First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training

1. Dr.Anjalatchi Muthukumaran
Vice Principal
Era College Of Nursing
FIRST AID IN EMERENCY
COURSE

2. Introduction

3. Meaning of first aid
 First aid is the first assistance or treatment given
to a casualty or a sick person for any injury or
sudden illness before the arrival of an ambulance,
the arrival of a qualified paramedical or medical
person or before arriving at a facility that can
provide professional medical care.

4. History of first aid

5. AIMS OF FIRST AID
 The aims of first aid are: 3 Ps
 To preserve life,
 To prevent the worsening of one’s medical
condition,
 To promote recovery, and
 To help to ensure safe transportation to the
nearest healthcare facility.

6. Objective of first aid

7. Principles of first aid

8. Continued

9. Universal Precaution
 It is important to always check the scene and ensure your
safety first. Remember that dialling emergency number for
ambulance and other related services is one of the most
important steps you can take to save another's life.
 Your safety is first, so leave the scene if you are at risk.
 While helping the victim, protect yourself from transmission of
possible diseases/infections.
 Use preventive breathing barriers / personal protective equipment
(PPE) when available.
 Try to cover your own cuts, sores, wounds, and any skin
conditions with a proper bandage before responding.
 Use disposable gloves to avoid direct contact with blood /
bodily fluids. In absence of gloves plastic bags or thick pad of
cloths can be used as barrier in between.
 Washing your hands properly is extremely important. Always
use soap and water after removing your gloves/barrier.
 If you suspect that a victim has suffered a spinal or neck injury,
do not move or shake the victim.

10. Role of First Aider
 Remember PACT
 P - Protect
 A - Assess
 C - Care
 T - Transport-
Triage

11. List of emergency situation
 Airway problems
 Accidents
 Breathing problems
 Respiratory problems
 Chest pain
 Choking
 Bleeding -Epistaxis ,internal bleeding
 Injuries
 Fracture
 Sprain

12. Continued
 Drowning
 Insects bite
 Snake bite
 Scorpions bite and
others
 Dog bites
 Rate bites
 Burns
 Electrical burns/injuries
 Shock
 Stroke
 Convulsion
 Seizures
•Scalds
•Sport injuries
•Head injuries
•Stab injuries
•Heat cramps
•Frost bite
•Eye injuries
•Fire injuries
•Heat exhaustion
•Hypothermia

13. Administer first aid to a casualty who
is/requires -
 Unconscious casualty
 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
 Choking
 Wounded and bleeding
 Suffering from shock
 Discussion of specific work related injuries

14. Dealing With An Emergency
 Always apply 4 main steps systematically during any
emergency situations:
 Safety first – Make sure there is no danger to you and victim.
 Check response - is the person asleep or unresponsive –
Call, Shake, Shout
 Seek help - Shout or call for help if you are alone but do not
leave the person unattended.
 Quick assessment of victim’s condition – Check
consciousness and breathing (look, listen, feel). Look for
bleeding and other life threatening conditions and take life-
saving measures such as:
 If no breathing, start Chest compression (Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR))
 If breathing present but unconscious, casualty is placed in side
recovery position
 If bleeding present, stop/control bleeding by direct pressure
 Immobilise bone/joint injuries and take care when handling or
moving to prevent any injury to the spine or neck
 And protecting casualty from heat/cold

15. Techniques for follow the first aid
measure

16. Basic life support (BLS)

18. Bandage techniques

19. Dressing techniques

22. Transportation of patient

24. Continued

25. Continued

26. First aid safety rules and regulation

27. Continued

29. Emergency ambulance services

30. BLEEDING WITH FIRST AID

31. TYPE OF BLEEDING

32. External bleeding

33. First aid treatment

34. Burns
 A burn is tissue damage from contact with:
 flames
 very hot water (scalding)
 corrosive chemicals
 electricity
 radiation (including sunburn)

35. What is a major burn?
 Major burns can be recognized by four primary
characteristics:
 deep
 result in dry, leathery skin
 larger than 3 inches in diameter or cover the face,
hands, feet, buttocks, groin, or a major joint
 have a charred appearance or patches of black,
brown, or white


36. What is a minor burn?
 Minor burns are recognized
by the following
characteristics:
 less than 3 inches in
diameter
 surface redness (like
a sunburn)
 skin blistering
 pain

37. First aid for a minor burn
 Cool down the burn. After holding the burn under cool, running
water, apply cool, wet compresses until the pain subsides.
 Remove tight items, such as rings, from the burned area. Be
gentle, but move quickly before swelling starts.
 Avoid breaking blisters. Blisters with fluid protect the area
from infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area and gently apply
an antibiotic ointment.
 Apply a moisturizing lotion, such as one with aloe vera. After the
burned area has been cooled, apply a lotion to provide relief and
to keep the area from drying out.
 Loosely bandage the burn. Use sterile gauze. Avoid fluffy cotton
that could shed and get stuck to the healing area. Also avoid
putting too much pressure on the burned skin.
 Take an over-the-counter pain reliever if necessary.
Consider acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil),
or naproxen (Aleve).

38. Immediate steps to take for a
burn

39. Classification of burn

41. First aid for a major burn
 The first step in treating a major burn is to call 911 or seek emergency
medical care.
 Steps to take until emergency arrives include:
 Make sure you and the person who’s burned are safe and out of harm’s
way. Move them away from the source of the burn. If it’s an electrical
burn, turn off the power source before touching them.
 Check to see if they’re breathing. If needed, start rescue breathing if
you’ve been trained.
 Remove restrictive items from their body, such as belts and jewelry in or
near the burned areas. Burned areas typically swell quickly.
 Cover the burned area. Use a clean cloth or bandage that’s moistened
with cool, clean water.
 Separate fingers and toes. If hands and feet are burned, separate the
fingers and toes with dry and sterile, nonadhesive bandages.
 Remove clothing from burned areas, but don’t try to remove clothing
that’s stuck to the skin.
 Avoid immersing the person or burned body parts in
water. Hypothermia (severe loss of body heat) can occur if you immerse
large, severe burns in water.
 Raise the burned area. If possible, elevate the burned area above their
heart.
 Watch for shock. Signs and symptoms of shock include shallow
breathing, pale complexion, and fainting.

43. Things not to do
 Don’t contaminate the burn with potential germs
by breathing or coughing on it.
 Don’t apply any medical or home remedy,
including ointment, butter, ice, spray, or cream.
 Don’t give the burned person anything to ingest.
 Don’t put a pillow under their head if you think
they have an airway burn.

44. Electrical burns
 These are often quite small in area, but they may
nevertheless be quite deep. They are normally found
at the points of contact where the current entered and
left the body.
 Switch off the current and remove the plug before
treating casualty
 If the casualty is lying in water, keep out of it yourself -
-- moisture is an excellent conductor of electricity. For
the same reason do not hold the casualty under the
armpits
 Check the casualty’s breathing. The current may have
passed through the chest, stopping the heart and
stopping breathing. If so start the Kiss of Life and
heart massage immediately
 Continue the general treatment for burns.

45. Cuts and Abrasions
 Cuts
 Cleanse area thoroughly with soap and warm
water, carefully washing away any dirt.
 Apply direct pressure to wound until bleeding
stops.
 Put sterile bandage on wound.
 If cut is deep, get to a doctor as quickly as
possible.

46. Abrasions /Scratches
 Wash thoroughly with soap and warm water.
 If it bleeds or oozes, bandage it to protect it from
infection.
 Signs of infected wound
 Swelling
 Redness
 Pain
 May cause fever
 Presence of pus


47. Choking
 Choking occurs when a foreign object lodges
in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of
air. In adults, a piece of food often is the culprit.
Young children often swallow small objects.
Because choking cuts off oxygen to the brain,
give first aid as quickly as possible.

48. First Aid treatment
•Use the Abdominal Thrust only in an
actual emergency
•Stand behind him with your arms
around his waist.
•Place one fist, with the knuckle of the
thumb against the victim's midsection,
slightly above the navel but well below
the breastbone.
•Hold your fist firmly with the other hand
and pull both hands sharply toward you
with an upward-and-inward jab.
•This procedure should be administered
continually until either the object is
forced out or the victim becomes
unconscious.
•Take the patient to the doctor
immediately if you're not comfortable
handling the emergency

50. Convulsions
 A convulsion (violent, involuntary contraction or
muscle spasm) can be caused by epilepsy or
sudden illness. It is dangerous if the victim stops
breathing. In such cases, it is recommended to
seek doctor's assistance.

51. Symptoms
 Muscles become stiff and hard, followed by
jerking movements
 The patient may bite his tongue or stop breathing
 Face and lips may turn a bluish color
 May salivate excessively or foam at the mouth

52. Tips for action
 Clear all objects away from the victim and place
something soft under the head
 Do not place anything between the teeth or in the
patient's mouth
 Do not give the victim any liquids
 If the victim stops breathing, check to see that the
airway is open and begin rescue
 Stay calm and keep the victim comfortable until help
arrives.
 Most convulsions are followed by a period of
unconsciousness or another convulsion
 Take the patient to the doctor at the earliest


53. Heatstroke
 Cool the body of a heatstroke victim immediately
 If possible, put him in cool water; wrap him in cool wet
clothes; or sponge his skin with cool water, rubbing
ice, or cold packs.
 Once the victim's temperature drops to about 101 F,
lay him in the recovery position in a cool room.
 If the temperature begins to rise again, repeat the
cooling process
 If he/she is able to drink, give him/her some water.
 Do not give any kind of medication
 Seek medical attention


54. Electric shock
 This is usually easy to identify as the casualty will
be lying unconscious near an electrical appliance
or cable.
 Treatment
 Before touching the casualty remember to switch
off the electrical supply
 If the casualty is breathing, turn him into the
Recovery Position
 If the casualty has stopped breathing, you must
start the Kiss of Life and heart message
immediately
 Send for a doctor or ambulance

55. Drowning
 Treatment
 Clear the airway and determine whether causality
is breathing and the heart pumping
 If the heart and breathing have stopped, then you
immediately start the Kiss of life an heart
massage
 If the causality is just unconscious, then once
removed from water, he should be placed in the
Recovery Position
 A doctor or an ambulance should be sent for
immediately


56. Frostbite
 When you are exposed to very cold temperatures
for a long period of time, the skin and the tissues
underneath the skin may freeze resulting in
frostbite.The most commonly affected areas
during a frostbite are fingers, toes, nose, ears,
cheeks and chin.


57. Symptoms
 The mildest and least serious form of frostbite is
termed Frostnip. It can be recognized by painful
sensations, darker areas of skin, or red skin.
However, the skin responds normally to pressure
without serious numbness and retains its normal
texture.
 The affected part of the skin turns white or
greyish-yellow.
 The affected part hardens and is cold.
 The affected area becomes numb or it itches and
burns. The area of the skin becomes red and is
painful.


58. Care to be taken
 Consult a doctor as soon as possible. The following first
aid can also be taken.
 Protect the skin from further exposure to the cold.
 Cover the area with warm clothes.
 Do not rub the affected area.
 Do not walk on frostbitten toes or feet.
 Do not use direct heat from stoves, heating pads, fireplace,
etc as this can burn the skin.
 Keep the affected area in warm water (around 40oC
temperature). Using water that is too hot will damage the
tissues.
 Persistent numbness and pain requires immediate
attention of a doctor.


59. AED &Defibrillator machine
application

60. Bandages and its uses

61. Classification of bandages

62. Continued

65. Different size and type of bandages

66. CHOKING REMOVAL
TECHNIQUES

67.  Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes
 Small roll of absorbent gauze or gauze pads of different sizes
 Adhesive tape
 Triangular and roller bandages
 Cotton (1 roll)
 Band-aids (Plasters)
 Scissors
 Pen torch
 Latex gloves (2 pair)
 Tweezers
 Needle
 Moistened towels and clean dry cloth pieces.
 Antiseptic (Savlon or dettol)
 Thermometer
 Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant
 Assorted sizes of safety pins
 Cleansing agent/soap


68.  The Red Cross recommends that all
first aid kits for a family of four
include the following:
 2 absorbent compress dressings (5 x 9
inches)
 25 adhesive bandages (assorted
sizes), also found within our Family
First Aid Kit
 1 adhesive cloth tape (10 yards x 1
inch)
 5 antibiotic ointment packets
(approximately 1 gram)
 5 antiseptic wipe packets (
 2 packets of aspirin (81 mg each)

69.  1 emergency blanket
 1 breathing barrier (with one-way valve)
 1 instant cold compress, also found within our First Aid
Kit
 2 pair of nonlatex gloves (size: large)
 2 hydrocortisone ointment packets (approximately 1 gram
each)
 1 3 in. gauze roll (roller) bandage
 1 roller bandage (4 inches wide)
 5 3 in. x 3 in. sterile gauze pads
 5 sterile gauze pads (4 x 4 inches)
 Oral thermometer (non-mercury/nonglass), also within
the Deluxe All Purpose First Aid Kit
 2 triangular bandages
 Tweezers
 Emergency First Aid guide

70. Step :1Open their airway
 If they are unresponsive, open their airway.
 Place one hand on the casualty’s forehead
and two fingers under their chin. Gently tilt
their head back and lift the chin.

71. Step :2Check their breathing
 Maintain the head tilt and chin lift,
and look for chest movement.
Listen for the sounds of normal
breathing and see if you can feel
their breaths on your cheek
 If they are not breathing, you need
to start CPR (cardiopulmonary
resuscitation – a combination of
chest pressure and rescue
breaths) straight away

72. How to check the pulse

73. Step:3Call for help and start CPR
 Call for an ambulance, or get
someone else to do it, or inform
bridge.
 Next you’ll need to perform CPR -
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This
involves giving someone chest
compressions and rescue breaths to
keep their heart and circulation
going. If they start breathing normally
again, stop CPR and put them in the
recovery position

74. Checking airway , breathing and
circulation

75. Step:4Giving chest compressions
 Kneel down beside the casualty on the floor level
with their chest.
 Place the heel of one hand towards the end of their
breastbone, in the centre of their chest
 Place the heel of your other hand on top of the first
hand and interlock your fingers, making sure you
keep the fingers off the ribs
 Lean over the casualty, with your arms straight,
pressing down vertically on the breastbone, and
press the chest down by 5-6cm (2-2½in)

76. DRSABCD

77.  Release the pressure without removing your hands
from their chest. Allow the chest to come back up
fully – this is one compression
 Repeat 30 times, at a rate of about twice a second or
the speed of the song ‘Staying Alive
 Give two rescue breaths.

78. Step :5How to give a rescue
breath
 Ensure the casualty’s airway is open.
 Pinch their nose firmly closed.
 Take a deep breath and seal your lips around
their mouth.
 Blow into the mouth until the chest rises.
 Remove your mouth and allow the chest to fall.
 Repeat once more. Carry on giving 30 chest
compressions followed by two rescue breaths for
as long as you can, or until help arrives

79. Step:6 recovery position
 If the casualty starts breathing normally again, stop
CPR and put them in the recovery position

80. CPR FLOW CHART

81. Flow of Assessment

83. Fire safety

84. Burns

85. First aid

86. SAFE

87. PRICE

88. Pressure point of Area

89. Check the pulse area

90. RICE

91. Help line
 102- ambulance
 108-disaster management
 101-fire
 100-police
 1098-child help line
 112-national disaster
 1090-women

93. Pain assessment

95. First Aid for fall injury

96. Seizure

98. Thank you