2. Peripheral IV
Butterfly & angiocaths
– Short catheters generally placed in forearm, hand
or scalp veins
– Short term therapy and unable to handle caustic
chemicals (chemotherapy)
3. Peripheral Sites
Veins of the Forearm
1. Cephalic vein
2. Median Cubital vein
3. Accessory Cephalic
vein
4. Basilic vein
5. Cephalic vein
6. Median antebrachial
vein
4. Peripheral Sites
Veins of the Hand
1. Digital Dorsal veins
2. Dorsal Metacarpal veins
3. Dorsal venous network
4. Cephalic vein
5. Basilic vein
5. Peripheral IVs
Try to cannulate the most distal veins first
– Drugs or fluids put through the cannula may
extravasate at the upstream failed cannula site
Transillumination
Topical nitropaste
11. Types of Central Vascular Access
Devices
Non-tunneling
Tunneling
Implanted
12. Non-Tunneling
Direct venipuncture through the skin into a
selected vein.
– Peripheral IV
– Peripherally inserted central catheter
– Percutaneous catheters
13. Non-Tunneling - PICC
Peripherally inserted central catheters
(PICC)
– Midline
Central venous catheter inserted at or
above the antecubital space and then
advanced until the distal tip of the
catheter is positioned at the superior vena
cava or superior vena cava and right atrial
junction.
14. Non-tunneling - PICC
Useful for patient receiving
long term medication
therapy, chemotherapy or
TPN
Used for frequent blood
sampling
Distal end positioned at the
superior vena cava or
junction of superior vena
cava and right atrium
16. Non-Tunneling - Midlines
Used for shorter term
intravenous therapy
(up to 4 weeks)
Used for frequent
blood sampling
Distal end positioned
at the proximal end of
the upper extremity
19. Non-Tunneling – CVC
Percutaneous catheters
Also known as: Central Venous Catheters
(CVC)
– Subclavian, femoral or internal jugular
– Single, double or triple lumen
20. Non-tunneling - CVC
Tip advanced to superior
vena cava or SVC and
right atrium junction
As with PICC, appropriate
for patients requiring long
term chemotherapy or
TPN
23. Tunneling
Inserted into a central
vein via percutaneous
venipuncture or cut down
Catheter then tunneled
under the skin in the
subcutaneous tissue and
exited in a convenient
location
Dacron cuff hold the
catheter in place
25. Tunneling - Broviac®
Similar to the Hickman
catheter, but is of smaller
size.
This catheter is mostly
used for pediatric
patients.
26. Tunneling - Groshong®
Similar to Hickman®
and Broviac® with
closed ended patented
3-way valve.
27. Implanted VADs - Ports
Catheter attached to a
self-sealing silicone
septum surrounded by a
titanium, stainless steal
or plastic port
Port sutured under the
skin
Some brand names:
– Port-a-cath®
– Infus-a-port®
– Power Port ®
28. Implanted VADs - Ports
Catheter runs from
port to superior
vena cava at the
right atrium
No part of the
device is exposed
outside the body
Can deliver
chemotherapy,
TPN, antibiotics,
blood products and
blood sampling
29. Implanted VADs - Ports
Can only be accessed
with special needle
called a HUBER needle
Contains a deflecting,
non-coring point
35. Femoral Vein
Kids –
– Better risk profile
– Ease of insertion, compressible
– No difference in DVT – ref 1-2
– Same infection risk (maybe lower) – ref 3-5
– Accurately reflects RAP if no increase in
abdominal pressures – ref 6-8
1. Beck C, et al. J Ped 1998;133:237-41.
2. Jacobs B, et al. Crit Care Med 1999;27:A29
3. Casado-Flores J, et al. Ped Crit Care Med 2001;2:57-
62.
4. Richards M, et al. NNIS Pediatrics 1999;103:103-9
5. Stenzel JP, et al. J Ped 1989;114:411-5.
6. Fernendez E, et al. Ped Crit Care Med 2004;5:14-18
7. Lloyd R, et al. Pediatrics 1992;89:506-8.
8. Ho K, et al. Crit Care Med 1998;26:461-4.
36. Femoral anatomy
Vein is medial to the
artery
– Froehlich’s theorem
Superficial distal to
inguinal ligament, then
dives deep
0.5-2cm inferior to the
inguinal ligament
37.
38. Quiz Question
What are the anatomic landmarks to determine
where to stick for the femoral vein in a pulseless
patient?
– A. 1/3 of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine
to the pubic tubercle
– B. ½ the distance between the pubic tubercle and the
anterior superior iliac spine
– C. 1/3 of the distance from the pubic tubercle and the
anterior superior iliac spine
– D. None of the above
39. Quiz answer
D. None of the above
The femoral ARTERY lies ½ the distance
between the pubic tubercle and the anterior
superior iliac spine.
The femoral vein is 0.5-1.5 cm medial to this
depending on the size of the patient.
40. Straight vs. Frog leg
“The optimal positioning
of the leg can vary
according to the
preference of the
operator.”
– Discuss
41. Procedure
30-45 degree angle to skin
2 methods
– Stick with negative pressure
on syringe while entering
and exiting
– Insert needle, and only
negative pressure on
removal
Allows you to better
stabilize the needle by
resting your hand on the
thigh
42. Procedure
Blood flash - Insert wire
– Wire not going smoothly
Needle no longer in vessel
False tracking in subcutaneous tissue
Thrombus
Advancing into lumbar veins
Small incision
– Blade directed away from wire
43. Procedure
Twisting motion of dilation
Remove dilator
Advance catheter
Remove wire
Aspirate and flush all ports
Secure line with sutures
Sterile dressing
45. Procedure
Wheeler – “Confirmation of proper CVC
position is required after placement of all
CVC’s”
46. Warnings
If you hit the artery – pressure until hemostatic
Wire should float – should never have resistance
If can’t pull the wire through the needle – remove
both wire and needle together so you don’t sheer off
the wire
Never let go of the wire
Catheter tip “pointing too cephalad” – in lumbar veins
47. Complications
74 of 89 (83%) – no complications
Other 15 – minor bleeding/hematoma
94.4% success rate
Median duration 5 days
– 21% <3 days 26% 7-14 days
– 43% 4-7 days 10% >14 days
Long term – 8 leg swelling, 11 BSI
Venkataraman, et al. Clin Ped 1997;36:311-9.
48. Complications
45 months – 395 CVL – 162 femoral
No insertion complications
Mean duration 8.9 days
9 noninfectious complications
– 4 thrombosis, 1 perforation, 1 embolism, 2 bleeding
“The low incidence of complications in this study
suggests that the femoral vein is the preferred site in
most critically ill children when CVC is indicated.”
Stenzel JP, et al. J Ped 1989;114:411-5
49.
50.
51.
52. 2/22/2023
Site Selection
Site Pro’s Con’s
Femoral Easy access
Large vessel
Good access
during
resuscitation
Decreased
mobility
Increased risk
of thrombosis,
phlebitis &
infection
Easily
contaminated
Close to
femoral artery
Dressing
difficult to
maintain
53. Subclavian Vein
When to use it
– May be better for long term access
– Obese – clavicle gives you a landmark
– Shock – less likely to collapse
Relative contraindications
– Trauma to the area
– Coagulopathic
54. Subclavian Anatomy
Begins as axillary vein,
eventually joins the IJ
to become the
inominate or
brachiocephalic
Anterior scalene
separates the SCA from
SCV
Most common is
infraclavicular approach
55.
56. Positioning
Head down 15-30
degrees
Rolled towel placed
longitudinally between
scapulae
Tilt head toward side of
catheterization
– Reduced catheter
malposition in infants
57. Quiz Question
What is the anatomic landmark on the
clavicle where you insert the needle?
– A. 1 cm below the junction of the middle and
lateral thirds of the clavicle
– B. 1 cm below the junction of the middle and
medial thirds of the clavicle
– C. 1 cm below the middle third of the clavicle
– D. 1 cm below the lateral third of the clavicle
58. Quiz Answer
What is the anatomic
landmark on the
clavicle where you
insert the needle?
– B. 1 cm below the
junction of the middle
and medial thirds of the
clavicle
59. Procedure
Needle inserted 1 cm below
junction of middle and
medial thirds of the clavicle
Marched down clavicle and
parallel to frontal plane
Bevel directed caudal
Blood flash during insertion
or withdrawal
61. Confirmation
Position should be in
the distal SVC
FDA – “the catheter tip
should not be placed in
or allowed to migrate
into the heart”
34% mortality rate with
CVC related pericardial
effusions in pediatrics
63. Complications
100 patients - 1/3 of patients <1 year
92% overall success rate
– 89% in emergencies
Major complications
– 4 pneumothorax, 2 BSI
Venkataraman, et al. J peds 1998;113:480-5.
64.
65.
66.
67. 2/22/2023
Site Selection
Site Pro’s Con’s
Subclavian Large vessel
Can tolerate
high flow
Dressing easy
to maintain
Less
restrictive for
patient
Lowest sepsis
rate
Close to lung
apex, risk of
pneumothorax
Close to
subclavian
artery
Hard to control
bleeding
68. Internal Jugular Vein
When to use it
– High rate of success
– Compressible if coagulopathic
– Lung hyperinflation (less likely to get
pneumothorax than subclavian)
– Transvenous pacing via RIJ
Relative contraindications
– Ongoing CPR – difficult to access
– Cervical trauma/increased ICP
69. Internal Jugular Anatomy
Lateral to carotid artery
in sheath
Beneath the triangle
formed by the sternal
and clavicular heads of
the SCM and the
clavicle
70.
71. Quiz Question
All of the following are correct about a left internal
jugular cannulation EXCEPT:
– A. LIJ has a more acute angle at connection with
subclavian
– B. Lower pneumothorax risk compared to right because
right pleural dome is higher
– C. Lymphatic duct adjacent to junction of LIJ and
innominate vein
– D. Reduced risk of carotid puncture because of its caudo-
cephalad structure
72. Quiz answer
B is the correct answer to the question
Reasons to go right –
The left has :
– More acute angle at connection with subclavian
– Left pleural dome is higher (more pneumothorax
risk)
– Lymphatic duct adjacent to junction of LIJ and
innominate
74. Procedure – Median approach
Needle insertion –
approximately one half
the distance between
the mastoid and the
sternal notch
20-30 degree needle
angle
Seldinger technique –
watch for dysrhythmias
79. Correct IJ placement
CXR provided by Jeremy P. Feldman, MD
E-Bay Fellow in Pulmonary Vascular Disease
80.
81. Complications
Arterial puncture more common than
subclavian
Pneumo/hemo thorax very rare
Catheter malpositioning similar to subclavian
82. 2/22/2023
Site Selection
Site Pro’s Con’s
Internal
Jugular
Large vessel
Easily located
Easy access
Short, straight
path to
superior vena
cava
Decreased risk
of
pneumothorax
Uncomfortable
for patient
Difficult to
maintain
dressing
Close to
carotid artery
Easily
contaminated
Difficult
maintenance
with trach or
neck injury
83. Axillary Vein
Find axillary artery
Get PIV just inferior to it in axillary vein
Wire it up
Appropriate size catheter?
226 neonates done with 9 failures
47 critically ill kids (14d-9y)
– 79% cannulation rate
Rare complications – similar thrombosis rates to
subclavian and internal jugular
84. Temporary Dialysis Catheters
We have available :
– 7 French Triple Lumen regular CVL
– 7 French 10 cm Double Lumen Medcomp
– 8 French 9cm Double Lumen Mahurkar
– 12 French 13 cm Triple Lumen Mahurkar
– 12 French 20 cm Triple Lumen Mahurkar
85. PATIENT SIZE CATHETER SIZE &
SOURCE
SITE OF INSERTION
NEONATE Single-lumen 5 Fr (COOK) Femoral artery or vein
Dual-Lumen 7.0 French
(COOK/MEDCOMP)
Femoral vein
3-6 KG Dual-Lumen 7.0 French
(COOK/MEDCOMP)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
Triple-Lumen 7.0 Fr
(MEDCOMP)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
6-30 KG Dual-Lumen 8.0 French
(KENDALL, ARROW)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
>15-KG Dual-Lumen 9.0 French
(MEDCOMP)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
>30 KG Dual-Lumen 10.0 French
(ARROW, KENDALL)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
>30 KG Triple-Lumen 12.5 French
(ARROW, KENDALL)
Internal/External-Jugular,
Subclavian or Femoral vein
86. Vascular Access for Pediatric CRRT: Pros
and Cons of Femoral Site
Relatively larger vessel may
allow for
– larger catheter
– higher flows
Ease of placement
No risk of pneumothorax
Preserve potential future
vessels for chronic HD
Shorter femoral catheters with
increased % recirculation
Poor performance in patients
with ascites/increased abdominal
pressure
Trauma to venous anastamosis
site for future transplant
PROS CONS
87. Vascular Access for Pediatric CRRT: Pros
and Cons of IJ/SCV Site
Tip placement in right atrium
decreases recirculation
Not affected by ascites
Preserve potential vein
needed for transplant
SCV stenosis (SCV)
Superior vena cava
syndrome
Risk of pneumothorax in
patients with high PEEP
Trauma to veins needed
potentially for future HD
access
PROS CONS
88. Femoral versus IJ catheter performance
26 femoral
– 19 > 20 cm
– 7 < 20cm
13 IJ
Qb 250 ml/min (ultrasound dilution)
Recirculation measurement by ultrasound
dilution method
Little et al: AJKD 36:1135-9, 2000
89. Femoral versus IJ catheter performance
Type Number Qb (ml/min) Recirculation(%) 95% CI
Femoral 26 237.1 13.1* 7.6 to 18.6
> 20cm 19 233.3 8.5** 2.9 to 13.7
< 20cm 7 247.5 26.3** 17.1 to 35.5
Jugular 13 226.4 0.4* -0.1 to 1.0
Little et al: AJKD 36:1135-9, 2000
* p<0.001
** p<0.007
90. Femoral versus IJ catheter performance:
Pediatrics
103 102
118 119
219
174
3 4
0
50
100
150
200
250
BFR
(mls/min)
Venous P
(mm Hg)
Arterial P
(mm Hg)
%Recirc
IJ/SC
Femoral
P value NS NS NS NS
(Gardner et al, CRRT 1997
Quinton 8 Fr; n = 20; 120 Treatments)