Identity Is Fluid

Identity Is Fluid
Identity is fluid. It shifts and adapts as circumstances or inclinations change. People transform both
as individuals and as communities, meaning that bioarchaeologists, who study human remains as
well as material remains, are in an ideal position to study the identity of past peoples through a
temporal framework, as they can assess change over time. The identities focused on in this work are
confined to North and South America and the indigenous people who lived during the centuries
leading up to Spanish colonization. The authors studied forms of cranial deformation and dental
modification among other indicators of identity and utilized social theory, ethnography,
ethnohistory, and multiple lines of bioarchaeological and archaeological data ... Show more content
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As the authors state bioarchaeologists are well positioned to document, interpret, and contribute to
an understanding of identity in the past because they study a person's remains as well as the
mortuary and broader archaeological context that surround those remains. Because of this duality
their research is more valid and informative as they draw data on a broad scope in order to give as
complete an interpretation as possible under the circumstances. They did not confine themselves to
simply looking at age and gender or the textiles within the graves but instead they combined all
these factors as well as the history of the area to arrive at an explanation for who these people were.
The incorporation of so many varied case studies speaks to the wide ranging potential for
bioarchaeology. From Florida to Belize to Chile and Peru, bioarhaeology is used to purposeful
effect. The authors wanted to demonstrate this usefulness and they achieved this through the
analysis of the eight archaeological sites they discuss and their focus on either the individuals buried
there or the larger community of which they were a part. This broad encompassing is another factor
that lends strength to the authors'
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How Dysphagia Is A Common Complication Of Dysphagia Essay
Introduction
Dysphagia is defined as a difficulty moving food from the mouth to the stomach. Dysphagia can
come and go or slowly worsen over time depending on the other disorders present. When a person
has a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), dysphasia can appear and later go away. If a progressive
neurological impairment is the cause of the dysphagia, the swallowing problems can worsen over
time and never go away (Logemann, 1998). Dysphagia is a commonly diagnosed for at least a short
time after a CVA has occurred and individuals are more likely to aspirate liquids with a lower
viscosity (Murray et al. 2016). Increasing the viscosity, or thickening liquids, is a common strategy
that individuals diagnosed with dysphagia use as a compensatory strategy. Changing the viscosity of
liquids by adding thickeners helps keep the bolus together and slows down the rate of dispersion in
the oral and pharyngeal cavities. This helps the individual reduce their risk of aspirating when
swallowing the liquid (Murray et al., 2016). However, dehydration is a common complication of
dysphagia. Hydration is a process of maintaining a balance of water in the body. Half of our water
intake is through drinking beverages including water (Sharpe et al., 2007). The standard daily fluid
intake for individuals is 1500 mL per day. However, many individuals who are in acute care do not
meet this daily standard (McGrail et al., 2012). The lack of fluid intake in individuals can impact
their

Amniotic Fluid Embolism
What is An Amniotic Fluid Embolism?
An amniotic fluid embolism is a rare complication that occurs during delivery or pregnancy. It
occurs when amniotic fluid enters the mother's circulatory system. It is estimated that an amniotic
fluid embolism occurs anywhere from 1 in 8,000 to 1 in 80,000 deliveries. Even though this
condition is rare, it is serious.
An amniotic fluid embolism can cause a woman to go into cardiac arrest. It can also cause her to
hemorrhage.
Causes Of An Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Researchers do not know exactly what causes an amniotic fluid embolism. However, they do believe
that a ruptured uterus, ruptured membranes and a pressure gradient from vein to uterus can increase
the risk of this condition. There has also been

Experiment Using Fluid Flow And Study The Loading...
Team 15: Sohel Jiwani, Huanyu Lin, Lisa Nguyen, Yin Zhu
Problem 3 Report
Part 1 In the first part of our problem where we design an experiment using fluid flow to mimic and
study the loading conditions at the cellular level of a tissue involved in our strength activity which is
the squat, we decided to look at the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of the blood
vessels along the rectus femoris muscle tissue. To do this, we used the parallel–plate flow chamber
device. This device allows us to observe and analyze the shear stresses that the endothelial cells in
the blood vessels are subjected to over a period of time.
We preferred to use the parallel–plate flow chamber, or PPFC because this device is better at taking
into account fluids like blood and the inhomogeneity present in shear stresses. While we were using
the PPFC, the chamber's flow was a laminar flow and it was fully developed. Other properties of the
PPFC include the shear stress being constant for a given flow rate, Q. To begin using the PPFC, we
line the endothelial cells at the bottom plate and calculate the shear stress that these cells exhibit.
This calculation can be achieved through the following equation: The variables Q, μ, b, and h stand
for the volumetric flow rate, viscosity of the fluid, and the width and height of the chamber,
respectively. Using data from literature and incorporating them into our equation, we calculated the
shear stress: τ = 11.426 dyne/cm2.

Physiologic Fluid Compartments Paper
Physiologic Fluid Compartments
Sierra D. Warren
AB1
Health Care Delivery III
UMHB Nursing Department
Abstract
This concept paper will discuss the different aspects of fluid and electrolytes as they relate to the
body. First, the anatomy of the compartments where fluids and electrolytes are within the body will
be discussed along with percentages contained in each compartment and how they are transported
into and out of these compartments. Then, the pressures within these compartments and
compositions of different types of fluids that may be within them will be discussed. Finally, the
effects that different fluids may have on the body when they are administered and the classifications
by tonicity of these different types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tonicity is used to determine which of the three types each fluid would fall under and is essentially
the change that occurs to the cell size because of the amount of water pushed into or pulled out of
the cell by each type of fluid. Isotonic fluids, such as 0.9% saline, whole blood, packed RBC's, and
lactated ringers, neither swell or shrink a cell because their osmolality or pressure equals ICF.
Hypotonic solutions, such as 0.25% saline, D5/0.25% saline, and 0.45% saline, cause the cells to
swell because the osmolality is lower in the hypotonic solution than ICF meaning there is a less
dense concentration of particle within the solution so the water molecules move to the particles
within the cell. Hypertonic solutions, such as D5/0.9% saline, D5/0.45% saline, D5/lactated ringers
and 3% saline, cause the cell to shrink because they have a higher osmolality than ICF which means
they pull the water out of the cell due to the dense particle concentration of the solution. D5W
solutions are unique in that they are isotonic when they are outside the body but become hypotonic
when they are introduced into the body. Within these compositions there are two more solutions
types known as crystalloid and colloid. Crystalloid solutions "typically have a balanced electrolyte
composition and expand total extracellular fluid volume (Shields, 2015), some examples are 0.9%
saline and lactated ringers. Colloid solutions exert osmotic pressure which pulls water into the ECF
to help expand volume, some examples of this are albumin and

Properties Of Fluids And How Is Flows Around A Medium
Properties of Fluids https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe_f_mQCY6g Fluids have a variety of
properties and with each property impacting how is flows around a medium. One of these properties
of a fluid is viscosity. Viscosity is a property arising from friction between neighbouring particles in
a fluid that are moving at different velocities.
When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which comprise the fluid generally move faster
near the tube's axis and more slowly near its walls: therefore some stress, (such as a pressure
difference between the two ends of the tube), is needed to overcome the friction between particle
layers and keep the fluid moving. For the same velocity pattern, the stress required is proportional to
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The flow is laminar – when Re < 2300 turbulent – when Re > 4000
When Re < 2300, the Frictional Forces(viscosity) dominates and causes fluid flow to keep
streamlines constant so they flow steadily over each other in predictable paths.
When Re > 4000, the Inertial Forces dominate and cause circular eddies to form in the liquid
causing turbulent flow. [9]
In practice laminar flow is only actual for viscous fluids – like crude oil, fuel oil and oils.
Note: These numbers can vary depending on type of fluid. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ELaZ2x42dkU [10]
Java Code https://www.openprocessing.org/sketch/197 [11]
This simulation code written in Java shows you how an example fluid flow simulation is formed.
The study or fluid mechanics is just as important to engineers, whose main interest is in the
applications of fluid mechanics to solve industrial problems. Aerospace engineers may be interested
in designing aeroplanes that have low resistance and, at the same time, high "lift" force to support
the weight of the plane [12]. This can be

What Are The Fundamental Characteristics Of Fully...
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This anomalous transport degrades the plasma performance of the fusion device. Therefore, the
study of characteristics of plasma turbulence (onset from unstable plasma conditions, nonlinear
saturations, etc.) has been the most important endeavor in fusion plasma physics for decades. A
thorough understanding of this problem is still far from completeness, given the complexity and
difficulty of the problem. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Plasma turbulence is of
wave turbulence, which is different from the fluid turbulence where vortex–vortex interaction
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Even though it is simple enough, it contains sufficient degrees of complication and physics contents
to study plasma wave turbulence. Thus, studies of wave turbulence in the HM model can provide
insights into turbulence dynamics and its consequence in determining plasma transport in
magnetized plasmas. Therefore, many direct numerical simulations as well as analytic studies have
been carried out using the HM model for the past decades. (––

Fluid Meter and Tray Hydraulic Experiment Essay
Byline Report
Section | Author Introduction & Theory | Author Apparatus and Operating Procedures | Author
Results and Discussion | Author References and Appendix | Experiment I | Tricia Heitmann | Alex
Long | William Kwendi | Khanh Ho | Experiment II | Alex Long | William Kwendi | Khanh Ho |
Tricia Heitmann | Experiment V | William Kwendi | Khanh Ho | Tricia Heitmann | Alex Long |
April 29, 2013
Dr. Nollert
The University of Oklahoma
Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering
Norman, OK 73019
Dr. Nollert,
The experiment performed was Experiment IV: Fluid Flow Meters and Tray Hydraullics. The group
was composed of Alex Long, Khanh Ho, Tricia Heitmann and myself. The first day of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of the fluid flow meters experiment was to determine the operating characteristics of
the Venturi and orifice meters. The purpose of the tray hydraulics experiment was to study the vapor
and liquid tray hydraulics parameters for sieve, or perforated, trays in a distillation column. By
performing experiments based on theory and comparing results to literature values, the objectives of
this experiment can be achieved. Both the orifice and the Venturi meters produce a restriction in the
flow and measure the pressure drop across the meter. The velocity of a fluid is expected to increase
as the fluid flows from an open area, to a more constricted area. Assuming incompressible flow, a
negligible height change, and steady state, Bernoulli's equation can be simplified to show the
correlation between the volumetric flow rate and the pressure drop. The equation for both meters is
as follows: w=Qρ=CYA22gc(p1–p2)ρ1–β4 (1) 1 where A2 is the cross–sectional area of the throat,
C is the coefficient of discharge (dimensionless), gc is the dimensional constant, Q is the volumetric
rate of discharge measured at upstream pressure and temperature, w is the weight rate of discharge,
p1 and p2 are the pressures at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, respectively, Y is a
dimensionless expansion factor, β is the ratio of the throat diameter to pipe

Fluid Flow in a Duct of Varying Cross-Section Report
City University London Fluid Flow in a Duct of Varying Cross–Section Report: Khurshidanjum
Pathan, Group A1a Abstract: The experiment is carried out to demonstrate the relation between
pressure and fluid velocity in a duct of varying cross–section by using Bernoulli's equation and
continuity equation.(1) Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure to the velocity for a fluid of constant
density flowing in a Venturi tube. Static head, normalised head and percentage of errors were
calculated using the result of the data. On the base of calculation its being analysed that in the
contraction flow, velocity and dynamic head increases with decreased static pressure and dynamic
pressure. While in the convergent flow, velocity decreases with ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Theory: The continuity equation states the idea that fluid must remain continuous and necessary for
the conversation of mass. The continuity equation for incompressible flow with gas or liquid at low
velocity is: Av = Q =constant (1) Where, A = Cross–Sectional Area, v = Mean Velocity, Q =
Volumetric Flow Rate (1) The Bernoulli's equation is a momentum based force relation and was
derived from the following assumptions: ➢ Steady Flow ➢ Incompressible Flow ➢ Frictionless
Flow ➢ Flow along a single streamline Then, the following equation was derived: [pic] (2) Where,
p = Static Pressure in[pic], v = Fluid Velocity in m/s, ᵨ = Density of the flowing fluid in [pic] g =
acceleration due to gravity in[pic], z = elevation head, constant = total head in m According to
Bernoulli's equation the sum of the three equations is a constant. [pic] = Pressure head = h [pic] =
Velocity head Z = Elevation head However, in the experiment the duct is horizontal so, no
gravitational force is being applied there. Therefore gz term is being

Body Fluid Loss
A lot is gained from exercising; more strength, nicer shape, or preferred weight. But a lot is lost too.
When one exercises, one sweats. If one does not hydrate after sweating then that leads to
dehydration. Body fluids, water, and electrolytes are lost through sweat. Body fluid loss can create
dangerous situations for the athlete that can range from feeling unwell to life–threatening situations.
Staying hydrated regulates body temperature. When high energy is exerted, sweating keeps the body
from overheating. Sweat evaporation disperses heat, cools the skin and blood in the body, and keeps
the body temperature at a normal level (Institute for Child Nutrition).
What is an electrolyte? An electrolyte is a compound that produces ions when dissolved ... Show
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Money can also be saved by buying products other than sports drinks.
Based on past experience, other beverages that athletes commonly drink after exercise are water,
milk, and orange juice. Research has shown that chocolate milk has the perfect balance of protein
and carbohydrates (Karp & Johnston, 2006) and there have been studies comparing subjects who
drank milk and Gatorade for recovery, so it would be interesting to include milk in this project as a
source of electrolytes for the athlete. Distilled water is also a variable and the control because it is
the most available and the most recognized of the IV levels for fluid replacement and recovery.
Orange juice is another variable being tested because electrolytes can be replenished with fruits rich
in potassium like oranges (Institute for Child Nutrition).
Since sports drinks are specifically designed to replenish electrolytes, it is hypothesized that if the
sports drink is tested, then it will have the most electrolytes out of all the beverages.
This conjecture will be tested, including all of the other independent variables as well

Fluid Ingestion Experiment
Subjects performed an experiment to investigate the effects of fluid ingestion on kidney function, in
which they measured with the kidney output. Before beginning the experiment, each subject was to
take a sample collection and that was Sample 1. Once returned to class, the subjects recorded the
time of urination and began to do the investigation. In order to begin the investigation, subjects
drank one of the four fluids, and measured the effect it had on the urine output. The four fluids were
bottled water, Gatorade, salt water, and black coffee. While preparing for the experiment, the
contents of each of the solutions was investigated and written down to test what the solution could
do to the balances in the body. Subjects figured out the

What Is the Path of the Cerebrospinal Fluid from Its...
What is the path of the cerebrospinal fluid from its formation site? Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear,
colorless fluid that acts as a cushion to protect and support the brain inside of the skull, while also
playing an essential role in the removal of waste products from the brain. It can be found
surrounding both the brain and spinal cord. I was motivated to do research on the path that the
cerebrospinal fluid takes from its formation site because of its importance in protecting the brain.
Cerebrospinal Fluid. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.upright–health.com/cerebrospinal–fluid.html
The first resource I utilized was Upright–Health. On this website I found an article titled
"Cerebrospinal Fluid" that gave an overview on where the cerebrospinal fluid is made and how it
moves from the production site to the rest of the body. It stated that the cerebrospinal fluid, also
called CSF, flows throughout the body by its differences in pressure. This cerebrospinal fluid flow is
sometimes known as the third circulation of the brain. Normally, the fluid has a very low pressure
that is only moderately higher than the pressure in the veins and the brain. The flow begins where
the cerebrospinal fluid is produced, which is the highest point of pressure. The CSF is produced in
the chambers of the brain, called the ventricles, through use of both an active and a passive process.
The active process requires energy causing the cells lining the ventricles to secrete salt into the

Fluid Restrictions
One intervention that is commonly associated with edema patients is a fluid restriction. The
rationale behind a fluid restriction is to decrease fluid intake, hence decreasing fluid volume excess
and the subsequent weight gain (Simon, 2014). The patient was placed on a 1.2L fluid restriction,
which included tea and liquid foods such as custard. However once placing the patient on the fluid
restriction, she found it difficult to cope and she was constantly thirsty. The sensation of the patient
constantly feeling thirsty was a result of low cardiac output and increased activation of
neurohormonal systems of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system that stimulates the thirst centre
in the hypothalamus. Secondly, the diuretic therapy of furosemide

Intracellular Fluid Essay
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is liquid found inside the cell (separated into compartments by membranes)
and extracellular fluid (ECF) is all of the body fluid outside of the cell. ECF contains interstitial
fluid (found in the lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, glomerular filtrate of the kidneys) and plasma (found
in the circulatory system). "Sodium accounts for 90% of the ECF cations (positively charged ions)
and regulates osmotic forces, therefore, regulates water balance"(McCance & Huether, 2014, p.
108). Regulation of sodium balance is facilitated by aldosterone, which is triggered by the renin–
angiotensin mechanism. "Potassium is the major intracellular electrolyte found in most body fluids
and is maintained by renal excretion of K+ absorbed from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
How would you determine whether she has cystitis or pyelonephritis?
a. Differentiate between cystitis and pyelonephritis. Consider history, possible presenting symptoms,
and urinalysis results.
Cystitis is "inflammation of the bladder (lower urinary tract) and is the most common site of UTI"
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 1350). E. coli is the most common pathogen of UTI's and occurs
more common in women due to the shorter urethra and the proximity of the urethra to the vagina
and anus. The patient can be asymptomatic or experience urinary frequency, urgency, and
discomfort. The presence of white cells in the urinalysis is indicative of infection and the urine
culture can identify the bacteria.
Pyelonephritis is a "type of urinary tract infection that affects one or both kidneys (upper urinary
tract)"("Pyelonephritis," 2012, p. 1). Bacteria (commonly caused by E. coli.) enters from the lower
urinary tract and can lead to renal scarring. Symptoms of pyelonephritis may include a fever with
pain in the lower back or abdominal area. Hematuria and vomiting can also occur. Diagnosis
includes blood test and urinalysis with culture, but may involve imaging studies to detect renal
abnormalities or

Just As Computational Fluid Dynamics ( Cfd )
Just as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a central tool in the development of advanced
design across all industries, multiphase–CFD (M–CFD) is sought after to support the escalation of
performance, efficiency and reliability in a widespread range of applications that rely on boiling heat
transfer: from microelectronics, to combustion engine cooling, and further to highly specialized
design and licensing of nuclear reactor fuel. Due to the markedly complex physics involved, the
application of M–CFD to boiling heat transfer is rather young; yet widespread agreement exists on
two points, one being the great potential of the approach and the other being the need for improved
closure relations to describe the subgrid micro–scale effects that cannot be directly resolved.
Among the numerous objectives in assembling a reliable M–CFD boiling framework, one challenge
stands out and has driven the overall approach: deliver an accurate representation of the physics at
the boiling wall, with the specific aim of challenging the Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB)–
related predictions. The objective is not original, and if we take Dr. Yadigarouglu's recent statement
(Yadigaroglu, 2014) "After over 60 or 70 years of efforts by many researchers [..], the CHF problem
has not found yet a definitive general solution and it may never find one". While a "definitive and
general" solution might in fact be impracticable, two major advancements in recent years have
driven this effort and

Gender Fluid Analysis
As an individual who has in life questioned the correlation between biological sex and gendered
performance, I am often faced with existential questions about the validity of my craving for gender
fluidity. Someone who is identifies as genderfluid refers to their gender as a concept, which is apt to
change at any given time. A gender fluid person may identify as non–binary, meaning their gender
does not adhere to the binary convention of male or female. Their identity may also be neutral or
some combination of identities. Throughout my post– high school career, I have experienced a
varied spectrum of gendered and sometimes cultural expectations in various workplaces. I
understand there is a broad continuum of performance expectations in the ... Show more content on
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When working for The Body Shop, the dress code was merely: black. This left it very open to
interpretation because it does not inform if men are to wear men's clothes and women to wear
women's clothes. Throughout my experience there, I was incredibly happy with the liberty the
company granted me to express myself. Although uniforms may unify a group they may also
ostracize individuals. At Sephora, the women wear tunics and the men wear all black; it is implicitly
stated that only women, and people who identify as women, are allowed to wear the tunic. This is to
mean that I, as a gender fluid individual, would not be allowed to wear the tunic because my
physical and clerical information would identify me as male. There is also the matter of the multi–
standard between men and women in regards to dress. I say multi– standard because unlike a double
standard this convention has much more than two facets. Women's' dress codes may be more
specific in their restrictions, yet can be more open in regard to color and print. On the other side
men's dress codes codes are more specific in their demands, making it more of a limited situation in
terms of creativity and

Neutravidin Conjugation And Antibody Attachment Lab Report
Neutravidin Conjugation and Antibody Attachment
After thiol functionalization, surfaces were treated with 50 µg/mL maleimide–activated neutravidin
(Thermo) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1 hour at 37 C. The maleimide–activated
neutravidin covalently attached to the thiol–functionalized surface through the maleimide–thiol
coupling at neutral pH. Unreacted neutravidin was removed with three PBS washes and the
substrates were stored in PBS at 4 C for up to one week before use. Biotinylated anti–EGFR
antibody (Thermo) was added to the neutravidin–conjugated PDMS surfaces at a concentration of
20 µg/mL in PBS and incubated at 37 C for one hour. Control surfaces were incubated with 20
µg/mL biotinylated antibody which was isotype–matched to the primary antibody. Antibody
attachment was performed immediately before experimentation followed by PBST (PBS with 0.05%
Tween–20) wash and blocking with 1% (w/ v) bovine serum albumin in PBST for 1 h. Reversibly
Sealed Easy Access Modular (SEAM) Platform Integration
PMMA housings (L=45 mm, W=30 mm), McMaster Carr) were designed in AutoCAD and cut with
a CO2 laser. Individually cut layers (1.5 – 2 mm) were laminated together using pressure sensitive
adhesive films to create rigid plastic housings containing L=25 mm, W=10 mm, H=1.5 mm cavities
PDMS pieces containing the microfluidic channels (top) and the flexible nanotextured or plain
PDMS surfaces (bottom). Laser–cut holes at the four corners accommodated cylindrical rare earth
magnets (K&J Magnetics, 2.54 mm diameter, thickness=1.58 mm) which were then glued in place.
Rare earth magnets were embedded in the PMMA and oriented such that the top and bottom
housings had opposite magnetic poles facing one another to achieve a simple and self–aligned
latching mechanism. The housings compressed the top PDMS channel against the PDMS capture
surface and achieved a leak–proof seal (Figure 3.5(b)). Magnetic latching allowed the SEAM
platform to be easily sealed and resealed as needed. The tubing was connected to the channel using a
barbed fitting (McMaster), and a syringe pump was used to control fluid flow (Harvard Apparatus).
The magnetic latching mechanism was sufficient to create a seal that could withstand the maximum

Marble Racing to Find a Liqid's Viscosity
Race Your Marbles to Discover a Liquid's Viscosity
Which Liquid Has the Highest Viscosity?
In this project we will determine the viscosities of 5 separate liquids. The liquids we will test are
corn syrup, honey, vegetable oil, milk, and water. We will find their viscosities by dropping a marble
into each of these liquids and measuring the time it takes for it to reach the bottom. Before we
conduct the experiment, we must first understand what viscosity is. "Viscosity is the quantity that
describes a fluid's resistance to flow".1 It is essentially fluid friction and transforms kinetic energy
of motion into heat energy, just as friction ("the force between surfaces in contact that resists their
relative tangential motion") does between ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This equation is not a law of nature, but a reasonable first approximation. Liquids such as water and
some gases fit this criterion and are called Newtonian fluids. Water is an example of a Newtonian
fluid because, no matter how fast it is stirred or mixed, it still exemplifies properties of a fluid.
When stirring or mixing a non–Newtonian fluid a "hole" is left behind. It may also become thinner
and more viscous. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille was interested in the flow of human blood and
formulated Poiseuille's Law. He made a series of tubes to test uniform viscous liquids in. These
successfully modeled the blood flow in capillaries and veins, flow through a drinking straw, air flow
in lung alveoli, or through a needle. The equation he used was: [pic] where: ΔP is the pressure drop
L is the length of pipe μ is the dynamic viscosity Q is the volumetric flow rate r is the radius π is pi
In order to form a hypothesis of which fluid has the highest viscosity, we must also have knowledge
of each fluid we will test. Corn syrup is glucose syrup that is made from cornstarch. The viscosity
and sweetness of it depends on the amount of hydrolysis it undergoes. It is most commonly used as
a thickener, a sweetener, and in maintaining a food's freshness. Honey

The Fluid And The Force Acting On The Flat Plate Were...
Summery In process industries the flowrate of a fluid can be defined by measuring the pressure drop
across pipes and fittings while the fluid passing through them. In this laboratory experiment, the
flowrate of the fluid and the force acting on the flat plate were measured. While comparing the
experimental values for pressure drop with theoretical ones, it became clear that in most cases,
experimental values exceed theoretical ones. The reasons of deviations from ideal theoretical values
are roughness of the pipes which was not taken into account (pipes were supposed to be smooth),
changes in temperature (constant room temperature (20 0C) was assumed), compressibility of air (it
was supposed that air is incompressible) and debris in pipes. 1. Introduction Because of safety
circumstances, it is very important to control pressure loss through pipes in order to ensure a process
plant to operate in a safe way. To design a safe plant operation, pressure loss across the process plant
should be taken into account and it can be manageable by making changes in flowrate of the fluid.
The aims of this experiment are to measure pressure drop across different pipes,fittings, venturi
meter and orifice plate, to figure out momentum change of air due to jet impingement on a flat plate
and finally, to discuss differences between practical measurements and theoretical predictions. 2.
Theory 2.1 Smooth pipe In the last laboratory experiment, general pressure loss across straight pipes
was

Fluid In Nursing
Labs It is without doubt that there is an abnormal shift in a patient's laboratory values when there is
an excess amount of fluid present in the body. Surprisingly, not all of patient C.Z's laboratory values
were out of normal ranges. For instance, the patient's calcium level was 9.2; normal values are
between 9.0 to 10.5 (Pagana et al., 2015). The sodium level was 141; normal levels are 136 to 145
(Pagana et al., 2015). The troponin level was 0.01; normal levels should remain below 0.1 (Pagana
et al., 2015). The final normal laboratory value was the patient's potassium level, which was 4.0;
normal values range from 3.5 to 5.0 (Pagana et al., 2015). While patient C.Z. had pertinent
laboratory values within normal range, it was expected for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Due to the patient's history of chronic renal insufficiency it was better to monitor the effectiveness
of the lasix by means other than measuring the volume of her urine output. Therefore, it was
necessary to evaluate patient C.Z's fluid status by auscultating her lungs, monitoring her O2
saturations, respirations, and heart rate. Fortunately, the patient was able to maintain O2 saturations
above 92% at room air, her respirations were sustained between 16 to18 breaths per minute, her
heart rate was in the seventies, and there were no signs of pulmonary congestion. However, due to
patient C.Z's history of COPD, rhonchus lung sounds remained; they were slightly cleared by
coughing. Accordingly, the patient used the incentive spirometer reaching 2500 mLs as her max; she
also surpassed the goal of ambulating at least three times in the day by ambulating seven times
during the

The Founder of Modern Fluid Dynamics: Ludwig Prantdl
THE FOUNDER OF MODERN FLUID DYNAMICS: LUDWIG PRANTDL
A fluid is defined as a substance that does not have any determined shape and is deformed
continuously by a shear force, thus it can be said that fluid mechanics is considered as a part of
physics which is concerning about gases, liquids and plasmas, in the other words, no solid phases.
[1] Modern fluid mechanics is based on Continuum Hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes that a
matter is continuous, hence while a matter is examined, atomic structure is not regarded– because if
a matter is analyzed at a microscopic scale, the matter will be observed as discrete– and
macroscopic scale is preferred instead of microscopic scale.[2]
Fluid mechanics can be divided into some subtitles, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer part of boundary layer area can be assumed inviscid like before Prandtl. The boundary
layer is a very thin layer around the solid body. Prandtl explained the boundary layer with the help
of adhesion. The velocity difference between solid body and fluid is zero, in the other words there is
no slip condition in between since, they are interlocked by adhesion. In the light of this information,
the velocity gradient of flow changes from the surface of solid body to the outer line of boundary
layer, and this means shear stress demonstrates a vast alteration. Therefore, the friction drag force
that observed on the surface of solid body cannot be ignored.[5]
Another Prandtl's explanation is flow separation. Some layers of fluid start to make rotational
motion and then, strive for passing to free fluid flow. The separation starts at a determined point.
This point– is called separation point– is specified by external conditions completely and it is
occurred by friction which observed in the boundary layer. The layers of fluid in which is rotational
motion forms a separation region (it can be called dead region) that has a low energy. As a result of
the flow separation, pressure distribution on the surface of solid body changes and a pressure drag in
which is the direction of stream lines of free flow or friction drag appears owing to the new pressure
distribution.

A Counter Current Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Using Cnt /...
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Study on a Counter–Current Double Pipe Heat Exchanger using
CNT/water Nano–fluid
M.M. Sarafraz1*, a, F. Hormozi1, b
1Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
[*corresponding author] a E–mail: mohamadmohsensarafraz@gmail.com
Tel: +989120976870 b E–mail: fhormozi@semnan.ac.ir
Tel: +989123930495
Abstract:
This work aims to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of carbon nanotube
water–based nano–fluids as a working fluid inside the double pipe heat exchanger. Diameters of
inner and outer copper tubes (ID and OD) were 6.35 and 12.7mm respectively (in accordance with
ANSI/ASME/API 5L). Nano–fluids were prepared using two–step method at mass concentrations of
0.1%–0.3% by dispersing the multi–walled carbon nanotubes, (CNTs) into the deionized water.
Since this work can be technically important, therefore, thermal conductivity of nano–fluids were
experimentally measured using KD2 Decagon instruments at different mass concentrations and
temperatures. In order to assess the thermal performance of nano–fluids, forced convection
experiments were conducted at laminar and turbulent flow regimes (90095% >3000 2.17 black 500–
545
2.3. Data processing and data uncertainty:
For heating section, heat transfer can be estimated using following correlations: (1)
For cooling section, rate of heat transfer can be calculated by the following correlation: (2)
In Eq. (1), is the rate of heat

What Is The Effects On The Fluid Dynamics Of The Addition...
Direct numerical simulations of FENE–P fluid have been used to analyze a time–dependent drag
reducing flow between parallel plates for turbulent regimes at (–– removed HTML ––) Re (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) h (–– removed HTML ––)
(–– removed HTML ––) = 1500 and (–– removed HTML ––) Re (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) h (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) =
4000. In order to investigate the effects on the fluid dynamics of the addition of a polymer, these
viscoelastic flows were compared to two Newtonian cases at the same Reynolds numbers. We
simulated our viscoelastic cases fixing (–– removed HTML ––) Wi (–– removed HTML ––) (––
removed HTML ––) (–– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The polymer–turbulence exchanges of energy were then investigated for each one of these
subdomains. (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Figure (–– removed HTML ––) 14
(–– removed HTML ––) summarizes the principal four stages related to the DR mechanism at the
beginning of the phenomenon. The open symbols denote the mean streamwise velocity profiles,
while the rotating lined arrows represent vortical (or elliptical, E) parts, the straight lined arrows
represent the extensional (or hyperbolic, H) parts, and the purple line illustrates the polymers. The
exchanges of energy between these four entities at each stage are represented by the dashed arrows.
First, at stage 1 [Fig. (–– removed HTML ––) 14(a) (–– removed HTML ––) ], the flow is primarily
laminar and, consequently, the wall shear stress is equal to the laminar one ( (–– removed HTML
––) τ (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML
––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) w (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) = (––
removed HTML ––) τ (–– removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) (––

Notes On Fundamentals Of Fluid Mechanics
MECH2410: Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Ducted Fan Practical Report Name: Mike
Barrientos Student Number: 43179284 Practical Session: P05 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3
1.1 Theory 3 1.2 Fan Scaling Laws 4 2. Aims and Objectives 5 2.1 Aims 5 2.2 Scope 5 2.3
Objectives 5 3. Method 6 3.1 Assumptions 6 3.2 Procedure 6 3.2.1 Part 1 6 3.2.2 Part 2 7 4. Results
and Discussions 8 4.1 Part 1 8 4.2 Part 2 8 5. Conclusions 8 6. References 8 7. Appendix A – Pre–
Work 8 8. Appendix B – Error Analysis 8 Introduction Bernoulli's principle, which can also be
describes as Bernoulli's equation, describes that for a flowing fluid in an ideal state, its pressure and
density are inversely related. In other words, the pressure of a fast moving fluid will decrease as its
speed increases. As the term 'fluid' describes both liquids and gases, Bernoulli's principle can also be
used to describe many applications with regards to airflow and a fast–moving liquid. (Hall, 2015)
1.1 Theory As Bernoulli's equation can be considered to be a statement of the conservation of energy
principle appropriate for flowing fluids, it is possible to represent this principle using a simple
formula in terms of the enthalpy of the fluid, assuming a steady, inviscid flow. h_t1–h_t2=Q_ht–
W_sh Further assuming that there is no heat transfer (Q) into the fluid, as well as no work (W_sh)
being produced, the equation simplifies to: h_t1=h_t2 Taking the definition of total enthalpy:
E_2+P_2

Cornstarch Experiment
If an object is dropped into four compositions (100% water and 0% cornstarch, 75% water and 25%
cornstarch, 50% water and 50% cornstarch, and 25% water and 75% cornstarch), then the 25%
water and 75% cornstarch mixture will create the non–Newtonian fluid with the highest level of
viscosity because the mixture is made of particles of cornstarch suspended in water, therefore, the
more particles there are, the harder it will be to shear the fluid. Data that was measured from this
experiment supports the stated hypothesis. Trial one provided insight to the experiment. For the
control, the marble took 0.4 seconds to drop from the pen ramp and into the water. The red
composition (75% water and 25% cornstarch) took a total of 0.61 seconds, the longest ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of the trials of the experiment, the hypothesis was predicting that the control would have the
shortest time, the red composition (75% Water, 25% Corn starch) would have the second shortest
time, the yellow mixture (50% Water and 50% Corn starch) would have the second longest time,
and the blue fluid (25% Water and 75% Corn starch) would have the longest time. In trial one, the
results did not behave in the predicted way because the red mixture took 0.05 seconds longer than
the yellow composition. Trials two and five behaved the way the hypothesis predicted. Similarly to
trial one, in trial four the red mixture took 0.11 seconds longer than the yellow. Finally, trial three
showed that the control took 0.07 seconds longer than the red composition. Needless to say, the 25%
water and 75% cornstarch fluid did have the data with the most time because the marble did not
submerge within two minutes. Continuing on, when the data was averaged together, the results
became clear. The mean for the control was 0.42 seconds, the 75% Water and 25% Cornstarch
composition's average time was 0.47 seconds, and the 50% Water and 50% Cornstarch mixture's
mean was 0.5 seconds (Appendix

Fluid And Continuum Mechanics
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Fluid & Fluid Flow Fluid is a substance which deforms under an applied shear stress, no matter
how small it is. It cannot resist any shear force applied to it. Fluids such as Gases & liquids in
motion are generally referred to as "Flow". Flow tells about how fluids behave and how they interact
with their surrounding environment.
1.2 Fluid Dynamics:
Fluid dynamics is the sub–discipline of Fluid Mechanics which in turn the sub–discipline of
Continuum Mechanics. Fluid Mechanics dealt with the study of motion and the effect of motion of
fluids [liquids &Gases] as Fluid motions are responsible for most of the transport of the pollutants.
Fluid Dynamics describes the flow of fluids.
Now–a–days, Computational Fluid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of variation of temperature or Differences in Density, stratification occurs. Higher density
fluids lies below the lower density fluids. Hence, in a fluid which is stratified, the density varies
with the depth.
1.6 Heat Transfer:
If there is a difference of temperature occurs between any two bodies which are kept in thermal
interactions, then heat transfer occurs. Basically, heat Transfers in three different modes:
Conduction, Convection & Radiation
1.6.1 Conduction: If there is a physical contact between any two substances or from one part of
substance to another part which are in different temperatures then there exists conduction.
1.6.2 Convection: Convection occurs mainly in moving fluids. Here transfer of molecules in a fluid
occurs resulted in heat transfer. It is of two types. As the flow caused by the buoyancy force, it is
said to be natural convection and if it needs some external influences to transfer the heat it is said to
be Forced convection.
1.6.3 Radiation:
If the heat transfer occurs without requiring any medium, then it is said to be Radiation, a third
mode of heat transfer.
1.7 Free convection or Natural

Fluid Mechanics 3-Aerofoil Lab Report Essay
Fluid Mechanics 3–Aerofoil Lab Report Introduction This report aims to investigate the effect the
angle of attack of an aerofoil has on the air flow around it. This was done by recording the lift and
drag forces the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack. The experimental
lift force the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack was then compared
with theoretical values. An attempt was made to explain any discrepancies between experimental
and theoretical values. Theory When air is blown over an aerofoil, it separates into two distinct sets
of streamlines above and below it separated by a dividing streamline. The shape of the aerofoil ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–The protractor of the aerofoil connected to the lift and drag voltmeters was then used to vary the
aerofoil's angle of attack from 0° to 20°. Lift and Drag voltage values measured for each angle were
recorded and calibration coefficients of 6.7 and 6.4 were used to obtain force Newton values for lift
and drag. The lift and drag forces obtained for each angle were then plugged into equations (3) and
(4) to obtain lift and drag coefficients. Equation (5) was used to calculate a theoretical value for the
lift coefficient. (3) A represents the area of the aerofoil (4) (5) The values obtained were then
tabulated, graphed and compared. –The Reynolds number of this experiment was then calculated
using equation (4) where c is the length of the aerofoil chord and is the dynamic viscosity of air. (6)
Results –Equation (6) was used to calculate the Reynolds Number which equated to 119366.
Discussion The graph in Figure 3 confirms the theory stating that as the angle of attack of an
aerofoil increases, the lift force it experiences also increases until it reaches stall position. The graph
clearly shows the lift coefficient steadily increasing with angle of attack. This is due to the fact that
as that as angle of attack increases, the point at which the airflow separates into streamlines going
above and below the aerofoil moves forward thus providing more lift force. Lift force continues to
increase until the angle of attack reaches 13° marking the angle

Checking Car Fluids
Summer is now in the rear view mirror as we're well into fall as marked by shorter days and cooler
temperatures. Soon, the seasons will shift once again with winter bringing with it the coldest
weather of the year. You need to prepare your car now before the first wintry blast arrives by topping
or replacing car fluids. Checking Car Fluids 1. Consider your windshield wiper fluid. Among the car
fluids to consider is windshield wiper fluid. Here, you should choose a special winter blend solution
featuring a greater concentration of alcohol to keep the fluid reservoir from freezing. While you are
at it, check the wiper blades to ensure that they're ready for winter. If they're cracked, split or are
causing streaking, then replace them immediately. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Check your motor oil. When was the last time you checked your engine's oil? With longer intervals
between changes, you may have lost a pint or more. Among car fluids, motor oil is one of the most
important as it keeps your engine clean and running. If you are due for an oil change and live where
temperatures are regularly below the freezing mark, then choose a lower viscosity oil. Otherwise,
top your oil with the same oil you always use. 3. Examine the car's battery. The good news about
today's car batteries is that most are of the low–maintenance variety. This means you do not need to
add water nor can you – the terminals are sealed shut. For all other batteries, you will need to add
distilled water to any of the cells where the electrolyte levels aren't meeting the bottom of the fill
port. In addition, most batteries last for just three years. If your battery is older than that, then
replace it before winter, otherwise you risk becoming stranded. You should also verify that a set of
battery jumper cables are stored in your

Fluid Resuscitation
Victoria: An aspect where fluid resuscitation can be beneficial to the outcome of the patient is when
sepsis is present. According to Bozza et al (2010), "hemodynamic instability plays a major role in
the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, tissue hypoxia, and multiple organ dysfunction in
sepsis," and that fluid therapy reduces mortality in these patients by helping to restore this
imbalance. Thus establishing that fluid resuscitation can be beneficial in prehospital care as it assists
in maintaining adequate organ and tissue perfusion. This evidence is also supported by Daniels
(2011), who outlines that early diagnosis and early fluid therapy is associated with decreased
mortality in sepsis patients, as maintaining a systolic blood pressure

Fluid Management
Fluid Management Leadership Learning Experience A1. Problem or Issue Research shows that
dialysis patients who have problems with fluid management have an increase in hospitalizations,
disease processes, and poor clinical outcomes. Research has also proven that fluid is a strong
predictor of mortality and morbidity. A1a. Explanation of Problems or Issues We have noticed in our
clinic a trend of increasing fluid overloaded patients over the last few months. This trend has also
resulted in multiple hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, and respiratory
distress resulting from fluid overload. This problem was selected after a patient expired in our clinic
with cardiac arrest after a long code ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first solution I came up with was training all the newer staff members; they were all re–
educated on the importance of attempting to achieve patients estimated dry weight. They were also
refreshed on the signs and symptoms associated with fluid overload such as shortness of breath,
coughing, swelling, fatigue, hypertension, changes in appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The
staff members had been trained on these issues; however, the staff members had not used this
important information and had not been communicating the information to the new patients. These
staff members were also further assigned the task of training the new patients on fluid management
as well as teaching the signs and symptoms of fluid overload. In my initial training of these nurses
and patient care technicians I found that all of them were hands–on learners, so I used that to my
advantage. In my experience as a nurse, I have found that when I handle teaching someone else
about a particular topic I tend to learn from my teaching experience. A4a. Justification of Proposed
Solution The clinic should spend the necessary time and money on this process to extend the lives of
the patients in our clinic. It is worth the effort, and it comes at little cost to put the proposal into
action. Our patients and their

Boundary Layer Analysis Of Casson Fluid Flow Essay
documentclass{article} usepackage[top = 1.2in,bottom = 1.2in,left = 1in,right =1in]{geometry}
usepackage{graphicx} usepackage{morefloats} usepackage{subfigure} usepackage{color}
egin{document}
egin{center}
Boundary layer analysis of Casson fluid flow over an upper horizontal melting surface of paraboloid
of revolution in the presence of thermophoresis end{center} egin{center}
O. D. Makinde$^1$, N. Sandeep$^2$, T. M. Ajayi$^3$, I. L. Animasaun$^4$
$^1$Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X2, Saldanha 7395, South
Africa.
$^2$Department of Mathematics, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
$^{3,4}$Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
$^1$makinded@gmail.com, $^2$sandeep@vit.ac.in, $^3$stillmetunde@gmail.com,
$^4$anizakph2007@gmail.com end{center} egin{abstract}
Two–dimensional, electrically conducting Casson fluid flow over an upper horizontal surface of
paraboloid of revolution in a thermally stratified medium is analyzed. The influence of melting heat
transfer is accounted by modifying classical boundary condition of temperature. Based on the
boundary layer assumptions, suitable similarity transformation is applied to reduce the governing
equations to coupled ordinary differential equations corresponding to momentum, energy and
concentration equations. These equations along with the boundary conditions are solved numerically
by using Runge–Kutta technique along with shooting method. Effects

Aerodynamics, A Subset Of Fluid Dynamics
Aerodynamics, a subset of fluid dynamics, is the study of the behavior of objects when exposed to
air. Hydrodynamics, another subset of fluid dynamics, is very similar to aerodynamics and has
similar laws. However, hydrodynamics shows the behavior of liquids instead of gasses. Reynolds
Numbers, created by British scientist and engineer Osborne Reynolds, describe the way fluids
behave against objects. Bernoulli's principle, discovered by Daniel Bernoulli, states that faster fluid
flow creates lower pressure, and slower fluid flow creates higher pressure.
There are 4 main forces, drag, lift, thrust and weight. Lift is the force that counters weight. It occurs
when the pressure of the object below the object is greater than the pressure above it. The second
force, thrust, counters drag. It propels the object in a given direction and can be provided by
turbofans, turboprops, propfans, etc. on an airplane, but can also be provided for an arrow by the
bowstring. Weight counters lift and varies with mass. The greater the mass, the greater the force of
weight is. The last force, drag, counters thrust. The air particles stick to the object, creating friction
and heat which slows the object. Drag occurs everywhere where there is a fluid, with almost
(practically) no effect in space.
With the four main forces, flight can occur. There are two types of flight, powered flight and coastal
flight. Powered flight continuously uses energy to fly for periods of time, such as throwing an

Cerebrospinal Fluid: Central Nervous System
Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear liquid substance that flows around the central nervous system; the
brain and spinal cord. Its primary function is to aid as a shock absorber should blunt trauma occur to
either the spinal or cranial area. Furthermore, CSF circulates vital nutrients to the brain to maintain
the health of the tissues in the brain. Arterial blood in the lateral and fourth ventricles of the brain
come together to form the Choroid Plexus where the majority of cerebrospinal fluid is produced.
Ependymal cells inside this plexus of the brain may also produce small amounts of cerebrospinal
fluid.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into 2 parts; the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions. The sympathetic division readies the

The Circulatory System and Fluid Dynamics Essay
1. Conductive arteries – Conductive arteries are the most proximal compartment of the coronary
arterial system. Their diameter is generally ranging from 500 μm up to 2–5 mm. These are large
epicardial coronary arteries that work as a capacitance function for the blood flow. They have very
low resistance to blood flow and therefore, the pressure drop along the length of conductive arteries
is negligible. The conductive arteries have an inbuilt characteristic of maintaining the shear stress by
changing epicardial dilatation. This characteristic is called being responsive to flow–dependent
dilatation. They are not very responsive to intravascular pressure or metabolites. [1]
Prearterioles – Prearterioles are the intermediate compartment to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This would help to maintain a constant pressure at the origin of the arterioles. The entire process is
vasodilatory in nature and takes places due to the release of vasodilators. Nitric Oxide (NO) is one
of the most common vasoactive substances. They are released by the endothelium as a response to
the shear stress changes in the coronary arteries. Since the entire process is about automatic
dilatation of the coronary arteries and proximal arterioles in response to changes in pressure, it is
called as endothelial–dependent dilatation. [1][4][5]
3. The arterioles are very responsive to the changes in the concentration of metabolites released by
the myocardium, unlike the conductance arteries and the prearterioles. Arterioles play a key role in
regulating the blood flow across it and also maintaining the metabolic balance. The arterioles remain
very relaxed and balanced i.e. they have a good resting tone. When the myocardium releases
metabolites, there is an increase in the oxygen consumption by the metabolites. As a result of this,
the arterioles dilate and decrease the resistance of blood flow in the entire network. This in turn
decreases the pressure in distal prearterioles. Thus, the vessels dilate. As the distal prearterioles and
the arterioles dilate, the shear stress in the larger prearterioles and conductance arteries increases.
Thus,

Fluid Flow in a Smooth Pipe Essay
Experiment 1
Fluid Flow In A Smooth Pipe
Abstract
In this experiment, three variable flow meters are used to alter the flowrate. Changes in pressure
drop due to the change in flowrate are then observed from the three pressure gauges that can
measure pressure at different range and recorded. The shift from laminar flow to turbulent flow is
seen from the results recorded, but it is observed more clearly from the water–soluble dye
experiment that was carried out by the demonstrator. Laminar flow turns to be turbulent when the
Reynolds Number goes above a certain value, around 2000.
Aims
To look at how the pressure drop changes when the average velocity is altered in a circular pipe and
to plot a graph of Friction Factor versus Reynolds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fanning friction, f: f=∆PLd2ρV2 f=191001.50.01262999.44(3.56)2 f=0.0063 Head loss, hf:
∆P=ρghf
19100=999.449.81(hf) hf=1.948 m
Using the definition gz1+V122+P1ρ=gz2+V222+P2ρ , the condition z1≠z2 is true if the two
pressure taps are not horizontal (at different height).
While the condition V1≠V2 is true if the cross sectional area of the pipe is not the same from the
first pressure tap to the second pressure tap.
Considering a viscous liquid that is being pumped through a smooth pipe with the parameters:
ρ=1460 kg/m3 μ=5.2×10–1Ns/m2 D=0.1 m Q=5×10–2 m3/s
To determine the velocity,
V=QA
V=5×10–2π0.124 m/s
V=6.37 m/s
Then find the Reynolds Number,
Re=ρVDμ
Re=14606.370.15.2×10–1
Re=1788.5
According to Figure 2, the Fanning friction factor is 0.007.
The Bernoulli equation:

∆Pρ+g∆z+∆12V2+2fLV2D+Ws=0
Horizontal pipe, so ∆z=0
Constant pipe cross sectional area, so ∆12V2=0
Also, work done by pump, WP=–Ws
So the Bernoulli equation is reduced to
∆Pρ+2fLV2D–WP=0
WP=∆P1460+20.007L6.3720.1
F=WPL=6.85×10–4∆PL+5.68 N
Conclusion
A

The Physics Of Continuum Mechanics
In continuum mechanics, a Newtonian Fluids is a fluid that the viscous stress arising from its flow,
at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate. The reason we research Newtonian
Fluids is that Newtonian fluids are the simplest mathematical models of fluids that account for
viscosity. In natural world, there are many common liquids and gases that can be assumed to be
Newtonian Fluids. For example, water, alcohol, thin oil, air, and most of pure liquids. Newtonian
fluids get the name by Isaac Newton, who is one of the most famous scientists in the world. He is
the first person who found the relation between the rate of shear strain and shear stress for such
fluids in differential form. Newtonian Fluids can be also called linearly viscous fluid, which has
been found to describe adequately the mechanical behavior of many real fluids under a wide range
of situations. In order to study Newtonian Fluids, we need to understand the concept of fluids.
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that will suit to the its container's shape. However, its
volume always independent of pressure. There are four basic states of matter. They are solid, gas,
plasma, and liquid. Besides, Liquid is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
Water is the most common liquid on Earth. Liquid and gas are similar in many ways. Both of them
can flow and take the shape of a container. However, most liquids cannot be compressed as others.
Also liquids will not to

How Fluid Is A Substance That Has No Yields And Permanent...
1.0 Introduction
Fluid is a substance that has no yields and permanent shape when encounter the static shear stress.
One of the characteristic is, fluid is a substance that can flow. The fluid flow can be called as
blustery or laminar. To study about the flow element of fluid, dimensional analysis techniques is
applied. This method is effective because it helps to decrease the variables like density and
temperature by finding the relations among particular variables. Reynolds Number (RE) (density x
velocity x length of diameter or viscosity) is categorized as the dimensionless variables.
RE=ρVD⁄μ
The formula is commonly used to study about the type and properties of fluid flow. Based on to the
previous experiments conducted, RE is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The (main) outlet control valve is shut and fill the tank with fluid (water) The water level must be
set up to make it constant by having a medium overflow through upper drain outlet. Let the
condition for five (5) minutes and take the water temperature. The mail control valve is opened and
get the appropriate dye flow by arranging the injector control. Take 1 to 2 minutes for the water to
extent and record the flow meter reading. Open the flow meter control knob slowly to enhance the
water flow. Make sure to get an appropriate dye flow. The knob is keep opening until the flow turn
to turbulent permanently. Steps 3 until 6 is repeated.
Material and Equipment: Reynolds Apparatus Dye Injector Dye Flow Meter Thermometer
Result
Record Sheet
Test Pipeline (Inside Diameter , D) = 0.013 m
Cross Section Area , m² = 1.327 x 〖10〗^(–4) m²
Water Density ,p = 1000 kg/ m3 Water Temperature : 20 C Water Viscosity (Pa.s) : 1.12*〖10〗^(–
3)
Water Flow Measurement from Flow Meter , Q in LPM Time , s 60 60 60 60 Mass of Water , kg 1.4
1.8 2.8 4.0 Mass of Flow Rate ,kg/s 0.023 0.030 0.047 0.067 Flow Rate , Q 2.3 x 〖10〗^(–5)

The Chemistry Of Fluid Dynamics Essay
While there is certainly much left to be explained and understood in the field of fluid dynamics,
there is still a certain level of common sense that one has concerning what one would consider to be
ordinary fluids, such as water. It makes sense that such fluids, say, take the shape of their
containers, or tend to flow down an inclined plane, or proceed with the same mass flow rate given
that the fluid does not build up along the flow channel. Likewise, with solids, there are certain,
seemingly common sense properties, such as a certain level of resistance to deformation and a
certain amount of elasticity. However, there are some materials which are effectively in an in–
between state which exhibit properties of both viscous liquids and elastic solids, known as
viscoelastic fluids. This edition of elastic properties to what would otherwise be well characterized
as viscous fluids poses novel scientific questions from the scale of the nanoparticles contained
within the viscoelastic fluid up to considerations of viscoelastic fluids stretching across space.
Regarding the latter, M. S. Janaki, N. Chakrabarti, and D. Banerjee have investigated how
viscoelasticity changes the behavior of a self–gravitating fluid in space with a particular focus on the
Jeans instability, or the mechanism by which internal pressures can no longer counter–balance the
self–gravitational force of such fluids, prompting a collapse []. Since more typical stellar media and
cases in which electrostatics

Essay about Chemical Engg. Fluid Mechanics MCQ's
Id
Question
The fluid property, due to which, mercury does not wet the glass is
A
surface tension
B
viscosity
C
cohesion
D
adhesion
Answer
A
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
The dimension of dynamic viscosity is
A
ML–1T–1
B
L2T–1
C
LT–2
D
ML–1T–2
Answer
A
Marks
2

Unit
A1
Id
Question
The fluid, in which the shearing stress within it is proportional to the velocity gradient across the
sheared section, is called a __________ fluid.
A
Bingham
B
Newtonian
C
perfect
D
none of these
Answer
C
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
Pick out the wrong statement.
A
The shear stress at the pipe (diameter = D, length = L) wall in case of laminar flow of Newtonian
fluids is
B
In the equation, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A exponentially B linearly C logarithmically D none of these
Answer
C
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
A fluid is the one, which
A
cannot remain at rest under the action of shear force.

B
continuously expands till it fills any container.
C
is incompressible.
D
permanently resists distortion.
Answer
A
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
Which of the following properties of a fluid is responsible for offering resistance to shear ?
A
Surface tension.
B
Viscosity.
C
Specific gravity.
D
All (a), (b), and (c).
Answer
B
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
In an incompressible flow of fluid, the fluid
A
temperature remains constant.
B
compressibility is greater than zero.
C
density does not change with pressure temperature.
D
is frictionless.
Answer
C

Marks
1
Unit
a1
Id
Question
A fluid is one which
A
Cannot remain at rest under the action of shear force
B
Continuously expands till it fills any container
C
Is incompressible
D
Permanently resists distortion
Answer
A
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id
Question
In an incompressible fluid, density
A
is greatly affected by moderate changes in pressure
B
is greatly affected only by moderate changes in temperature
C
Remains unaffected with moderate change in temperature and preesure
D
Is sensible to changes in both temperature and pressure
Answer
A
Marks
1
Unit
A1
Id

Question
A fluid is a substance

Identity Is Fluid

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