Seminar report on Google Glass, Blu-ray & Green IT

A
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
the degree of
B.Tech in
Information Technology
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGG.
Submitted By:-
ANJALI
Branch- IT
Semester- 8th
Dr. Anand Sharma Mr. Konark Sharma
(HOD, CS/IT Dept.) (Seminar-in-Charge)
2016-2017

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled submitted by Ms. ANJALI has been a record
of student’s own work carried out individually in my guidance for the partial fulfillment of
the degree Of Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology of Aligarh College of
Engineering & Technology during the 8th Sem. The topics undertaken in this report are-
1. Google Glass
2. Blu-Ray
3. Green IT
It is further certified to the best of my knowledge and belief that this work has not been
submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree.
___________________
Mr. Konark Sharma
(Seminar In-charge)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Almighty, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who bestowed upon us the
courage, patience and strength to embark upon this work and carry it to the completion.
I feel privileged to express sense of gratitude and appreciation to
Mr. Konark Sharma,
Asst. professor,
Dept. of CS/IT Engg.
for his support and providing me with opportunity to take on this report. I sincerely
acknowledge him for his support which he rendered at different stages of the seminar which
had been very helpful.
I also acknowledge my friends & Parents for their moral support & timely ideas in
completion of this Seminar. I promise to pay the reward of their help & guidance in form of
similar or even better ways to support others throughout my life.
___________________
Anjali

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 6
1. Introduction 7
1.1 About Google
1.2 Virtual Reality
1.3 Augmented Reality
1.4 Project Glass
2. Overview 8
3. Technologies Used 9-10
3.1 Wearable Computing
3.2 Ambient Intelligence
3.3 Eye Tap Technology
3.4 Smart Grid Technology
3.5 4G Technology
3.6 Android
4. Working 11-13
4.1 Design 11
4.1.1 Video Display
4.1.2 Camera
4.2 Speaker 11
4.2.1 Button
4.2.2 Microphone
4.3 Working 12
4.4 Overall Working 13
5. Advantages & Disadvantages 14
5.1 Advantages
5.2 Disadvantages
6. Future Scope 15
7. Conclusion 16
8. References 17

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ABSTRACT
Project Google Glass is a research and development program by Google to develop an
augmented reality Head-Mounted Display (HMD). The intended purpose of Project Glass
products would be the hands-free displaying of information currently available to most
smartphone users, and allowing for interaction with the Internet via natural language voice
commands. These glasses will have the combined features of virtual reality and augmented
reality. Google glasses are basically wearable computers that will use the same Android
software that powers Android smartphones and tablets.
It is part of the Google X Lab, which works on other futuristic technologies. The intended
purpose of Project Glass products would be the hands-free displaying of information currently
available to most smartphone users, and allowing for interaction with the Internet via natural
language voice commands. The functionality and physical appearance (minimalist design of
the aluminium strip with 2 nose pads) has been compared to Steve Mann’s EyeTap, which was
also referred to as “Glass” (“EyeTap Digital Eye Glass”, i.e. uses of the word “Glass” in
singular rather than plural form “Glasses”). The operating system software used in the glass
will be Google’s Android.
Thus, Google Glass is as futuristic a gadget we’ve seen in recent times. A useful technology
for all kinds of people including handicapped/disabled.

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1About Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational corporation specializing in Internet-related services and
products. These include search, cloud computing, software and online advertising technologies. Google
began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. It was originally a search
engine who ranks the websites(PageRank) and return them as search results according to user query, with
time Google grew and presently it provides many other features than only search results i.e. it now
provides image search, YouTube(largest collection of online videos) and many more. It has its own R &
D department known as “Google X”, where the project “Google Glass” was made. Google glass uses
virtual and augmented reality to interact with user.
1.2Virtual Reality
Virtual reality is a term that applies to computer-simulated environments that can simulate physical
presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds. It covers remote communication
environments which provide virtual presence of users with the concepts of tele-presence and tele-existence
or a virtual artifact (VA). The simulated environment can be similar to the real world in order to create a
life like experience.
Virtual reality is often used to describe a wide variety of applications commonly associated with
immersive, highly visual, 3D environments. The development of CAD software, graphics hardware
acceleration, head mounted displays, database gloves, and miniaturization.
1.3 Augmented Reality
Augmented reality is a live, direct or indirect, view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements
are augmented by generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. It is related to a
more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even
diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing
one’s current perception of reality. By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated
one. Augmentation is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements.
1.4 Project Glass
Project Glass is a research and development program by Google to develop an augmented reality head-
mounted display (HMD). It is part of the Google X Lab, which works on other futuristic technologies. The
intended purpose of Project Glass products would be the hands-free displaying of information currently
available to most smartphone users, and allowing for interaction with the Internet via natural
language voice commands. The functionality and physical appearance (minimalist design of the aluminum
strip with 2 nose pads) has been compared to Steve Mann's EyeTap, which was also referred to as "Glass"
("EyeTap Digital Eye Glass", i.e. uses of the word "Glass" in singular rather than plural form "Glasses").
The operating system software used in the glass will be Google's Android.

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CHAPTER-2 OVERVIEW
As per many reports, Google is expected to start selling eyeglasses that will project information, entertainment
and, this being a Google product, advertisements onto the lenses. These glasses will have the combined
features of virtual reality and augmented reality.
The Google Glasses can use a 4G cell connection to pull in information from Google’s mountain of data and
display info about the real world in augmented reality on the lens in front of your eye. As you turn your head
you’ll get information about your surroundings and nearby objects from Google Goggles, info on buildings
and establishments from Google Maps, even your friends’ nearby check-ins from Latitude. The company has
no plans to sell ads into your newly augmented view of the world, but will consider it if the
product really catches on.
Fig:2.1 Google Glass
The glasses are not being designed to be worn constantly — although Google engineers expect some users
will wear them a lot — but will be more like smartphones, used when needed, with the lenses serving as a
kind of see-through computer monitor. Google glasses are basically wearable computers that will use the same
Android software that powers Android smartphones and tablets. Like smartphones and tablets, the glasses will
be equipped with GPS and motion sensors. They will also contain a camera an audio inputs and outputs.
Several people who have seen the glasses, but who are not allowed to speak publicly about them, said that the
location information was a major feature of the glasses. Through the built-in camera on the glasses, Google
will be able to stream images to its rack computers and return augmented reality information to the person
wearing them. For instance, a person looking at a landmark could see detailed historical information and
comments about it left by friends. If facial recognition software becomes accurate enough, the glasses could
remind a wearer of when and how he met the vaguely familiar person standing in front of him at a party. They
might also be used for virtual reality games that use the real world as the playground.

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CHAPTER-3 TECHNOLOGIES USED
3.1 Wearable Computing
Wearable computers, also known as body-borne computers are miniature electronic devices that are worn by
the bearer under, with or on top of clothing. This class of wearable technology has been developed for general
or special purpose information technologies and media development. Wearable computers are especially
useful for applications that require more complex computational support than just hardware coded
logics.
Fig:3.1 Wearable Glass
One of the main features of a wearable computer is consistency. There is a constant interaction between the
computer and user, i.e. there is no need to turn the device on or off. Another feature is the ability to multi-task.
It is not necessary to stop what you are doing to use the device; it is augmented into all other actions. These
devices can be incorporated by the user to act like a prosthetic. It can therefore be an extension of
the user’s mind and/or body.
3.2 Ambient Intelligence
Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence
of people. Ambient intelligence is a vision on the future of consumer electronics, telecommunications and
computing.
Fig:3.2 Ambient Intelligence

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In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support people in carrying out their everyday life
activities, tasks and rituals in easy, natural way using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network
connecting these devices. As these devices grow smaller, more connected and more integrated into our
environment, the technology disappears into our surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable
by users.
3.3 Eye Tap Technology
An EyeTap is a device that is worn in front of the eye that acts as a camera to record the scene available to the
eye as well as a display to superimpose a computer-generated imagery on the original scene available to the
eye. This structure allows the user's eye to operate as both a monitor and a camera as the EyeTap intakes the
world around it and augments the image the user sees allowing it to overlay computer-generated data over top
of the normal world the user would perceive. The EyeTap is a hard technology to categorize under the three
main headers for wearable computing (Constancy, Augmentation, and Mediation) for while it is in theory a
constancy technology, in nature it also has the ability to augment and mediate the reality the user perceives.
Fig:3.3 Eye Tap Enabled
3.4 Smart Grid Technology
A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on
information, such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to
improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainnability of the production and distribution of
electricity.
3.5 4G Technology
4G is the fourth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards. It is a successor of the third
generation (3G) standards. A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to
laptops with USB wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices.
3.6 Android OS
Android is a Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers,
developed by Google in conjunction with the Open Handset Alliance. Android is open source and Google
releases the code under the Apache License. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the
software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast
developers. Additionally, Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that
extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming
language. In October 2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated
number of applications downloaded from Google Play, Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.

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CHAPTER-4 WORKING
4.1 Design
4.1.1 Video Display
Its features with the small video display that is used to display the pop up hands free information.
Fig:4.1 Video Display
4.1.2 Camera
It also has the front facing video camera with which photos and videos can be taken in a glimpse.
Fig:4.2 Camera
4.2 Speaker
Google glasses are designed to be hands free wearable device that can be used to make or receive calls too.
So, a speaker is also designed by the ear.
Fig:4.3 Speak
4.2.1 Button
A single button on the side of the frame sophisticates the glasses to work with the physical touch input.

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Fig:4.4 Button
4.2.2 Microphone
A microphone is also put in, that can take the voice commands of the wearer of user. This microphone is also
used for having telephonic communication.
4.3 Working
The device will probably communicate with mobile phones through Wi-Fi and display contents on the video
screen as well as respond to the voice commands of the user.
Google put together a short video demonstrating the features and apps of Google glasses. It mainly
concentrates on the social networking, navigation and communication.
The video camera senses the environment and recognizes the objects and people around. The whole working
of the Google glasses depends upon the user voice commands itself.
Fig:4.5 Overall Design of Google Glass
4.4 Overall Working
Multiple features of Glass can be seen in a product video released in February 2013:
Feature Voice Activation text
Record video "ok, glass, record a video."
Take picture "ok, glass, take a picture."
Use Google Now "ok, glass, [question]."
Start Google+ hangout "ok, glass, hang out with [person/circle]."
Search "ok, glass, google [search query]."
Search photos "ok, glass, google photos of [search query]."
Translate "ok, glass, say [text] in [language]."
Give directions "ok, glass, give directions to [place]."
Send message "ok, glass, send a message to [name]."
"ok, glass, send [name] that [message]."
"ok, glass, send [message] to [name]."
Display weather none/automatically (Google Now)
"ok, glass, how is the weather in [location]?"
"ok, glass, do I need an umbrella today?"
Give flight details none/automatically (Google Now)
"ok, glass, when does flight [flight number] depart from
[airport]?"

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Fig:4.6 Overall working of the google glass

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CHAPTER-5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
5.1 Advantages
▪Easy to wear and use.
▪Sensitive and responsive to the presence of people.
▪Fast access of maps, documents, videos, chats and much more.
▪A new trend for fashion lovers together being an innovative technology.
▪A spectacle based computer to reside directly on your eyes rather than in your pouch or pocket.
▪A useful technology for all kinds of handicapped/disabled people.
5.2 Disadvantages
▪Can be easily broken or damaged. Though Google wants these glasses to be as modest as achievable, they
seem to be extremely breakable. Users will have a tough time taking care of it.
▪These glasses show the retrieved data in front of users’ eyes so it will be a tough experience for them since
they will focus on that data and will eventually miss the surroundings that may lead to accidents while driving.
▪The resource for running these glasses is still unknown. Will there be a battery or it will run using solar
energy?
▪Privacy of people may breach with new glasses.

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CHAPTER-6 FUTURE SCOPE
Google Glass is as futuristic a gadget we’ve seen in recent times. It’s limited in scope right now, but the future,
Google believes, is bright and the device itself is “incredibly compelling”.
Google is trying their hardest to push the Project Glass through the FCC this year. Reports show that Google
is trying to get the approval by the FCC this year but there are already several hundred glasses made for testing
internally.
Fig:6.1 Future with Google Glass

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CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Google glasses are basically wearable computers that use the evolving familiar technologies that brings the
sophistication and ease of communication and information access even for the physically challenged class of
people those literally could not use general way of palmtops and mobiles.

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CHAPTER-8 REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Glass
2. http://www.smart-glasses.org/benefits-smart-glasses/
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeTap
4. http://www.techpark.net/2012/02/29/google-glasses-with-virtual-and-augmentedreality/
5. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1601355
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
7. http://www.webmd.boots.com/eye-health/news/20120411/will-google-glasses-be-safe
8. http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/04/08/google-project-glasses-success-or-anotherfailure/#.
UFMcL7LiaAA
9. http://www.redmondpie.com/google-project-glass-gets-an-awesome-skydiving-demoat-io-explorer-
edition-up-for-pre-order-video/

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 20
1. Introduction 21
2. Characteristics 22
2.1 Large Recording capacity
2.2 High-speed data transfer rate
2.3 Easy to use disc cartridge
2.4 Life span
2.5 Content protection
2.6 Cost
2.7 Robustness
2.8 Compatibility
3. Specifications 23
4. Blue Laser 24-25
4.1 Blue-Violet Laser
4.1.1 Main Features
4.1.2 Development Background
4.1.3 Features of the new technology
4.1.4 Other features
4.1.5 Terminology
5. Comparison 26
6. Applications 27-28
6.1 HD TV Recording
6.2 HD Video Distribution
6.3 HD Camcorder Archiving
6.4 Mass Data Storage
6.5 Digital Asset Management & Professional Storage
7. Advantages & Disadvantages 29
7.1 Advantages
7.2 Disadvantages
8. Conclusion 30
9. References 31

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ABSTRACT
Optical discs share a major part among the secondary storage devices. Blu-ray disc is a next
generation optical disc format. The technology utilizes a blue laser diode operating at a
wavelength of 405nm to read and write data. Because of the blue laser it can store enormous
amount of data than was ever possible. Data is stored on a BD in the form of tiny ridges on
the surface of an opaque 1.1mm thick substrate. This lies beneath a transparent 0.1mm
protective layer. With the help of Blu-ray recording devices, it is possible to record up to 2.5
hours of very high quality audio and video on a single BD.
Blu-ray is a new optical disc standard based on the use of a blue laser rather than the red laser
of today’s DVD players. The standard, developed collaboratively by Hitachi, LG, Matsushita
(Panasonic), Pioneer, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson, threatens to make current
DVD players obsolete. It is not clear whether new Blu-ray players might include both kinds
of lasers in order to be able to read current CD and DVD formats. The new standard, developed
jointly in order to avoid competing standards, is also being touted as the replacement for
writable DVDs. The blue laser has a 405 nanometer (nm) wavelength that can focus more
tightly than the red lasers used for writable DVD and as the consequence, write much more
data in the same 12centimeter space Like the rewritable DVD formats, Blu-ray uses phase
change technology to enable repeated writing to the disc.
Blu-ray also promises some added security, making ways for copyright protections. Blue-ray
discs can have a unique ID written on them to have copyright protection inside the recorded
streams. Blu-ray Disc takes the DVD technology one step further just by using a laser with a
nice color.

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Blu-ray is a new optical disc standard based on the use of a blue laser rather than the red laser of today’s DVD
players. The standard, developed collaboratively by Hitachi, LG, Matsushita (Panasonic), Pioneer, Philips,
Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Thomson, threatens to make current DVD
players obsolete. It is not clear whether new Blu-ray players might include both kinds of lasers in order to be
able to read current CD and DVD formats. The new standard, developed jointly in order to avoid competing
standards, is also being touted as the replacement for writable DVDs The blue laser has a 405 nanometer (nm)
wavelength that can focus more tightly than the red lasers used for writable DVD and as a consequence, write
much more data in the same 12 centimeter space Like the rewritable DVD formats, Blu-ray uses phase change
technology to enable repeated writing to the disc.
Blu-ray’s storage capacity is enough to store a continuous backup copy of most people’s hard drives on a
single disc. The first products will have a 27 gigabyte (GB) single-sided capacity, 50 GB on dual-layer discs.
Data streams at 36 megabytes per second (Mbps), fast enough for high quality video recording Single-sided
Blu-ray discs can store up to 13 hours of standard video data, compared to single-sided DVD’s 133 minutes.
People are referring to Blu-ray as the next generation DVD, although according to Chris Buma, a spokesman
from Philips (quoted in New Scientist) “Except for the size of the disc, everything is different.”
Blu-ray discs will not play on current CD and DVD players, because they lack the blue-violet laser required
to read them. If the appropriate lasers are included, Blu-ray players will be able to play the other two formats.
However, because it would be considerably more expensive, most manufacturers may not make their players
backward compatible. Panasonic, Philips, and Sony have demonstrated prototypes of the new systems.

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CHAPTER-2 CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Large Recording Capacity
By adopting a 405nm blue-violet semiconductor laser, with a 0.85NA field lens and a 0.1 mm. optical
transmittance protection disc layer structure, it can record up to 27GB video data on a single sided 12cm phase
change disc. It can record over 2 hours of digital high definition video and more than 13 hours of standard TV
broadcasting (VHS/standard definition picture quality, 3.8Mbps).
2.2 High- Speed Data Transfer Rate
It is possible for the Blu-ray Disc to record digital high definition broadcasts or high definition images from a
digital video camera while maintaining the original picture quality. In addition, by fully utilizing an optical
disc’s random accessing functions, it is possible to easily edit video data captured on a video camera or play
back pre-recorded video on the disc while simultaneously recording images being broadcast on TV.
2.3 Easy To Use Disc Cartridge
An easy to use optical disc cartridge protects the optical disc’s recording and playback phase from dust and
fingerprints.
2.4 Life Span
➢ In the case of ordinary discs, the disc life is less .
➢ In the rewritable versions, as re-writing is done repeatedly to one area of the disc most probably, the
inner perimeter limiting the disc life.
➢ BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File Structure is designed so as to avoid this problem, by using a system that
uses free disc spaces with equal frequency.
2.5 Content Protection
➢ Strongest content and copy protection schemes ever developed.
➢ Incorporation of Robust copy mechanism.
2.6 Cost
➢ Long term Profitability model for content Providers.
➢ Cheapest Production cost.
2.7 Robustness
➢ Stronger resistance to scratches and fingerprints The protective layer is hard enough to prevent
accidental abrasions and allows fingerprints to be removed by wiping the disc with a tissue.
2.8 Compatibility
➢ The BD drives are designed to be backward compatible, i.e. CDs and DVDs work equally well with
the BD drives.

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CHAPTER-3 SPECIFICATIONS
Capacity 23.3 25 27GB
(single layer)
Wave length of the laser 405nm
Numerical Aperture of the objective lens 0.85
Data transfer rate 36Mbps
Thickness of the disc 1.2mm
Diameter of the center hole 15mm
Recording method Phase change
Data track Groove recording
Visual data MPEG-2 video

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CHAPTER-4 BLUE LASER
A blue laser is a laser (pronounced LAY-zer) with a shorter wavelength than the red laser used in today’s
compact disc and laser printer technologies and the ability to store and read two to four times the amount of
data. When available in the marketplace, personal computer users may be able to buy a laser printer with a
resolution up to 2400 pixels or dots per inch at an affordable price. The same technology in CD and DVD
players will provide a dramatic breakthrough in storage capability without an increase in device size.
A laser (an acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”) is a coherent (meaning all
one wavelength, unlike ordinary light which shower on us in many wavelengths) and focused beam of photons
or particles of light. The photo are produced as the result of a chemical
reaction between special materials and then focused into a concentrated beam in a tube containing reflective
mirrors. In the blue laser technology, the special material is gallium nitride. Even a small shortening of
wavelength of light can have a dramatic effect in the ability to store and access data. A
shorter wavelength allows a single item of data (0 or 1) to be stored in a smaller space. Red lasers used in
today’s technologies have wavelengths of over 630 nanometers (or 630 billionths of a meter). The blue laser
has a wavelength of 505 nanometers. Shuji Nakamura, a Japanese researcher working in a small chemical
company, Nichia chemical Industries, built the first blue laser diode.
However, a number of companies have announced progress in the ability to manufacture blue laser diodes and
there are now prototypes of working DVD writers and players. Recently, a standard called Blu-ray has been
developed for the manufacture of blue laser optical disc technology.
4.1 Blue —Violet Laser
SANYO has developed the world’s first blue-violet laser diode with a new low-noise (stable) beam structure
produced using ion implantation. The stable beam structure boasts lower noise, and current consumption
achieving higher performance compared with conventional blue- violet laser diodes. This structure makes
SANYO’s blue-violet laser diode an optimum light source for large-capacity optical disc systems like Blu ray
disks.
4.1.1 Main Features
•SANYO’s original ion implantation technology has yielded the world’s first blue- violet laser diode with a
new stable beam structure that generates a low-noise beam
•The stable beam structure produces a vastly improved stable laser beam, which yields the low-noise, low-
operating current characteristics that are required in a light source for next-generation large-capacity optical
disc systems like advanced DVDs require
•The laser diode is easily mass produced because the stable beam structure reduces the number of fabrication
steps while the top and bottom electrodes structure reduces chip size
4.1.2 Development Background
Laser diodes are key components in the field of optical data processing devices. SANYO’s aggressive efforts
in this area led to the mass production and sales of AlGaAs (aluminium-gallium arsenide) infrared and
AlGaInP (aluminium-gallium-indium-phosphide) red laser diodes widely used
in measuring instruments and a variety of optical data processing devices like CD and DVD optical disc
systems.
In recent years, the field of optical disc systems has seen the development of next- generation large-capacity
optical disc systems like advanced DVDs that can record more than two hours of digital high definition images.
The blue-violet laser diode made of InGaN (indium gallium-nitride) that is used as a light source for reading
signals recorded on the optical discs was the key to developing these systems. Naturally demand for the laser
diode is expected to rise sharply as more large-capacity optical disc systems become available and become
more widely used.

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In order to realize a blue-violet laser diode SANYO has developed original crystal and device fabrication
technologies over the years. Now these fundamental technologies have yielded the world’s first low-noise
beam, blue-violet laser diode with a new stable beam structure that lowered noise and current consumption
for higher performance. This development can make large-capacity optical disc systems like advanced DVDs
practical.
4.1.3 Features of the new technology
•The new stable beam structure made by ion implantation significantly improves laser beam stability and
yields the low-noise, low-operating current characteristics that the optical disc system
requires.
•The laser diode is easily mass-produced because the newly developed stable beam structure reduces the
number of fabrication steps while the top and bottom electrodes structure reduces chip size.
4.1.4 Other Features
•Fundamental traverse mode- The fundamental traverse mode generates a single stable beam which
means the beam can be focused into a tiny spot using a simple optical system.
•Package- The package is compact at just 5.6 mm in diameter.
•Advanced DVDs as well as for Polarity- A positive (+) or negative (-) power supply can be selected.
•Built-in photodiode for monitoring optical output- A photodiode is installed to monitor optical output
•Applications- The new laser diode is suitable for the next-generation large-capacity
optical disc systems like and many types of measuring instruments.
4.1.5 Terminology
•Blue-violet laser diode- This is the light source used to read signals (pits) on discs in next generation large-
capacity optical disc systems. There is no way the size of beams from the infrared and red laser diodes now
used in CDs and DVDs can be reduced to the size of a pit recorded on these, discs in optical systems. The
shorter wavelength of the blue-violet laser diode however allows the beam to be focused into a reduced spot,
and therefore is the key to next-generation large-capacity optical disc systems.
•Stable beam structure- The newly developed stable beam structure was produced using ion
implantation. With mode c9ntrol ‘of the laser beam and current confinement, the implanted layer significantly
improves laser beam stability and yields the low-noise, low-operating current characteristics that an optical
disc system requires.
•Ion implantation- This technology uses a strong electric field to force ionized atoms into a
semiconductor. It is mainly used in Si LSI production for doping impurities in semiconductors. The amount
and depth of the atoms implanted into the semiconductor can be precisely ‘controlled with
consistent reproducibility.
•Fundamental traverse mode- This refers to a mode where distribution of light intensity in a laser
beam forms a single peak.

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CHAPTER-5 COMPARISON
Given below is the table that shows comparison between CD, DVD & Blu-ray disc on the basis of certain
parameters-
The given figure shows the difference in CD, DVD & Blu-ray writing-
Fig: 5.1 CD vs DVD vs Blu-ray Writing

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CHAPTER-6 APPLICATIONS
6.1 High-Definition Television Recording
High Definition broadcasting is vastly expanding in the U.S. and Asia. Consumers are increasingly making
the switch to HDTV sets to enjoy the best possible television experience. The Blu-ray Disc format offers
consumers the ability to record their High Definition television broadcasts in their original quality for the first
time, preserving the pure picture and audio level as offered by the broadcaster. As such it will become the
next level in home entertainment, offering an un-surpased user experience. And since the Blu-ray Disc format
incorporates the strongest copy protection algorithms of any format or proposal to date, the format allows for
recording of digital broadcasts while meeting the content protection demands of the broadcast industry.
6.2 High-Definition Video Distribution
Due to its enormous data capacity of 25 to 50 GB per (single-sided) disc, the Blu-ray Disc format can store
High Definition video in the highest possible quality. Because of the huge capacity of the disc, there is no
need to compromise on picture quality. Depending on the encoding method, there is room for more than seven
hours of the highest HD-quality video. There is even room for additional content such as special features and
other bonus material to accompany the High Definition movie. Furthermore, the Blu-ray Disc movie format
greatly expands on traditional DVD capabilities, by incorporating many new interactive features allowing
content providers to offer an even more incredible experience to consumers. An Internet connection may even
be used to unlock additional material that is stored on the disc, as there is enough room on the disc to include
premium material as well.
6.3 High-Definition Camcorder Archiving
As the market penetration of High Definition TV sets continues to grow, so does the demand of consumers to
create their own HD recordings. With the advent of the first HD camcorders, consumers can now for the first
time record their own home movies in a quality level unlike any before. As these camcorders are tape-based,
consumers cannot benefit from the convenience and direct access features they are used to from DVD players
and recorders. Now, the Blu-ray Disc format, with its unprecedented storage capacity, allows for the HD video
recorded with an HD camcorder to be converted and recorded on a Blu-ray Disc. When the HD content is
stored on a Blu-ray Disc, it can be randomly accessed in a way comparable to DVD. Furthermore, the disc
can be safely stored for many years, without the risk of tape wear.
6.4 Mass Data Storage
In its day, CD-R/RW meant a huge increase in storage capacity compared to traditional storage media with its
650 MB. Then DVD surpassed this amount by offering 4.7 to 8.5 GB of storage, an impressive 5-10 x increase.
Now consumers demand an even bigger storage capacity. The growing number of broadband connections
allowing consumers to download vast amounts of data, as well as the ever increasing audio, video and photo
capabilities of personal computers have led to yet another level in data storage requirements. In addition,
commercial storage requirements are growing exponentially due to the proliferation of e-mail and the
migration to paperless processes. The Blu-ray Disc format again offers 5-10 x as much capacity as traditional

28
DVD resulting in 25 to 50 GB of data to be stored on a single rewritable or recordable disc. As Blu-ray Disc
uses the same form factor as CD and DVD, this allows for Blu-ray Disc drives that can still read and write to
CD and DVD media as well.
6.5 Digital Asset Management & Professional Storage
Due to its high capacity, low cost per GB and extremely versatile ways of transferring data from one device
to another (because of Blu-ray Disc's extremely wide adoption across the industry), the format is optimized
for Digital Asset Management and other professional applications that require vast amounts of storage space.
Think of medical archives that may contain numerous diagnostic scans in the highest resolution, or catalogs
of audio visual assets that need to be instantly retrieved in a random manner, without the need to "restore"
data from a storage carrier. One Blu-ray Disc may replace many backup tapes, CDs, DVDs or other less
common or proprietary storage media. And contrary to network solutions, the discs can be physically stored
in a different location for backup and safekeeping.

29
7.1 Advantages
• Large Storage Capacity
• Digital Rights Management (DRM)- like Itunes Blu-ray will only let a disc be copied a certain number
of times to help prevent piracy
• Universality, meaning major corporations already are or are planning to support Blu-ray compatibility
in recent and future technology
• Inclusion in gaming consoles (one device multiple benefits)
• Backwards compatibility
7.2 Disadvantages
• Very Expensive Technology
• High Definition capacity is not a substantial amount even though storage space is great.
• There is a slim selection of enticing movies titles that are blu-ray, should increase in the future but
currently the daunting price for blu-ray without a large selection of films leaves the technology at a
disadvantage.
• Due to increasing popularity of High Definition DVD players, blu-ray may be nullified because
consumers will settle for the less expensive competitor.
• Not only is the technology expensive but Blu-ray discs have a higher price tag as well.

30
Blu-ray is expected to challenge DVD’s run as the fastest selling consumer-electronics item in history. If that
happens, the impact would be too big for the major players to discount. For example, the number of films sold
on DVD more than doubled last year to over 37 million. In addition, almost 2.4. million DVD players were
bought in the past year. As Blu-ray is not compatible with DVD, its success could upset the applecart of many
players. If the new format turns out to be much popular, the demand for DVD players could come down
drastically. Not withstanding the challenge to DVD makers, the new format is seen as a big step in the quest
for systems offering higher data storage. It is expected to open up new opportunities for broadcasting industry.
Recording of high-definition television video-an application in which more than 10GB of storage space is
filled up with just one hour of video-will get a major boost. Conversely, the format could take advantage of
the spread of high-definition television. As Blu-ray Disc uses MPEG-2 Transport Stream compression
technology, recording for digital broadcasting would become easier Its adoption will grow in the broadband
era as it offers a technology platform to manage stored content. But the real action will begin when the
companies involved develop products that take full advantage of Blu-ray Disc’s large capacity and high-speed
data transfer rate. As that happens, Blu-ray will move beyond being a recording tool to a variety of
applications. Adoption of Blu-ray Disc in PC data storage is already being considered.
Despite the impending tug-of war, the industry is excited, about the future prospects, of this technological
innovation. The industry is of the view that Blu-may has the potential to replicate, if not better, the DVD
success story. The expected upswing in high-definition television adoption and broadband implementation
could act as the catalyst. Aware that the recession in economies across the globe could come in the way of
high-definition television broadband penetration, major players are exploring the ways in making Blu-ray
compatible with DVDs. Cost can dampen the sales in the first year. Owing to the patent and the technology
involved, Blu-ray is likely to cost more than DVDs. But sooner than later, it will move towards commodity
pricing. Once that happens, Blu-ray holds the promise to steal a march over its immediate predecessor.

31
Websites
• www.whatis.com
• www.bluraytalk.com
• www.computerworld.com
• www.dvdeurope2002.com
• www.bluray.org
Documents
•A History Of the Phase Change Technology Stanford Ovshinsky, president of Energy Conversion
Devices
•Removable Media Storage Devices Tom Pratt and Chris Steenbergen, Storage Technology

33
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 34
1) Introduction 35
2) Why Green Computing? 36
3) Approaches to Green IT 37-39
3.1 Virtualization
3.2 Power Management
3.3 Power supply
3.4 Storage
3.5 Video Card
3.6 Display
3.7 Remote Conferencing & Telecommuting Strategies
3.8 Product longevity
3.9 Algorithmic efficiency
3.10 Resource allocation
3.11 Terminal servers
3.12 Operating system support
4) How to Implement? 40-41
5) Future of Green IT 42
6) Advantages & Disadvantages 43
7) Conclusion 44
8) References 45

34
ABSTRACT
Green computing or green IT, refers to environmentally sustainable computing or IT. In
the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines the field of
green computing as "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing
of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices,
and networking and communications systems—efficiently and effectively with minimal or no
impact on the environment." Research continues into key areas such as making the use of
computers as energy-efficient as possible, and designing algorithms and systems for
efficiency-related computer technologies.
Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and related
resources. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing
units, servers, peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of
electronic waste. One of the earliest initiatives toward green computing in the United States
was the voluntary labeling program known as Energy Star. It was conceived by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of
all kinds. The Energy Star label became a common sight, especially in laptops and displays.
Similar programs have been adopted in Europe and Asia.

35
Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are similar to
green chemistry; that is reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's
lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Taking into
consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning
green in a manner no industry has ever done before. It is worth emphasizing that this “green technology”
should not be just about sound bytes to impress activists but concrete action and organizational policy.
Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as a way to
create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should
include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy
savings. The primary objective of such a program is to account for the triple bottom line, an expanded spectrum
of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success. Modern IT systems rely upon a
complicated mix of people, networks and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must be systemic in
nature, and address increasingly sophisticated problems. Elements of such as solution may comprise items
such as end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance, disposal of electronic waste,
telecommuting, virtualization of server resources, energy use, thin client solutions, and return on investment
(ROI).
The recycling of old computers raises an important privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold
private information, such as emails, passwords and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by
someone using software that is available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the
file from the hard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if
there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe. There are some authorized
hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a
non-disclosure agreement.
Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent
chromium out of landfills, and can also replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured,
saving further energy and emissions. Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be re-
purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. Additionally, parts from outdated
systems may be salvaged and recycled through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers.
Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.
A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped
to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is
shipped abroad to countries such as China and Pakistan.

36
CHAPTER-2 WHY GREEN IT?
In a world where business is transacted 24/7 across every possible channel available, companies need to
collect, store, track and analyze enormous volumes of data—everything from clickstream data and event logs
to mobile call records and more. But this all comes with a cost to both businesses and the environment. Data
warehouses and the sprawling data centers that house them use up a huge amount of power, both to run legions
of servers and to cool them. Just how much? A whopping 61 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, at an
estimated cost of $4.5B annually.
The IT industry has begun to address energy consumption in the data center through a variety of
approaches including the use of more efficient cooling systems, virtualization, blade servers and storage area
networks (SANs). But a fundamental challenge remains. As data volumes explode, traditional, appliance-
centric data Ware housing approaches can only continue to throw more hardware at the problem. This can
quickly negate any green gains seen through better cooling or more tightly packed servers.
To minimize their hardware footprint, organizations also need to shrink their "data footprint" by
addressing how much server space and resources their information analysis requires in the first place. A
combination of new database technologies expressly designed for analysis of massive quantities of data and
affordable, resource-efficient, open-source software can help organizations save money and become greener.
Organizations can do so in the following three key areas: reduced data footprint, reduced deployment
resources, and reduced ongoing management and maintenance.
Fig:2.1 Green Computing Approach

37
CHAPTER-3 APPROACHES TO GREEN IT
Energy costs of IT and data center operations are significant, whether for internal corporate IT operations or
as part of IT outsourcing, Power consumption, Cooling, “Inefficient” equipment operations, e.g., data servers
“spinning” when no active operations are being performed. In “old days” energy costs were assumed to be
free. In current environment (pun intended), equipment costs have been reduced, putting focus on energy
costs.
3.1 Virtualization
Initiatives in this area include server virtualization and consolidation, storage consolidation and desktop
virtualization. These projects typically improve cost and energy efficiency through optimized use of existing
and new computing and storage capacity, electricity, cooling, ventilation and real estate. Computer
virtualization is the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware.
The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, but was commercialized for
x86- compatible computers only in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator could combine
several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original
hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Several commercial companies and open-source
projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD
have also built proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU
product lines, in order to facilitate virtualized computing.
3.2 PC Power Management
Many look to managing end-user device power consumption as an easy, effective way to reduce energy costs.
These power management initiatives include the following:
• Using software that centrally manages energy settings of PCs and monitors.
• Enforcing standardized power settings on all PCs before distributing to end users.
• Procuring energy-efficient equipment, such as Energy Star certified devices.
Power management for computer systems are desired for many reasons, particularly:
·Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems.
·Reduce cooling requirements.
·Reduce noise.
·Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling.
·Lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and less
energy use, which saves money and reduces the impact on the environment.
3.3 Power Supply
Power supplies in most computers (PSUs for short) aren't designed for energy efficiency. In fact, most
computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to higher electrical bills and a
more dire environmental impact. The 80 Plus program is a voluntary certification system for power-supply
manufacturers. The term "80 Plus" is a little complicated, so bear with me for a moment. If a PSU meets the
certification, it will use only the power it needs at a given load: In other words, it won't use more power than
it needs. For example, if your PC requires only 20 percent of the total power of a 500-watt PSU, the system
will consume no more than 100 watts. Only when the PC requires full power will the PSU run at the full
wattage load. An 80 Plus power supply can save about 85 kilowatt hours per PC, per year. In many ways, it's
the heart of a green PC, since it manages the power for all the other components. It also has the most dramatic
effect on your energy bill. Of course, all 80 Plus power supplies are also lead-free and RoHS compliant.
Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 70–75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy
as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically, these
models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007,
all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient. Various initiatives are underway

38
to improve the efficiency of computer power supplies. Climate savers computing initiative promotes energy
saving and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging development and use of more efficient
power supplies.
3.4 Storage
There are three routes available, all of which vary in cost, performance, and capacity. The most conventional
route is the 3.5" desktop hard drive. Recently, major drive manufacturers have begun to focus on reduced
power consumption, resulting in such features as the reduced RPM low-power idle mode with fixed rotation
speed for reduced power consumption. The advantages of this route are the highest possible capacity, the best
performance (out of the highest-end solid-state drives). The second option, which also lends itself to
affordability, is to use a 2.5" laptop hard drive. These consume less power than larger disks as a result of their
smaller platters, smaller motors, and firmware that is already optimized for power consumption versus most
3.5" hard disks. With capacities up to 320GB, reasonable capacity is well within reach, although the price is
substantially higher than an equivalent 3.5" disk.
3.5 Video Card
A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer. Energy efficient display options include:
·No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display required.
·Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power.
·Reuse an older video card that uses little power; many do not require heat sinks or fans.
·Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt. The easiest way to conserve power is to go
with integrated video. This is the lowest performance option, but for office users, casual browsing, and pure
2D use, it's more than adequate and well worth saving the 10W, 20W, or even 35W from a discrete video card.
Motherboards spitting out integrated video via DVI or HDMI aren't that hard to find, so power-users with
their massive LCDs don't have to suffer.
3.6 Displays
LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer
displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the
amount of electricity used by the display. LCD monitors uses three times less when active, and ten times less
energy when in sleep mode. LCDs are up to 66% more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs are also upwards
of 80% smaller in size and weight, leading to fuel savings in shipping. LCDs produce less heat, meaning you'll
need less AC to keep cool. LCD screens are also easier on the eyes. Their lower intensity and steady light
pattern result in less fatigue versus CRTs. A newer LCD draws 40-60W maximum in a modest 19", 20", or
22" size. That number grows close to 85W or 100W maximum for a 24" unit. Drop them down to standby or
turn them off entirely when not using them to minimize power consumption. By comparison, a 21" CRT
typically uses more than 120W, more than double the power of a typical 22" LCD.
3.7 REMOTE CONFERENCING & TELECOMMUTING STRATEGIES
Given recent jumps in fuel costs and greater awareness of harm caused by greenhouse gas emissions, many
companies wish to reduce travel to cut costs and decrease negative impact on the environment. The initiatives
in this study consist of the following: Remote Conferencing & Collaboration
-Video-conferencing & teleconferencing implementations between facilities or between office & client sites.
- Online collaboration environments.
- Telecommuting Strategy & Capabilities
- Virtual Private Network (VPN), remote access, and unified or voice communications capabilities to enable
access from home and other remote locations.
- Policies and strategies allowing or encouraging employees to work from home.
- Policies allowing or enforcing employees to work “Four-Tens” (4 days a week, 10 hours a day).
3.8 PRODUCT LONGEVITY

39
Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70 % of the natural resources used in the
life cycle of a PC. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's
lifetime. Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability
and modularity." For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger ecological footprint than
manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one, a common upgrade that saves the user having
to purchase a new computer.
3.9 ALGORITHMIC EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given
computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. As computers have become
more numerous and the cost of hardware has declined relative to the cost of energy, the energy efficiency and
environmental impact of computing systems and programs has received increased attention. A study by Alex
Wissner-Gross, a physicist at Harvard, estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon
dioxide (CO2). However, Google disputes this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2
grams of CO2.
3.10 RESOURCE ALLOCATION
Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from
MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that successfully
routes traffic to the location with the cheapest energy costs. The researchers project up to a 40 percent savings
on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. Strictly speaking, this approach does not
actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it only reduces the cost to the company using it. However,
a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally
friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away
from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air
conditioning.
3.11 TERMINAL SERVERS
Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect
to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating
system on the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of
a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption. There has been an increase in
using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include
Terminal Services for Windows and the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating.
3.12 OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT
The dominant desktop operating system, Microsoft Windows, has included limited PC power management
features since Windows 95. These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power
state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk) and support for the ACPI standard.
Windows 2000 was the first NT based operation system to include power management. This required major
changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000
also introduced Group Policy, a technology which allowed administrators to centrally configure most
Windows features. However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the
power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry
values, effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings.
This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in Windows XP.
The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism
Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista by redesigning the power management system to
allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to a single per computer policy. The
most recent release, Windows 7 retains these limitations but does include refinements for more efficient user
of operating system timers, processor power management, and display panel brightness.

40
CHAPTER-4 HOW TO IMPLEMENT
4.1 Greening Your Organization
The whole idea of replacing physical movement with electronic communications like
videoconferencing reduces environmental impacts, not to mention associated costs. This also applies to how
you manage your business processes. Consider distributing information electronically rather than printing it
first and then distributing it. This ‘print on demand’ approach saves transport and unnecessary copies, not to
mention saving money! Companies with transport and logistics operations can reduce emissions by using
software applications to optimize routes and eliminate wasted journeys. Solutions can range from simple sat-
nag devices to much complex transportation management systems which coordinate multiple vehicles and
routes, saving both time and fuel, and providing more predictable customer service too.
Power management software help the computers to sleep or hibernate when not in use. Reversible
computing (which also includes quantum computing) promises to reduce power consumption by a factor of
several thousand, but such systems are still very much in the laboratories. Reversible computing includes any
computational process that is (at least to some close approximation) reversible, i.e., time-invertible, meaning
that a time-reversed version of the process could exist within the same general dynamical framework as the
original process. Reversible computing's efficient use of heat could make it possible to come up with 3-D chip
designs, Bennett said. This would push all of the circuitry closer together and ultimately increase performance.
4.2 Nearing green nirvana
• Audit your data center and remove unused equipment and software
• Virtualize applications, storage and servers in the data center wherever appropriate
• Consider consolidating data centers.
• Introduce videoconferencing or telepresence facilities.
• Power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of
OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes.
• Use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper.
• Making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present) more effective by
recycling computer parts separately with an option of reuse or resale.
• Buy and use a low power desktop or a laptop computer (40-90 watts) rather a higher power desktop (e.g.
300 watts).
• Thin clients can use only 4 to 8 watts of power at the desktop as the processing is done by a server.
• For desktops, buy a low power central processing unit (CPU). This reduces both power consumption and
cooling requirements.
• Buy hardware from manufacturers that have a hardware recycling scheme, and recycle your old computer
equipment rather than sending it to landfill.
• Turn your computer and monitor off when you are not using it.
• Enable hibernation using the power management settings. Standby does not save as much power.
• Replace your CRT screen with an LCD screen.
• Keep your PC or laptop for at least 5 years. If you're leasing, shift to a 5 year period. This reduces energy
consumption by 40%, compared to replacing PCs every 3 years which is current corporate practice.
• Avoid an unnecessary operating system version upgrade which requires a hardware upgrade.
• Use Linux (such as Ubuntu), which requires less resources than many other operating systems on an older
computer as a spare or a file server.
• Use server virtualization to aggregate multiple under-utilized servers onto more energy efficient server
infrastructure.

41
Fig:4.1 Green IT implementation

42
CHAPTER-5 FUTURE OF GREEN IT
As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will get a serious ring in the
coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions, global warming and climate change gets hotter. If we
think computers are nonpolluting and consume very little energy, we need to think again. It is estimated that
out of $250 billion per year spent on powering computers worldwide only about 15% of that power is spent
computing- the rest is wasted idling. Thus, energy saved on computer hardware and computing will equate
tons of carbon emissions saved per year. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology
industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before.
Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as a way to
create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause.
The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum
efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings. Faster processors historically use more power.
Inefficient CPU's are a double hit because they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat
increases air conditioning needs, especially in server farms--between the computers and the HVAC. The waste
heat also causes reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more often at higher temperatures. Many people
have been working for years to lice this inefficiency out of computers. Similarly, power supplies are
notoriously bad, generally as little as 7% efficient. And since everything in a computer runs off the power
supply, nothing can be efficient without a good power supply. Recent inventions of power supply are helping
fix this by running at 80% efficiency or better.
Fig:5.1 Green Computing Life Cycle

43
6.1 Advantages
• Reduced energy usage from green computing techniques translates into lower carbon dioxide
emissions, stemming from a reduction in the fossil fuels used in the power plants & transportation.
• Conserving resources means less energy is required to produce, use & dispose of products.
• Saving energy & resources saves money.
• Green IT even includes changing government policy to encourage recycling & lowering energy use by
individuals & businesses.
• Reduce the risk existing in the laptops such as chemical known to cause cancer, nerve damage &
immune reactions in humans.
6.2 Disadvantages
• Green IT could actually be quite expensive.
• Computers that are green may be considerably underpowered.
• They are not readily available because of their limited no. & cost.
• Rapid technology change, low initial cost & with planned obsolescence has resulted in a fast-growing
surplus of unused hardware around the globe. This has resulted in rapid expansion of e-waste
worldwide.
• Technical solutions are available but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics &
other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied.

44
Businesses seeking a cost-effective way to responsibly recycle large amounts of Computer equipment face a
more complicated process. They also have the option of contacting the manufacturers and arranging recycling
options. However, in cases where the computer equipment comes from a wide variety of manufacturers, it
may be more efficient to hire a third-party contractor to handle the recycling arrangements. There exist
companies that specialize in corporate computer disposal services both offer disposal and recycling services
in compliance with local laws and regulations. Such companies frequently also offer secure data elimination
services.
So far, consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers, they've cared only
about speed and price. But as Moore's Law marches on and computers commoditize, consumers will become
pickier about being green. Devices use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more
portable and effective. New green materials are developed every year, and many toxic ones are already being
replaced by them. The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from the sky one day, it’ll be the product
of years of improvements. The features of a green computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency,
manufacturing & materials, recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends. Green computer will
be one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic gulf that separates
the information rich from the information poor.

45
1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing
2.Jones, Ernesta " New Computer Efficiency Requirements". U.S. EPA.
3.‘Green IT For Dummies’-Hewlett Packard Limited Edition
4.Report of the Green Computing Task Group Green Computing and the
Environment
5.a b c San Murugesan, “Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,” IEEE IT
Professional, January-February 2008, pp 24-33.
6.”Green IT: Why Mid-Size Companies Are Investing Now”
7.www.climatesaverscomputing.org
8.INTELLIGENT COMPUTING CHIP-GREEN COMPUTING

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