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le s o u r c e . F r a c k in g
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a n d s to n e o r lim e s to n e . S in c e th e 1 9 9 0 s , h o w
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a c k ín g ro c k b y p
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re s s u r iz e d w a te r in to it .

s m a il e x p lo s
io n s in th e w e lls to in c re a s e Ĥ o w . S ta rtin g in
th e I 9 4 0 s , o iï a n d g a s d r illin g
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it is tra p p e d a r e d r i
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r e la tiv e to o th e r a v a iï a b Į e e iìe rg y s o u r c e s .
d e c is io n s s h o u ld b e b a s e d o n e x is tin g e m p
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c k in g
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o e s s o m e tim e s h a
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D o th e fa c ts o n fr a c k in g s u p p o r t th is o p p o s it
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re fe re n c e to fra c k in g in th e ir n
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le ,
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p ro m is e d L a n d ,
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s h a
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ite s in P o la n d
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n d th is n e w s tu d y
A lth o u g h li lrth e r re s e a rc h is n e e d e d 1o c o n c
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o f w a te r a n d s o ils th a t h a d to b e c le a n e d u p .
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f t h e w e lls fa ile d d r in k in g w a te r re g u la tio n s b e
fo r e d r i
llin g s ta rte d . B u t
w a s th e s a m e b e ĺ o re a n d s o o n a R e r d r illin g
in a ll w e lls e x c e p t o n e . T h e o n ly s u r p r is e f r
o m t h a t
[n o n e s tu d y o f2 0 0 p r iv a te w a te r w e lls in th e
f r a c k in g r e g io n s o ĺ p e n n s y lv a n ia , w a t e r q u
a lity
s h o w n to c o n ta m in a te d r in k in g w a te r .
o n ly h u n d re d s o
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m p o u n d s in je c te d a t d e p th b e e n
g a s is a c c e s s e d a t d e p th s o f th o u s a n d s o f f e
e t w h ile d r in k in g w a te r is e x tr a c te d fr o m d e p
th s o f
T h e P e n n s y lv a n ia e x p e r ie n c e w ith w a te r c o n
ta m in a tio n is a ls o in s tr u c t iv e . In P e n n s y lv a n
ia , s h a le
d a m a g e .
e x p
e r ie n c e d in je c tio n - in d u c e d e a rth q u a k e s , m o
s t t o o w e a k to fe e l a n d n o n e c a u s in g s ig n ific
a n t
w e lls in u s e b y th e e n e rg y in d u stry a c ro s s
th e U n ite d S ta te s , o n ly a b o u t e ig h t lo c a t io n s h
a v e

p ro b le m s , w h ile o th e rs a re m o re s e r io u s . F o r
e x a m p le , o f th e te n s o f th o u s a n d s o f d e e p in
je c t io n
S o m e o F th e lo c a l e ffe c ts o í d r illin g a n d fr a c k
in g h a v e g o tte n a lo t o f p re s s b u t c a u s e d fe w
r e s id e n tia l u s e .
tr illio n c u b ic fe e t o f g a s
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e n o u g h to p o w e r a ¡l A m e r ic a n h o m e s f o r 5 0
y e a r s a t r e c e n t r a t e s o f
ra p id d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e M a r c e l lu s s h a le , a
g e o lo g ic a l fo r m a t io n t h a t c o u ld c o n ta in n e a r
ly 5 0 0
fr a c k in g s h o u ld b e a llo w e d , t h e e x p e r ie n c e
o f p e n n s y lv a n ia is in s t r u c t iv e . P e n n s y lv a n
ia h a s s e e n
A s p o litic ia n s in E u ro p e a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s
c o n s id e r w h e th e r , a n d u n d e r w h a t c o n d it io n s
,
c h a n g e th a n p re v io u s n a tu r a l g a s e x t r a c tio n
.
fra c k in g te c h n o lo g ie s a llo w fo r t h e e x t ra c tio
n o f m o re g a s , t h u s c o n tr ib u tin g m o re to c lim
a te
d u r in g m e th a n e burning a re b o th g re e n h o u s e g

a s e s th a t c o n tr ib u te to g lo b a l c lim a te c h a n g e .
N e w
b e c a u s e th e m e th a n e g a s th a t is a c c e s s e d th r
o u g h e x tr a c tio n a n d th e c a rb o n d io x id e re le a
s e d
In a d d itio n to th e s e lo c a l e flė c ts
, n a t u r a l g a s e x tra c t io n h a s g lo b a l e n v ir o n m
e n ta l c o n s e q u e n c e s ,
d is p o s a l h a s in ra r e c a s e s tr ig g e re d s m a ll e a r
th q u a k e s .
b r in e c a n b e d e tr im e n ta l if n o t d is p o s e d o f p
ro p e r ly . In je c t io n o f b r in e in to d e e p w e lls fo r
lo w b u t m e a s u ra b le c o n c e n tra tio n s o f ra d io a c
tiv e e le m e n ts a n d h u g e c o n c e n tra tio n s o
f s a lt . T h is
d a n g e r o u s e x p lo s io n s . W a te r fr o m a ll g a s w e
lls o fte n re tu rn s to th e s trr f a c e c o n tn in in g e x
tre m
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o F
g r e a te r v o lu m e s o f c o c k ta il- la d e n w a te r , in je
c te d a t h ig h e r p r e s s u re s . M e th a n e g a s c a
n e s c a p e

la w s b u t c a n b e p ro b le n 7 a tic ir th e y s e e p in to
d r in k in g w a te r . F ra c k in g s in c e
th e 1 9 9 0 s h a s u s e
d
T h e fi
·
a c k in g c o c k ta il in c lu d e s a c id s , d e te rg e n ts a n
d p o is o n s th a t a r e n o t r e g
u la te d b y
fe d e ra l
e x tr a c tio n .
a re s p e c ific to th e lie w fr a c k in g te c h n o lo g y , w
h ile o th e rs a p p ly m o re g
e n e t
·
a lly to n a t
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a s
ħ · īo s t o p p o n e n ts o f fra c k in g ĺ o c u s o ri p o te n
tia l lo c a l e n v in J n m e n ta l c o n
s e q
u e n c e s . S o m e o f th e s e
th e fr a c tu re s .

w a te r d is s o lv e m in e r a ls , k ill b a c te r ia th a t m ig
h t p lu g u p th e w e
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w N b e re a h z e d .
w ith o u t d e c re a s in g re
lia n c e o n c o a l, t h e d o o m a n d g
lo o m o f m o r e r a p
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B u t ifrra c k e d g a s m e re
ly d
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la c e s e f fo rts to d e v e lo p
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e n v iro n m e n t .

d is p la c e s c o
a l, t h e n fr a c k in g is g
o o d n o t o n ly
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u t a ls o fo r th e g
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a t E u r o p
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itic ia n s m ig h t
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T h e g e o p o lit ic a
l s h ift th a t w o u ld r e
s u lt fr o m d e c re a s in g
r e lia n c e o n o il , a n d m o r e s p e c ific a
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fro m lo w e r e n e rg y c o sts . E
u ro p e
c a n b e n e f it fro m le s
s o n s le a r n e d in P e n n s y

lv a n ia , m in im iz in g
c re a te d b o th d ire
c tly
in th e g a s
in d u s tr y
a n d in d ire c tly a
s re g io
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k in g
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fp e n n s y lv a
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a n d jo b s a r e
S o , s h o u ld th e U n
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e e n c o u r a g e fr
a c k in g o
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lik e a b a d tra d e
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E u r o p e is c u
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its r e lia n c e o n c o a l
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lly
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o ils a n d w a t e r s .
p e r u n it o
r e n e r g y
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ls o e m its m e ta ls s u c h
a s m e r c u r y
in t o th e
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ific a n t e n v iro n m e n t
a l a d v a n ta g e o
v e r c o a l m in in g
. S h a le g a s e m it s h a
lf th e c a rb o n d io x
id e
th ro u g h le a
k a g e
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a s e x tr a c t io n a n d c a r b o n
d io x id e r e le a s e d u r in g b u r n łn g
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A n d w h ile th e n a t u r a l g a s p
r o d u c e d b y fr a

c k in g d o e s
a d d g r e
e n h o u s e g a s
e s t o th e a tm o s p
h e r e
e f fe c t o f d r illin g
a n d f r a c k in g o
n t h e ļ o c a l e n v iro n m e n t .
ï n s u m , t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f
h a c k in g in p e n n s y lv a n ia
h a s le d to in d u s tr y p
r a c t ic e s th a t m it ig
a te t h e
p e rc e n t o f
th is b r in y w
a t e r b y u s
in g it t o
f r a c k m o Ħ s h a le .
c o m p o n e n t
s . s in c e n e w 1. E g u la t io n s in 2 0
1 1 , h o w e v e r , p e
r m s
y

l v a n i a c o m p
a n i e s n o
w r e c y c le 9 0
to u s e m u n ic ip a l w a
te r tr e a tm e n t p la n
t s th a t w e re n o t e q u ip p
e d t o h a n d le th e u n
h e a lth y
T h e d is p o s a l o f s h
a le g a s
b r in e w a s in itia lly a
d d r e s s e d in p e n n s y
lv a n ia b y
a llo w in g
th c in d u s tr y
fo r e a c h g e o lo g ic a l lo c a t io
n .
a n d t h e r is k o f s u c h m e th a n e le a k s c o u ld f u
r
t h e r d e c r e a s e if c a s in g
s w e r e d e s ig
n e d s p
e c if ic a lly

w e lls
, c a s i n g
s a r c n o t s t r u c t u r a l l y
s o u n d . T h e c a s in g s c a n b e fi x e
d t o a d d r e s s th e s e
m in o r le a k s ,
th e la s t g la c ia t io n . B u t s o m e tim e s m e t
h a n e le a k s o u t o f g a s
w e lls b e c a u s e . In 1 t o 2 p e r c e
n t o f th e
d r illin
g is o n g o in g . S o m e o f th is g a s is
"
d r i f t
g
a s
"
t h a t f o r m s n a t u r
a l l
y
i n d e
p
o s i t s l e f t h e h

i n d b
y
P e n n s y lv a n ia h a s a ls o s e e n in s t a n c e s o f m e
th a n e le a k in g in
to a q u if
e r s in r c g io n
s w h e re s h a le
-
g a s
c h e m ic a ls in s tr e a m s a n d g r o u n d w a t
e r .
th e c o m p o s itio n o f a ll fr a c k in g a n d d r illin g c
o m p o u
n d s m a k e s it d if li c u lt to m
o n ito r f o r in j
e c te d
Scanned by CamScanner
p o ly m e r .
"
In a d o c u m e n t d e v e lo p e d b y th e P h y s ic a l a n
d T h e o re tic a l C h e m ic a l L a b a t O x r d
H y d ro x y e th y l c e llu lo s e
- T he th ic k e n in g a g e n t lıa lï ib u ll o n d e s c r ib e s

th is c h e m ic a l a s a
"
n a t u r a l
"
p o s e a s p e c ia l h e a lth r is k ir in g e s te d a n d v o
m ite d .
"
be n z e n e . . . M e th a n e , p ro p a n e , a n d k e r o s e n e
.
"
T h e se , a c c o r d in g to a re p o rt b y P u rd u e U n iv e
r s ity
ra n g e o f c h e m ic a l s u b s ta n c e s , m a n y o f w h ic
h a re a s to x ic a s
"
n a p h th a le n e , x y le n e , t o lu e n e , a n d
P e tr o le u m d is tilla te .
'
P e tro le u m d is tilla te
'
is a b la n k e t te r m th a t c o u ld b e u s e d to d e s c r ib
e a w id e
s y s te m ,
"

ta r g e ts o r g a n s lik e th e
"
e y e s , s k in , r e s p ira to ry s y s te m , c e n t r a l n e r v o
u s s y s te m , [a n d ] r e p ro d u c t iv e
F o m la m id e - A
"
r e
p
r o d u c tiv e to x ic a n t
"
t h a t th e C e n te r f o r D is e a s e C o n tro l a n d P re v e
n tio n s a y s
s o m e o f th e c h e m ic a ls th e y a re p u m p in g d o w
n in to th e e a rth .
N o s u rp ris e th a t th e n a tu ra l g a s in d u s try s a y s
th e r e
'
s n o t h in g to w o r ry a b o u t, b u t h e re is a lis t o f
P la n n in g a n d C o m m u n ity R ig h t
- to - K n o w A c t (E P C R A ) d o c u m e n ts fo r r e p o
rte d c h e m ic a l u s a g e .
s a fe ty d a ta s h e e ts ( M S D S ) , s p illa g e re p o rts ,
e n v iro n m e n ta l im p a c t s ta te m e n ts a n d E m e rg e
n c y

E x c h a n g e , ba s e d in P a n o n ia , C o lo ra d o , h a v e
be g u n m o n ito r in g v a r io u s s o u rc e s s u c h a s m
a te r ia l
o r u n d e rg ro u n d d r in k in g w a te r s o u rc e s , o r g
a n iz a tio n s s u c h a s T h e E n d o c r in e D is r u p t io
n
CO n ce r ne d th a t u n d e rg ro u n d s e e p a g e o f fr a c
k in g c h e m ic a ls m a y le a d to th e p o is o n in g o f
a q u if e rs
th in g .
th a t p u m p in g th o u s a n d s o f g a llo n s o l
'
t o x i c c h e m i c a l s d e e p in to th e p la n e t is p ro b
a b ly n o t a g o o d
c o s ts o f th e p o te n tia l h e a lth a n d e n v iro n m e n ta
l d a m a g e is s p e c u la tiv e a t b e s t. W h a t is c e rta
in is
W h ile th e s h o r t- te rm fin a n c ia l u p s id e s o f f ra c
k in g lo o k g o o d o n q u a rte r ly re p o rts , t h e lo n g
te rm
to x ic c h e ın ic a ls d o w n in to th e e a rth .
"
fr a c k in g
"
) is g r e a t fo r th e ir b o tto rn lin e , t he p ro c e s s in v

o lv e s p u m p in g th o u s a n d s o f g a llo n s o f
t h e p ro b le m is th a t w h ile th e n a tu r a l g a s c o m
p a n ie s m ig h t th in k h y d ra u lic fr a c tu r in g (o r
w e lls to g e t a t th e g a s th a t lie s d e e p b e lo w th e
s u r fa c e .
th e C o lo ra d o R o c k ie s w h e re a c o m p a n y c a
lle d B ill B a r re tt C o rp o ra tio n p la n s to d r ill u p
to 3 , 0 0 0
A re a s th a t w o u ld h a v e p ro b a b ly n e v e r s e e n d
r illin g a rc n o w fa ir g a m e . L ik e th e R o a n P la te
a u i
n
T h e p ro c e s s m a k e s g a s th a t w a s v ir tu a lly im p
o s s ib le to p u m p o u t o f th e e a rth a c c e s s ib le ,
ılydraulic fra c tu r in g is th e re a s o n th e re is s o m u c
h m o n e y to b e m a d e in n a tlıra l g a s n o w a d a y s
.
b u s in e s s .
T h( in d u s tFy s h o u ld b e w o rr ie d b e c a u s e , a s
G a s la n d p o in ts o u t, n a t u r a l g a s e x tra c tio n
is a n a s ty
c a lle d h y d ra u lic fra c tu r in g .
a v e ry w id e a u d ie n c e th e c h e m ic a l c o n ta m in a
tio n c a u s e d b y th e w id e s p re
a d u s e o f a p

rd e c s s
T h e n a tu ra l
g a s in d u s try is in a b it o f a tiz z y a fte r th e m o v ie
G a s ta m [ a ire d o n
U B O , e x p
o s in g to
B y K e v in G ra n d ia
W iıa t t h e t r a c k l s P u m
p
in R G la s s C ıc a n c r I n to t h c E a r t ıı O k a y ?
5
Scanned by CamScanner
a n d 2 0 3 5 , w ith u n c o n v e n tio n a
l s o u r c e s s u p p ly
in g
tw o
- th ird s o fth e g r o w th .
A u s tra lia , A r g e n tin a a n d E u
r o p e .
G lo b a l g a s p r o d u c t
io n c o u ld in c r e a s e b y
5 0 % b e tw e e n 2 0

1 0
h a lF o f it s to re đ in s h a le a n d o th e r
"
u n c o n v e n t
io n a l
"
fonnations . It s h o u ld a ls o s p re a d ,
t o C h in a ,
E n e rg y A g e n c y (
IE A ). A t c u r r e n t p r o d tıc t i
o n r a te s , A m e ric a h a s o
v e r a c e n tu r y
'
s s u p p ly o f g
a s ,
T h e r e v o lu tio n s h o u ld c o n t
in u e , a c c o r d in g to a r e p
o rt p
u b lis h e d th is w e e k b y
th e I n te r n a tio n a ı
A m e r ic a n in d u s try a n d a r
e lie F to th o s e w h o

fr e t a b o u t A m e r ic a n
e n e r g y
s e c u r ity .
jo b s , d ire c t ly a n d
in d ir e c t ly ,
a n d p ro v id e d
lo ts o f c h e a p g
a s . T h is is a h u g e a d v a n ta g
e to
A m e r ic a
'
s s h a le - g a s in d u s try
h a s s in c e d r ille d
2 0 , 0 0 0 w e lls , c r e a
t e d h u n d re d s o f th o u s a n d s o f
th e m w ith w a te r , s a
n d a n d c h e m ic a ls
-
a te c h n iq u e k n
o w n a s h y d
r a u lic f r a c tu r īn g , o
r
"

fr a c k in g
"
.e x tra c t n a tu
ra l g a s
lo c k e d u p i
n s h a le ro c k a n d o
th e r g e
o lo g i
c a l f o rm a tio n s . It in v o lv e s b
la s t in g
la te 1 9 9 0 s , w h e n a n o w
- fa b le d T e x a n o ilm a n . G e
o r g e
M itc h e ll, d e v e lo p e d a n a
f fo rd a b le w a y to
T h e s to ry o f A m e
r ic a
'
s s h a le - g a s r e v o lu
tio n o ff e r s h o p e
in h a r d tim e s . T h e g ro u n
d w a s la id in t h e
B y th e E d it
o r ia l B o a r d

h a m n
F r a c k in g G r e a t :
T h e p
r o m is e d g a
s r e v o lu tio n c a n
d o th e e n v ir o n m e
n t m o r e g o o
d th a n
te c h n o lo g ie s
f r o m u n lim ite d
s o u r c e s lik e th
e s u n a n d th e w i
n d t h a t m u c h m o
re s e n s ib le .p u m p in g t
h e s e to x in s in
to o u r e a r th is ju s t p la in fr a c k
e d u p
a n d it m a k e c le a
n e n e r g y
v o m itin g , a
n d m a y c a u s e
c o m a a n d d e a th
.

"
a n d m a y c a u
s e in c o o r d in a
tio n a n d n a r c o s
is . In g e s t io n c a u s
e s g a s
t ro in te s t in a l p a
in , n a u s
e a ,g o v e r n m e
n t ,
"
A c u t e e x p
o s u r e t o i s
o
p
r o
p y
l a lc o h o l c a u s e s e y e a n d m
u c o u s m e m b r a
n e ir r it a t io nB y th e w a y ,
i s o
p
r o
p

a n o l i s a l s
o c o n s id e r e d a p o te n tia l
e x p l
o s iv e a n d a c c o r d
in g t o
th e U S
h o u s e h o ld g la s s c le a
n e r s
-
a ll v e ry n o r m a l,
n o t h i n g
t o w o r r y
a b o u t , n o
t h in g to s e e
h e re fo lk s .Y e s fo lk s , d o n
'
t w o r r y
a b o u t u s p
u m
p
i n
g
i s o
p

r o
p
a n o l i n t o t h e
e a r t h b e c a u s
e i t i s a l s
o u s e d i n
c o ın m o n h o u s e h o ld g
o o d s .
th e n a tu r a l g a s c o
m p a
n ie s try to p
u t o n a ll th is b y li
s tin g th
e s e t o x ic a g
e n ts a s t h e y
a r e f o u n d inim m u n o to x ic a n ts ,
m u t a g
e n s o t h e r
n a s t y
t h i n
g
s i n t o o u r p
l a n e ť 5 c o r e ,
o r t h e p

u b l i c r e l a
t i o n ś s p
i nB u t h e r e
'
s t h e t h i n g .
ï d o n
'
t k n o w w
h a t i s m o r e
i n s i d i o u s , p
u m
p
i n
g
t h o u s a n d s o f g a llo n s
o f
a n o th e r 3 4 4 c h c m ic a ï s o p e r a t
in g a s
fr a c k n u id a d d it iv
e s a s o f F e b r u a ry
2 0 0 9 ,
T h e s e a r e j u s t a f E w o f th e c h
e m ic a ls a n d th e E n
d o c r in e D is r u p

t io n E x c h a n g
e h a s r e p
o r ts o f
A m m o n i ◆ n p e r s u l fa t e
- A n im m u n o t o x ic a n t a n d r e s p
ir a to r y to
x ic a n t .
to x ic a n t, s k i n o r s e n s e o r g a n t o x i c a
n t .
"
G lu ta r a td e h y d e
- A
"
d e v e l o
p
m e n t a l t o x i c a n t ,
i m m u n o t o x i
c a n t , r
e
p
ľ o d u c t i v e t o
x i c a n t ,
r e s

p
i r a t o r y
a n d in c lu d e s th e n o te .
"
Ia b o r a to ry e x p e r im e n t s
h a v e s h o w n m u ta g
e n ic e f f e c t s .
"
U n iv e r s ity , t o x ic o lo g y in fo n n a tio n o n h y d r o
x y e t
h y
l c ( lu lo s e h a s it l
is te d a s a
"
s e v e r e i r r i t a
n t
"
6
Scanned by CamScanner
te c h n o lo g ie s . O tl7e
r w is e th e b o n a n z a w o

u ld b e s q
u a n d e re d ,
a n d in th e c o m in g y
e a rs c h e a p g
a s c o u ld h e lp
fre e c a s h fo r m o re in
v e s tm e n t in ï o w
-
c a r b o n
u n d e rs ta n d a b ly u n
w illin g to
ta k e th e s e s te p s
in s tra ite n e d tim e s . Y e t th e y sh
o u ld p
la n to d o s o
th ro u g h a m
a r k e t- b a s e d m e c h a n is m o r , p r
e fe r a b ly ,
a c a r b o n ta x . G o v e rn m e n ts a r
e
e n e rg y s
o u rc e s a n d o th e r c le
a n te c h n o lo g ie s
-

s ta rtin g w ith
a s tro n g p
ric e o n c a rb o n e m is s io
n s ,
a h ig h r
is k o f s e r io u s c lim a te
c h a n g e .
T h is w ill ta k e m u c h c ru n c h ie r p
o lic ie s to b o o st ��r e n
e w ab l
B y its e lc s
w itc h in g t
o g a s
w ill n o t re d u c e e m is s
io n s to a n y th i
n g li
k e th e le v e ls re q
u ire d to a v o id
g e n e ra tio n
in re s p o
n s e to E u ro p
e
'
s h ig h g a s p r i

c e .
E u ro p e a n U n io n
h a s s e e n its e m is s io n
s r is e , p a rtly b e c a
u s e o f a n in c re a s e in c o
a l- fire d p o w e r
th a n a n y o th e r
c o u n try
'
s . Iro n ic a lly , g iv e n its
fa r g re
a te r e fï o rt to ta c k le c lim a t
e c h a n g
e
,
t h e
e m is s io n s w ill f a ll. A m e r ic a
'
s e m is s io n s h a v e fa lle n b y 4 5 0 m
to n n e s in th e p
a s t ñ v e y e a r s ,
m o r e
b e n e fit . B u r n in g g a s e m its

h a lf a s m u c h c a rb o n d io
x id e a s c o a l ; s o w h e r
e g a
s s u b s t itu te s fo r c o a l,
F o r a s w e ll a s p o s in g e n v i
ro n m e n ta l r is k s , a g a s b o o m
w o u ld b r in g
a n im p o
r ta n t e n v ir o n m e n ta l
s m a ll p r ic
e to p a y
fo r e n v iro n m e n ta l p r o t
e c tio n a n d th e h e a lth o f
a p
ro m is in g in
d u s try
.
e s tim a te s th a t s u c h m e a s
u re s w o u ld a d d 7 % to t
h e c o s t o f th e a v e ra g e
s h a le
-
g a s w e ll . T h a t
is a

re s u lt o f c o n v e n t io n a l o il
-
a n d - g a s a c tiv itie s , c a
n be c o n ta in e d b y c a re fu l m o n i
to r in g
. T h e IE A
m e th a n e e m is s io n s to a c c e p t
a b le le v e ls ; a n d th e r is k o f t
re m o rs , w h ic h c o m m o n ly o c
c u r a s a
re g u rg
ita n ts c a n b e c o lle c te d a n d m
a d e s a fe ; p r
e v e n tin g g
a s v e n t in g a
n d n a r in g
w o u ld lim it
B u t th e r is k s fr o m s h a le g a s c a n b e m a n
a g e d
. P ro p e r ly c o n c re te
d w e ll
-
s h a fts d o n o t le a k

la s t y e a r .
m ig h t in
d u c e e a rth q u
a k e s - e s p e c ia lly a fte r it w
a s lin k e d to 5 o tin y t
re m o r s in n o r t h e r n E
n g l
a n d
be e m itte d d u r in g th e e n tire p ro c e s s o f
e x p lo
ra tio n a n d p
r o d u c t io n . S o m e a ls o fre t th a t fr
a c k in g
g ro u n d w a te r . A g
ra v e r fe a r is th a t la rg e a m o
u n ts o f ın e t h a n e , a p o w e rfirl g
r e e n h o u s e
-
g a s , c o u
ld
A n o th e r w o rry is th a t fr a c k i
n g f lu
id s r e g
u r g ita te d

u p w
e ll- s h a fts m ig h t p e rc o la t
e in to
s e a le d .
h a v e h a p p e n e d ; b u t it p r o b a b
ly h a s ,
w h e r e w e ll- s ha fts p a s s in g th ro
u g h
a q
u ife r s h a v e b
e e n p
o o r ly
a
q
u ife r s b y m e t
h a n e , fr a c k in g f lu id s o r th e r a d io a c tiv e g
u n k t h e y
d is lo d g e
. T h is is n o t k n o
w n to
w a te r , a n d c a n c a u s e p o llu t io n in s e v e r a l w a
y s . O
n e c o n c e rn is p

o s s ib le c o n ta m
in a tio n o r
T h e a n t i- fr a c k e rs h a v e re a s o n a b le g ro u n d s
fo r w o r r y . p r
o d u c in g
s h a le g
a s u s e s lo ts
o f e n e rg y
a n d
in d u s t ry .
a n d B u lg a r ia h a v e b a n n e d fr a c k
in g . G re e n s in A m e r
ic a a n d A u s t ra lia
a re a ls o
r a lly
in g
a g
a in s t t h e
e s
p e c ia lly in s o m e E u ro p
e a n c o u n tr ie s , w h ic h c o u ld k ill t
h e s h a le
-
g a s in

d u s try
a t b irt h . F ra n c
e
r a p id ity is th e re fo r e u n lik e ly t
o b e rT ia tc h e d . A g re a te r t
h re a t s te m s f r
o m e n v
iro n m e n t
a l p
ro te s t s ,
p ro d u c e rs ) , a w e il- a im e d s u b s id y a n d a b u n d
a n t
d r ill
-
r ig s , d o n
o t e x is t e l
s e w h e re
. ï ts s h e e r
b o o m , in c lu d in g ¡ib e r a l r e g u la t io n o f p ip c lin
e s ( w h ic
h e n c o u r a g
e d w ild
c a t e x p
lo r a t io n

b y
s m a ll
A n u m b e r o f lh in g s c o u ld p re v e n t th is , h o w
e v e r . M a n y o f th
e f a c to rs b
e h in d A
ıT ıe r ic a
'
s g a s
7
Scanned by CamScanner
20 10 s ta tis tic s), w in d a c c o u n ts fo r o n ly 2 p e rc
e n t a n d s o la r a m e r e 0 . 0 3 p e rc e n t . If y o u I
o o k
p o w e r fro m b u
rn in g
c o a l, 2 l p e rc e n t fro m
n u c le a r, 18 pe rc e n t f ro m n a tu ra
l g
a s (w w w . e ia . go v ,
re s p
o n s ib ly , b u t s o m e a r

e c le a r ly i
T lo re im p
o rta n t th a n o th e rs . W e c u rr e n tly g e t 4 9 p e r c e
n t o
f o u r
o u r d e p e n d
e n c e o n c o a l
- fire d e le c tr ic ity g e n e ra tio n . W e
s h o u ld u tiliz e a 1l o u r e n e r g y r e s
o u r c e s
In th e n a tio n a l e n e rg y d e b a te , n
a t u r a l ga s is s e e n a s a
c o m p e
tito r w ith w in d a n d s o la r to re
d u c e
B y Jo n O ls o
n
ė. N a tu r a l G a s I s a n E n e r g y S o lu tio n T h a t W
o r k s
T o d a y
b e c a u s e th e y c la im it
w ill b e a w in n e r .
g o v e r n m e
n t

"
p ic k w in n e
rs ,
"
y e t th e y d e
m a n d s p e c
ia l tre a tm e n t f o r th is in
d u s tr y p
r e c is e ly
c o s ts w ith o u t p a y i
n g c o
m p e
n s a t io n is in e f fe c t a
h u g e
s u b s id y .
T h e y s a y th e y o p p
o s e h a v in g th
ep r in c ip le s
. p ro - fr a c k in g p o l it ic ia n s
c la im to b e a g a
in s t s u b s id ie s , y e t le ttin g
a n in d u s t r y im p
o s es o it
'

s w o r t h p o in t in g
o u t th a t s p e c
ia l tre a tm e n t fo r f r a
c k in g
m a k e s a m o c k e ry o
f fr e e
-
m a r k e t
w a n t o u r o il a n d n a
tu r a l g
a s r e s o u r c e s d e v e lo p
e d a t a l.
"
w a n t o u r o il a n d n
a tu r a l r e s o u r c e s
d e v e lo p e d
in a s a fe a n d re s p o
n s ib le w a y
a n d th o s e w h o d o
n
'
to rg a n i
z a t io n e n e r g y fr

o m s h a le . o r g d e c la re s
th a t
"
t h e r e a r e o n ly t w o s id e
s in th e d e b a t e t h o
s e w h ofo r th e d a m a g
e it c a u s e s . w h y ? B e c a u s
e w e n e e d th a t e n e r g y
! F o r e x a m p l
e , t h e
'
in d u s t r y
- b a c k e dY e t w h a t t h e i
n d u s try
a n d it s d e fe n d e r s
d e m a n d is , o f c o u r s e , p r e
c is e ly
th a t it b e le t o f f th
e h o o k
b e h e ld h a n n le s s fr o m its
im p a
c ts o n th e e n v ir o m n e
n t a n d th e n a tio n
'

s i n f r a s t r u c t
u r e .
c o s t o f p r
o d u c t io n . F r a c k in g m
ig h t
s t ill b e w o r th d o in g g
iv e n th o s e c o s ts .
B u t n o in d u s t r y s h o u
ldto
"
i n t e r n a ï i z e
"
t h o s e c o s ts
- th a t is , t o p a y fo r th e d
a m a g e i
t in fl ic t s , t r e a t in g th a t
d a m a g e
a s aE c o n o m ic s 1 0 1 te lls u s
th a t a n in d u s tr y i
m
p
o s in g
la r g
e c o s t s o n th ir d p

a r t ie s s h o u ld
b e r e q
u ir e d
g r o u n d w a t e r a n
d th e h e a v y
tr u c k in g
r e q
u ir e d fo r f r a c k in g
in f lic t s m a jo r d a m a g e o n
r o a d s .
d r in k in g w a te r th e re
is r e a s o n to s u
s p
e c t , d e s p
i t e in d u s try d e n ia ls , t
h a t i t a l s o
c o n t a m
i n a t e s
th e p u b lic . W e k n o w th a
t it p
r o d u c e s to x ic ( a
n d r a d io a c t iv e )
w a s te w a te r th a t
c o n ta m in a te s

fo s s il f i ıe l s - is a n im p r e s s iv e te c
h n o lo g y
. ï3u t it
'
s a l s o a t
e c h n o l o g y
t h a t im p o s e s l
a r g e
c o s ts o n
F r a c k i n g
- in j e c t in g h ig h
-
p r e s s u r e f
lu id in to ro c k s d e e p
u n d e r g
ro u n d , in d u c in g th
e r e le a s e o f
a g o .
S O u rc e s o f e n e r g y , t h e w a y w e m o
v e s t u f f a r o u n d ,
a r e m u c h
t h e s a m e
a s t h e y

w e r e a g
e n e r a t i o
n
O u r m a s te ry o f th e m a te r ia l w o r ld , o n t h e o t
h e r h a
n d , h
a s a d v a n c
e d m u c h
m o r e s
l o w l
y
. T h e
e x p a n d in g r a n g e o f a p p lic a t io n s , f r o m f a x
e s t o f a c e b o o
k .
p r ic e o f c o m p u t in g p o w e r f a lls ro u g h ly 5 0 p
e rc e n t e
v e r y
1 8 m o n th s
- h a s p o w e r e
d a n ��e v
e
e x t e n t in r e a lity , b y c o m p u t in g a n d th e t h in g
s y o u c a n d o
w ith it . M o o re

'
s 1 . A w
- in w h ic h th e
F o r d e c a d e s t h e s to ry o f te c h n o lo g y h a s b e e
n d o m in a te d .
In t h e p o p u la r m
in d a n d to a la r g
e
B y P a u l K r u g m a n
5 . T ie r e C o m e s t h e S u ll
8
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c u r re n t te c h n o lo g y . S h a le g a s is th e m o s t p
ro m is in g n a tu r a l r
e s o u rc e ñ n d in d e c a d e s . W e s h o u ld u t iliz e it
.
W e a ]. e a b ig c o u n try w ith b ig
e n e r g y n e e
d s . N a tu ra l g a s is a n e n e r g y s o lu tio n th a t w o r
k s to
d a y ,
a t u t ility s c a le w ith

s ta te s o le ly to
c a r e tb r liv e s to c k .
a c c o u n ts fo r o n e o n e
- h u n d re d th o f th e d o m e s tic w a te r u s a g e ra te
in P e n n s y lv a n ia , a n d o n e fi R h o f
w h a t is u s e d in th e
d e c r ie d a s ir re s p o n s ib le , is s m a ll c o
m p a re
d to o th e r d o m e s t ic w a te r c o n s u m e rs . M a rc e
llu s S h a le g a s d e v e lo p m e
n t
c o m b in a tio n w ith s e n s ib le a n d e f fe c t i
v e r e g u
la t io n , r e d u c e s th o s e r is k s to m a x im iz e s o c
ie ta l b e n e fit . W a
te r u s a g e ,
o fte
m o s t im p o r ta n t
ly , t h e y a re a v o id
a b le . Ju s t lik e a n y o th e r ¡n d u s tr ia l a c t iv ity , t h
e re a re r is k s ,
b u t g o o d e n g in e e
r in g , in
p ro v id e m u ltip le lin e s o
f p

ro te c tio n fo r g
ro m rd w a te r re s o u rc e s . T h e r e h a v e b e e n p ro
b le m s , b u t th e y
h a v e b e e n r a re a n
d
o f c o a l, le s s th a n a th ird o f th e n itr o g e
n o x id e s a n d 1 p
e r c e n t o F th e s u lfu r o x id e s . B e s t p ra c tic e s in
n a tu r a l g a
s d r illin g
w h a t a b o u t th e e n v iro n m e n t? A c c o rd in g to th
e E p A , n a t
u r a l g a s e le c tr ic ity g e n e ra t io n p ro d u
c e s h a lľ th e c a rb o n
d io x id .
c a p a c ity .
s o la r a re in te rm itte n t a n d th u s s till re q u ire
th e c o n s t m c t i o n o f c o a l o r n a tu ra l g
a s b a c k u p
fo r b a s e lo a d a n
d p
e a k p
o w e r
p ro d u c e d o n d e m a n d a n d n a

tu ra l g a s p
o w e r p
la n ts c a n b e s p o o
le d u
p
a n d d o w n o n d e m a n d a s w e
ll. B o th w in d a n d
6 o
,
o o o w in d tu rb in ( s o r 2 5 c o a l
- fire d p o w e r p la n ts o r th e a
v e ra g e p o
w e r u s a g
e o f 2 5 m illio n h o m
e s . N a tu ra l g a s c a n
b L
s h a le ( ı 8 5 o B c n y e a rl , is a b o u t 2
5 , o o o M w (a s s u m in g 4 o p Ľ rc ( n t e lT ic ie j7c y fo
r a g
a s p
o w e r p
la n t) ,
e q u iv a le
n t to o v e r

p o w e r) . T h e p o w e r e q u iv a le n c e r
e p re
s e n te d b y
th e c u rr e n t g a s p
ro d u c tio n fro m o n ly
o n e s h a le g
a s p
la y ,
t h e B a r n e t t
a ll th e t im e , T e x a s g e n e ra te s o n ly 2 , o o
o M w fr o m w in d ( o r a 2 M w w in d tu rb in e p ro d
u c e s o n ly
a b o u t 0 . 4 M W u s a b le
w in d c a p
a c ity in th e U n ite d S
ta te s . o n t h e o rd e r o f I o , o o o m e g a w a tts ( M W
. ï ło w e v e r , b
e c a u s « th e w in d
d o e s n
'
t b lo w
c lo s e r a t w in d . w h ic h h a s g re a t p ro m is e a n d
h a s b e e n e x p a n d in g ra p id
l
y

in re c e n t y
e a rs , T e x a s h a s th
e la rg e s t i
n s ta lle d
マ
人
Essay - 15% NO PLAGARISM
You will compose a 4-5 page (double spaced) essay regarding
your political
Beliefs. In the essay you will be expected to describe where you
stand on 1
Or 2 current issues of your choice and explain the reasoning for
your
Positions. You will need to submit your essay through the Essay
Assignment link on our class Titanium page (powered by
turnitin.com) as
Well as bring a hard-copy to class. A more detailed rubric is on
Titanium.