucks, cranes, hoists, scissor lifts, drum and barrel dumpers, stackers,
work dispensers, elevating conveyors, articulating arms and other mechanical
devices
gravity dumps and chutes
power lift tail gates on trucks, and hand trucks to ensure easy transfer of
material from the truck to ground level
portable ramps or conveyors to lift and lower loads on to work stations

15. Pushing and Pulling
Eliminate pushing or pulling by ensuring the use of:
powered conveyors, powered trucks, slides, chutes, monorails, air tables and
similar mechanical aids
Make loads easier to push or pull by ensuring the use of:
carts, hand trucks and dollies with large diameter casters and good bearings,
and
grips or handles on loads or mechanical aids, placed to provide optimal push
force and prevent awkward postures
Instruct employees to:
push rather than pull
avoid overloading ʹ limit the load pushed or pulled at one time
ensure the load does not block vision
never push one load and pull another at the same time
Carrying and Holding
Reduce carrying and holding forces by:
evaluating the work flow ʹ determine if heavy loads can be moved
mechanically over any distance
converting the operation into a pushing or pulling task
providing carts, slings or trolleys
providing portable containers in which to plac e awkward loads
providing grips or handles on loads
limiting the distance over which the load is move
Environmental Factors

16. Maintain an optimum environment by ensuring that:
the temperature of the work area is at an acceptable level
in a hot environmentʹ workers take frequent breaks away from the heatʹ
workers drink frequently from liquids provided near the work site
in a cold environment,ʹ workers wear good insulating clothingʹ loads are
easy to handle when gloves and heavy clothing are worn
humidity is at an acceptable level
lifting instructions can be heard in a noisy environment
lighting levels are adequate for the work place
the layout of the work area provides better access to the load
the aisles are clear of obstacles
signs are posted where there are gradients in the slope of the floor;
whenever possible, limit such slopes to 10 degrees
Storage
Provide proper storage facilities such as:
storage boxes and containers that can be
lifted mechanically rather than requiring manual handling
avoid deep shelving that make retrieving or placing a load difficult
racks or shelf trucks to store material, thus eliminating the need for lifting
the containers
storage bins and containers with fold down sides for easier access to loads
When storing loads, employees should:
store loads in easy to access locations
store loads between knuckle and shoulder height .

17. References
1). www.googlebooks.com
2). www.scribd.com
3). www.wikipedia.com
4). www.1000 projects.com