2. INDEX
What do you mean by Analytical Instruments?
Types of Analytical Instruments.
Applications
Scope/Banefits RALPL
3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS ?
Machines used to measure and analyse the structure or
properties of chemicals, biological systems, or materials.
They often work by measuring the way in which the sample
interacts with radiations: X-rays (X ray Diffraction spectrometer),
Infra-red (FTIR) , Ultra-violet (UV/Visible spectrometer), or some
kind of electronic or chemical energy.
Software can be vital in interpreting results and chromatogram.
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4. TYPES OF MODERN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS.
Based on basic principle of analysis Instruments can be
classified into two parts
1. Chromatography
2. Spectroscopy
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6. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Chromatography is one of many separation techniques.
The main purpose of chromatography is to separate and quantify the
target compound in the sample matrix or mixture of solvents.
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the "mobile phase", which
carries it through a structure holding another material called the
"stationary phase".
The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds,
causing them to separate.
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7. LIST OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gas Solid/Liquid Chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC)
Gas Liquid chromatography (GLC)
Liquid chromatography
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)
Ion exchange chromatography
Size exclusion chromatography
Chiral chromatography
EC (Eletrophoresis)
Super-critical Fluid Chromatography
Affinity chromatography
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8. GAS SOLID/LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
GC is a common type of chromatography used in analytical
chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be
vaporized without decomposition.
Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular
substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the
relative amounts of such components can also be determined).
In some situations, GC may help
in identifying a compound.
In preparative chromatography,
GC can be used to prepare pure
compounds from a mixture.
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9. GLC (GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY)
Schematic diagram of Gas Chromatography RALPL
12. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC, TLC, RRLC)
Liquid chromatography (LC) is a separation technique in which the
mobile phase is a liquid. Liquid chromatography can be carried out
either in a column or a plane.
Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small
packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as high
performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).
Normal Phase.
- Polar stationary phase and non-
polar solvent.
Reverse Phase.
- Non-polar stationary phase and a
polar solvent RALPL
13. Solid Support - Backbone for bonded phases.
– Usually particle size of 10µ, 5µ or 3µ C18 silica, alumina or
polymeric particles.
Length: Usually 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25 cm
Guard - Protects the analytical column:
– Particles
– Interferences
– Prolongs the life of the analytical column
Columns
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17. LIST OF SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
Ultra-violate/visible spectroscopy (UV/Visible)
Raman Spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy (Fluorimeter)
Infra red spectroscopy (IR)
Mass spectroscopy (MS)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
X Ray Difraction (XRD)
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
Refraction Spectroscopy (Referactometer)
Near Infra-red Spectroscopy (NIRS) RALPL
24. AAS (ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
FLAME PHOTOMETER
Hollow Cathode Tube :
Hollow cathode made of the
material needed is
vaporized and emits
radiation of the
characteristic wavelength.
w
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30. Applications of Analytical Instruments
• Food Industries : Pesticides residues, fatty acids , cholesterol, etc.
• Pharmaceutical industries : pharmaceutical ingredients, API, Formulation etc.
• Analytical laboratories: Pesticides Residues, Titration, Micro organism, etc.
• Cosmetic Industries : Fragrances, cosmetics, etc.
• Research and Development : To identify new molecule, validation, etc.
• Water, Beverages, Soft Drink, Liquor Industries: Metal traces, Toxins, etc.
• Petroleum Industries : Solvents purity, other impurities, etc.
• Coal, ore and Mine : Metal traces, erosion control, etc.
• Steel industries : Metal traces, etc.
• Environment and Safety : Pollution of toxic gases, pesticides contamination, etc.
• Clinical Research Organization (CRO) : Phramacokinetic and phrmacodynamic studies
• Biotechnology : DNA Sequence, etc.
• Plastic, Rubber, Lubricants and Paints Industries : Heavy metal traces, Toxic substance, etc.
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31. BENEFITS/SCOPE
Work in any industry, National research laboratory (NRL), other
Laboratory, CRO or R&D center.
Apply for R & D Chemist, Quality control chemist, laboratory
chemist or research fellow in any field like API, Chemical,
Pharmaceutical, Steel, Food, Rubber, Petroleum, Plastic, Liquor
or Beverage Industries.
Helpful to do project in PhD and Master Degree.
Also Helpful in purification and synthesis of active compounds by
column chromatography.
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