3. The origins of
Mankind
Humans as primates
According to the theory of
evolution:
Humans belong to the
primate order:
Lemurs
Tarsiers
Monkeys
Apes
6. Homo Habilis
Louis S. B Leakey found 1.75
million –year-old fossil 1964 at
Olduvai Gorge
Creature walked erect, had
well-developed thumb,
probably used tools
7. Homo ergaster Used
fire, standardized
tools
emerged 1.8 million
years ago in Africa,
migrated to Near East,
Asia, Europe
Mitochondrial DNA
spread to Near East,
Europe.
8. Neanderthal Man
Discovered in
Neander Valley in
Germany in 1857
adopted to cold
climates , 40,ooo -
200, 000 years ago
used fire, made stone-
tipped spears, lived in
caves, stone shelters
9. Homo sapiens
Developed 150, 000
years ago scientists
debate whether
Homo sapiens
originated in Africa
and spread to other
continents
10. Mesopotamia: The
First Civilization
Not all historians agree on how
to define civilization/most agree
on the following:
A degree of complexity
Sustains specialists to deal with
political, social, religious needs
Has system of writing
Produces monumental,
permanent architecture
Produces art that reflects people
and their actives
11. Writing, political,
art work, religious,
monumental
buildings
All these characteracteristics
Of civilization first appeared
together in the southern part
of Mesopotamia, which came
to be called Sumer
12. Agricultural
revolution
Spread into Fertile Crescent
by 6000 B. C. E .
Great agricultural output from
yearly floods of Tigris and
Euphrates Rivers
13. The protoliterate Period in
Sumer, 3200-2800 B.C.E
By 3100 B.C.E Sumerians lived in
cities, with writing
Sumerians’ origins unknown,
spoke non-Semitic, non-Indo-
European language
Strong food –producing sector
supported cities
Specialized labor, commerce,
writers, business, government
records, 60 –based counting
system
14. Sumerian traits seen in Nile, Indus Valley
Sumerians developed cuneiform of writing
system
System spread through Near East
Middle East:
The area around the eastern
Mediterranean; from Turkey to northern
Africa and eastward to Iran; the site of
such ancient civilizations as Phoenicia and
Babylon and Egypt and the birthplace of
Judaism and Christianity and Islam; had
continuous economic and political
turmoil in the
15. The old Sumerian
period
2800 -2300 B.CE.
Characterized by constant
city-state wars
Theocratic cities saw local
gods as sovereign
High priests (ensis)
dominated cities
Abuses of priests led to the
rise of kings (lugals) with
popular support
16. The akkadian Period
2300 -2150 B.C.E
Dominated by Semites
Sargon I’s power went from
Persian Gulf to Mediterranean
Sea
Based policies around lower,
merchant classes
Akkad conquered by
northern, semi-barbaric
invaders
17. The New Sumerian
Period Ur destroyed
by Elamites from
Iran
2100 -2000 B.CE.
Third dynasty of Ur centralized
rule over region
Strict control through
government bureaucrats
Religion became arm of state,
state appointed high priests
Law code of Er-Nammu showed
concerned that rich would not
take advantage of poor
18. Babylonian Empire
Political structure
200 -1600 B. C.E
Semitic Amorites ruled
Mesopotamia
Hammurabi, great ruler most
outstanding king, known for law
code
State controlled all aspects of
economy
Comprehensive protection for
women
Punishment determined by
social class
19. Hammurabi codes
or laws
Laws covering a wide variety
of topics: property disputes,
adultery, slavery,
prostitution, inheritance,
public order
These laws date back to
Sumerian codes 1400 years
before Hammurabi’s time
Hammurabi's codes or Laws
based on eye for an eye tooth
for tooth principle
22. Mathematics and
Babylon
Built on work of Sumerians
Advances in:
Arithmetic
Geometry
Algebra—reunion of broken
parts
For ease in working with:
Whole numbers
Fractions
23. Mathematics and
Babylon
Compiled tables for
multiplication
Division
Square and cube roots
Babylonians knew how to solve:
linear and quadratic equations
Babylonian knowledge of
geometry: included the theorem
later formulated by Greek
philosopher
28. Predynastic Egypt
The first settlers were likely:
People who moved to river valley as
climatic changes transformed the
savanna grasslands west of the Nile
into desert
By 4800 B.C.E
Recognizing the advantages of
creating larger social groupings
and need to cushion themselves
from impact of droughts, floods,
and plagues,
Farming communities started
banding together to form regional
chiefdoms in Lower Egypt
29. Predynastic Egypt
Kingdom emerged in Upper Egypt
While Lower Egypt was divided
into a number of districts
Predynastic Period ended: Soon
after 3100B.C.E)
King Menes united Upper Egypt
and gradually incorporating
Lower Egypt into a new kingdom
with its capital at Memphis this
has become known as the First
Dynasty and marks the
beginning of the longest –lasting
civilizations in history: 3000 years
30. Egyptian Religion
Religion played central role in
everyday life of Egyptians:
Attributed everything from
annual cycles of the flooding
of Nile and illnesses to acts of
gods
Egyptians had pantheon of
hundreds of gods and
goddesses
31. Egyptian Religion
Male gods:
Represent rulers, creators,
insurers of fertility
Female goddesses assumed
roles as: nurturers,
magicians, and sexual
temptresses
32.
33. Egyptian sacrifices
Egyptians made sacrifices and
prayed to household gods:
Protection for family health and
well-being
Worship deities on a local and
regional basis
Egypt’s most popular cult was
devoted to Osiris fertility god of
the Nile
Death and resurrection
symbolized the planting of grain
and its sprouting
Only soul free of sin gained
eternal life
34. Egyptian Society
and Economy
Egyptian society was highly
stratified:
Most Egyptian poor peasants
Subject to forced labor, they
had to paid taxes to land
owners ----pharaoh, wealthy
landowners
Class distinctions were not
rigid: People rise to higher
rank in service of pharaoh by
joining the tiny literate elite
35. Egyptian Society
Pupils –usually boys –attended
scribal school for many years at
temples –they learned to read
and write hieratic script –cursive
form of hieroglyphics
They also learned advanced
skills in mathematics and
building techniques
Students copied hieroglyphic
signs with reed pens on
limestone chips or clay tablets
36. Scribes
Scribes were in high demand by
state for many tasks:
Writing letters, recording
harvests
Keeping taxesation records,
Keeping accounts for Egyptian
army
Most scholarly scribes assumed
positions as:
Priests, doctors, and engineers
Scribes enjoyed secured positions
and were free from labor service
37. Egyptian women
Compared to Greek and
Romans:
Egyptian women enjoyed
more rights
However, their status at all
levels of society was generally
lower than that of men
Few women could qualified as
scribes
38. Egyptian women
Women served as temple
priestess
Musicians
Gardeners
Farmers
bakers
wives and mothers of
pharaohs:
Had great influence in royal
courts
39. Egyptian women
Business and legal
documents: show that women
shared economic and legal
rights of men:
Rights to own, buy, sell, and
inherit property without
reliance on male legal guardians;
to negotiate legal settlements;
To engage in business deals;
make wills; initiate litigation
and testify in court P,(21)
40. Egyptian women
In a divorce:
A woman kept any property
she brought into a marriage
As well as one-third of a
couple’s property
41. Egyptian
monumental
architecture
Egyptians have been called
the greatest builders in
history:
Enduring tombs and
temples
Mastaba -Earliest brick
tomb –inspired the pyramids
the
Resemblance to a low bench
44. Most celebrated of
pyramids were built
Fourth Dynasty
Khufu’s pyramid –covers 13
acres rose to 481 feet
Tallest structure in the world
until the Eiffel Tower was
erected in Paris in 1889
Composed of 2.3 million
limestone bricks some
weighing 15 tons
All pushed in place by men
45. Most celebrated of
pyramids were built
Fourth Dynasty
Yet stones perfectly fitted that
a knife cannot be inserted in
the joints
The Old Kingdom’s 80
pyramids are a striking
expression of Egyptian
civilization
48. The Old Kingdom
produced ……
World’s first known solar
calendar direct ancestor of
our own:
AKHET (the time of
flooding) June 15 - October
15
PERET (the time of sowing)
October 15 - February 15
SHEMU (the time of
harvest) February 15 - June
15
49. Sculpture and
Painting
Egyptian art was essentially
religious:
Tomb paintings depicted
activities deceased wished to
continue enjoying in after life
Statues glorify god-kings
Egyptian art seldom departed
from the classical tradition
Human figure is shown in
profile or looking ahead
50. American Calendar
Egyptian Calendar
Days per week: 10 days
Three weeks per month
Seasons per year
Three
Days per week 7
Four to five weeks per month
Seasons per year
Four
52. Writing and
Literature Texts
In Egypt as in Sumer or
Mesopotamia: Writing began
with pictures
But unlike the Mesopotamian
signs, the Egyptians
hieroglyphics remained
primarily pictorial
Early in the Old Kingdom,
Egyptians took steps in using
alphabetical characters for 24
consonant sounds
54. Mesopotamian
Successors to
Babylon,
Babylonian Empire came to an
end in 1595 B.C.E, Probably
because of sacking Babylon
by the Hittites, followed by
invasions of peoples from the
east known as Kassites
Controlled Babylonia for 400
years
55. The Hittites
In 18th Cen. B.C.E
Began migrating to Asia
Minor (Turkey)
Established Kingdom 1400
B.C.E
Became greatest to Egyptian
Civilization
Little was known about
Hittites until archeological
discovery
56. The Hittites
Archaeologists unearthed
remains of their civilization in
Turkey beginning of the 20th
cen.
the Hittites superior military
tactics, in particular their
mastery of horse –drawn
chariot warfare enabled them
to conquer the native people
of central Asia Minor
57. Hittite kings
Early Hittite Kingdom had
aggressive monarchs who
were frequently at odds with
their nobles and struggled to
establish an orderly
succession to thrown
As a result the early
effectiveness of Hittite
monarchy was severely
limited by patterns of
constant internal strife
58. Hittite kings
1450 B.C.E series of energetic
kings succeeded in limiting the
independence of their nobles
and created centralized empire
that included Syria and
northern Palestine which had
been left virtually undefended
by Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaton
Ramses II attempted to hold off
the Hittites but lost, Ramses was
forced to sign treaty
59. Hittite civilization
Reflected traditions of Indo-
European origins rather than
government patterns set by
Mesopotamia and Egypt
The king was thought to be
greatest of nobles, but not living
god or even god’s representative
on earth
Hittites nobles held large estates
granted to them by king in
return for serving as warriors for
kings
60. Hittite civilization
Hittites adopted Mesopotamian
cuneiform script in order to write their
Indo-European language
Hittites incorporated Mesopotamian
culture that they found appealing:
Sumerian and Mesopotamian literature
were preserved
Mesopotamian gods and goddesses were
honored with temples
These gods and goddesses were honored
on equal footing with traditional Hittite
gods
Law codes showed similarity to
Hammurabi's code ---differed in
prescribing more humane punishments,
Hittites excluded (An Eye for an Eye)
61. Hittite civilization
The Hittites left their mark on
later people of the region:
Metal working
Not especially innovative in
formulation of :
Law, literature, art, they
borrowed extensively
64. The Hebrew
Kingdoms
Out of the Hebrew cultural
experience grew two of the
world’s major religions:
Judaism, Christianity and
Islam
Much of that experience is
recorded in the Hebrew Bible
The Hebrews believed that
their collection of literature
was divinely inspired
65. History of the
Hebrews The biblical account of
Hebrew history (Later called
Israelites, then Jews) begins
with the patriarchal leader
named Abraham
Abraham led his family out of
Ur in Sumer
Led his family to
northwestern Mesopotamia
66. History of the
Hebrews
Abraham and his followers
remained nomadic
The bible records that
Abraham also led his family to
Egypt and back again to the to
the north (Mesopotamia)
67. History of the
Hebrews
The bible declares: 1550 b.c.e
Some Hebrews followed
Abraham’s great-grandson
Joseph into Egypt to secure
food because of famine (1550)
Joseph rose to power in Egypt
Hebrews enslaved in Egypt
freed by Moses (1300 B.C.E)
68. History of the
Hebrews After Egyptian Slavery
Children of Israel wondered
for 40 years in sight of land
promised to them by God
Contended with the
Canaanites who migrated
from Arabia in third
millennium b.c.e
Israelites formed confederacy
of 12 tribes and in time
defeated the Canaanites
69. History of the
Hebrews
Leadership of the Israelites:
Judges: Men and women
among the 12 tribes
As the Israelites contested the
Canaanites for dominance, a
greater opponent appeared:
The Philistines, Sea peoples
Name Palestine came from
Philistines (1175)b.c.e
70. History of the
Hebrews
Saul was chosen king
Was not able to defeat
philistines
David was victorious in
defeating them
Saul’s successor David (1000-
961)
David Succeeded by son
Solomon (961-922)
Israel reached splendor and
power as a monarchy
71. History of the
Hebrews
But the price of Solomon’s
vast bureaucracy, building
projects (especially the palace
complex and temple at
Jerusalem (700 wives and 300
concubines) led to dissentions
At the death of Solomon
kingdom split in two: Israel in
the North and Judah in the
south
72. History of the
Hebrews
These two weak kingdoms
were not able to defend itself
In 722 b.c.e the Assyrians
captured Samaria, the capital
of northern kingdom
The southern kingdom held
out until 586 b.c.e
Nebuchadnezzar, the
Chaldean ruler of Babylon,
destroyed Jerusalem brought
large numbers of Israelites
73. History of the
Hebrews
In 538 b.c.e, Cyrus the Great ,
king of Persia, conquered
Babylon then freed the
Israelites
The returning exiles
completed the reconstruction
of the Temple destroyed by
Nebuchadnezzar
The Persians were defeated by
the Greece
74. Hebrew religion
The bible states that from the
time of Abraham: The
Hebrews worshiped one God
Israelites, God called Yahweh
75.
76. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
The Indian subcontinent:
Matrix for networks of trade
and culture
Target of conquerors and
empire builders
The civilizations of classical
India: Had profound effect
that endures to this day: Arts,
literature, religion,
philosophical beliefs of the
world
77. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
The subcontinent India was a
land of sometimes dense
settlement as early as Stone
Age, dating back 500,000
years
India has a diverse climate,
geography, language, ethnicity
Like all premodern societies:
Primarily village –based
agricultural society
78. Early Indian
Civilizations: From
Neolithic Origins to
300C.E
India produced: Extensive in
Indus Valley northwest
India adopted culture and
language from people who
immigrated from the Iranian
plateau
79.
80. Highest Mountain in
the World and
regions Himalayas divide India from
the rest of Asia
Shields India from arctic
winds
Subcontinent comprises two
major geographical regions:
In the north is the great plain-
which came to be known as
Hindustan -- after the Muslim
invasions
81. The Term India
Refer to entire subcontinent:
Pakistan
India
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
82. Two great rivers
The Indus and the Ganges
Have their sources in the
Himalayas
India’s climate are governed
by northeast monsoon wind
of the winter
And the wet southwest
monsoon wind of the summer
85. Rainfall, size and
language
Most parts of India receive the
majority of rainfall during the
summer and autumn months
India comprises an area
comparable to Europe in size
and internal diversity
Language divided into: indo-
European in north
Dravidian in south
Each group embraces a number
of separate languages
86. The Indus
Civilization, C. 2500-
1500
Before 2500 B.C.E
A counterpart of the civilizations
that emerged along the Tigris
and Euphrates and the Nile
appeared along the Indus River
The area called Punjab “land of
five rivers
This Indus valley civilization
flourished until about 1700
B.C.E
87. Indus Civilization
and Cities
Mohenjo-Daro
Located north of Karachi in
present-day Pakistan
Largest Bronze Age cities of
the world
89. Archaeologists believe that
the Indus valley civilization
began declining around 1900
B.C.E
Around that time or perhaps a
few hundred years earlier
Iranian migrants moved into
the subcontinent
Their culture and language
gradually came to dominate
north of India
90. Religion and
similarity to
Mesopotamia
Migrants religion –Brahmans
Priests, seers)
Became foundation for much
of later cultural development
of entire subcontinent
Indus valley around 2500B.C.E
resembled Mesopotamia
nearly a thousand years later
91. In India:
Neolithic farmers lived in food –
producing villages situated on
hilly flanks of large river valleys
around 4000B.C.E
These settlements spread out
along the river valleys,
capitalizing on their abundant
water and fertile soil
farming villages grown into
large cities
92. Economy of Indus,
Mesopotamia,
Egypt
Based on irrigation farming
Indus Valley Civilization:
Wheat, barley-chief crops
The state collected these
grains as taxes and stored
them in huge granaries
Chickens were domesticated
as food source
Cotton was grown and used in
making textiles
93. Vedic Age,
1900_1000 B.C.E
Heated debate among
Historians: some historians
assert large wave of people called
Aryans invaded and conquered
north India, bringing their
culture with them
Other historians stress that
Indians already living in the
north adopted the culture of a
much smaller group of migrants
from the Iranian plateau
94. Religion and
culture:
In the 600s B.C.E
Radical minority of Brahmans
embraced ascetic and mystical
religious ideas and practices:
Early form of yoga, meaning
spiritual discipline and
involved meditation
95. Religion and
culture:
Mystics taught secret, mystical
understandings of human body,
breath, mind, and soul
Most important of these
understandings was the assertion
that the light of consciousness
within a person was nothing less
than undiluted energy of
Brahman, eternal, sacred
creative energy that is source of
all things
(equivalent to God in
monotheistic religion)
96. Religion and
culture:
The early Brahmans taught:
All things that exist –from the
most sublime ideas a person
could think –to crudest forms
of matter –came from
Brahman energy and
eventually returned to
Brahman, the only
permanent reality
97. Religion and
culture:
The Vedic Brahmans thought
that people live only once and
that fate of their soul is
determined in that one life
(General idea is found in all
three of the Western Abraham
religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam)
Vedic Aryans hoped to live up
in heavens with sky –gods
after their death
98. Religion and
culture:
Transmigration of soul
Brahmanas, based on
person’s deeds stayed with
him in the form of an unseen
power that act after a person’s
death
A deed or action was called
Karman or karma
99. Religion and
culture:
Later --Brahmana: express
idea that people can more
than once the accumulation of
their good works, their good
karma, supports them in
heaven when they die
But karma can be used up
keeping the soul in heaven
and the soul then dies again,
in heaven
100. Religion and
culture:
When a soul dies in heaven it
descends to earth,
reincarnated in another body
The new person lives and dies,
soul goes to heaven once again
If the earthly actions of this
latest lifetime have been good
Or conformed with dar-mah
or law
101. Religion and
culture:
Violating the dar-mah results
in sub-human forms of life as
After living a life as some kind
of animal, a soul
automatically moves up the
ladder of life forms toward an
eventual human incarnation
102. Religion and
culture:
The rebirth of the soul in a new
body is called Samsara
Good deeds, including Vedic
rituals only provide a temporary
spell in heaven between
incarnations
Bad deeds had far more
unpleasant concequences
But worse than either hell or
heaven was the prospect of
living and dying over and over
103. Religion and
culture:
To escape perpetual Samsara:
Achievement of moksha
Leads to escaping from Karma,
Samsara and from all the pain and
suffering encountered in countless
lives
According to the Upanishads, a
person can dissolve the soul back
into the holy oneness that is the its
ultimate source and end
Result the soul returned home –
free from journey through
samsara
104. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
Jainism
Most important duty of a person is
Ahimsa—to practice nonviolence
and to cause no harm or pain to
any being
Buddhism also adopted the idea of
Ahimsa
Special emphasis on idea, all
beings (including plants, insects,
and minerals) have souls (jiva) and
experience pain
To cause pain to any component –
leads to biggest source of the worst
possible Karma
105. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
When drinking water a person
must try as much as not to
destroy or cause pain to living
beings in the water
Some Jains gently sweep the
path before them with a
broom as they walk to avoid
stepping on living things
Tie cloths over mouths to
avoid inhaling any small
creatures in the air
106. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
Most significant figure in Jain
belief is: Mahavira (c. 559 –
c468B./C.E faith’s founder
Mahavira –means –great hero
He is called Jina (jee-nah,
victor, conqueror)
Followers are called Jainas
(those who follow the Jina
Hence the Western name
Jainism
107. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
According to Jain tradition
Mahavira was a Prince who at
the age of 30 renounced the
world –his home and family and
all property and status that went
with him
Over 12 years, Mahavira followed
teachings of earlier religious
teacher
He wondered naked from place
to place, lived on handouts,
engaged in meditation
108. The Jains, Defenders
of all beings
Observed celibacy
Nudity was a form of
asceticism because it exposed
the genital and invited the
painful ridicule
The practice of nudity was the
subject of debate among later
Jain ascetics and gradually
died out
109. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Buddhism arose in Northern
India
Spread outside India to all
Asia, continues to expand
around globe
Buddhism had some basic
similarities to Jainism, but
root ideas were profoundly
different
110. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Both religions derive from the
life and teachings of a great
man, both stress the
humanity of their teacher and
do not rely on gods or divine
rites to pursue the highest
goal of life
Both developed monastic
institutions in which celibate
men and women lived
111. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
The word Buddha means
someone who has awakened
from sleep
Buddhists see the Buddaha’s
Great Awakening (bodhi) as
the greatest discovery of
truth
The man who became the
Buddha was born Siddhartha
112. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
He was born a prince
According to tradition: the
Buddha was conceived when
his mother dreamed one night
that a white elephant
entered her right side
Later the baby was born from
the right side, right after
birth the baby stood up and
announced that this would
be his last life
113. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Seers predicted that Gautama
would become either a great
king or great sage who would
see four special sights of human
suffering :
A sick man, an old man
A dead man, an ascetic holy
man seeking to escape
suffering
Seers predicted: Siddhartha
would renounce world and
discover a way to relieve the
world’s suffering
114. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
The Siddhartha’s father tried
to prevent fulfillment of
prophecy by raising him in
luxuary and went to great
lengths to prevent the prince
from ever seeing the sick,
old, or dead
in the prince’s twenty –nine
year –all his father’s
protections proved vain
115. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
On three separate occasions the
prince happened to see a:
Sick man, an old man, dead
man
These sights shocked him and
he was troubled to learn, from
his chariot driver, that all people
must suffer sickness, old age,
and death
He also saw a wonderin ascetic
who was in quest of Moksha,
116. To his father’s great
disappointment, Gautama
decided to follow the ascetic’s
example, he renounced his
wealth and position, forsaking
his wife and child
Gautama studied meditation for
a year with tow different
teachers, eventually abandoning
both because their doctrines did
not satisfy him
The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
117. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Gautama almost died from
fasting and self –torture
And after 5 years, he
concluded that these ascetic
practices weakened the mind
and would not lead to end of
suffering
Gautama left his ascetic
companions, who ridiculed
him for his weakness
118. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Gautama took first bath in
five years
Then sat down under banyan
or Indian fig tree )
Was given a meal by rich
woman who offered a special
meal once a year to the spirit
of that tree
119. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Gautama meditated all night
His mind examined the world
and it workings and he came
to understand more and more
Fundamental causes for all
that happens
Shortly before dawn, he
attained the key insights for
understanding the root of
suffering and its elimination
120. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
According to legendary tradition
Gautama became fully
enlightened only when he over
came: Demon Mara(death) and
his daughters Greed, Lust, and
anger
Gautama’s triumph over these
daughters, who performed
sensual dances to entice him, set
stage for later development in
Buddhism that women’s
sexuality was something that
needed to be guarded against
121. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Gautama summarized the
truth-- Great Awakening:
Four noble truths expresses
the entire system of Buddhist
philosophy
The Four Noble Truths are
also called Middle Way
The way of life between
normal human sensation,
desire, and action
122. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Middle way:
On the other hand the life of
Harsh asceticism
Middle Way involves the
Moderate asceticism of
renunciation, celibacy
Less rigorous that Jains
asceticism (Indian Religion)
123. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Four Noble Truths:
Suffering dominates our
experience
The cause of suffering is
desire or craving
It is possible to extinguish
suffering by extinguishing its
cause, thereby attaining
NIRVANA
Noble Eightfold Path leads to
the extinction of desire –that is,
it leads to Nirvana
124. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
The Noble Eightfold Path Consists:
Right views –Acknowledge the Four
Noble Truths ---accept they are true
Right resolve –the decision to act
according to the Four Noble Truths
Right speech –Don’t lie, use speech
wisely, speak only when necessary,
right speech foster’s peace and
harmony
125. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Right Conduct or Action
:No killing, respect life and
property
Right livelihood or careers:
Choose careers that do not
inflict harm
126. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Right effort: following the Path
with all one’s heart by renouncing
the world and becoming a monk
or nun
Right mindfulness: a form of
meditation that produces wisdom,
wisdom undermine desire because
wise person no longer sees self as
particularly important
Right concentration: learn to
stay focus, meditate and be
aware of how thoughts can
affect behavior
127. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Buddhism claims that desire
is extinguished and nirvana
is attained when the seventh
and eight steps of the path
have been perfected
That is: when the person on
the Path realize that he or
she is just another person
among many and no more
important or valuable than
the other –
128. The Middle Way of
Gautama Buddha
Nirvana: Happy, friendly state
in which the Buddha lived for
45 years after his Awakening)
Not an altered state of
consciousness not paradise
or heaven
Idea of rebirth and Paradise
was later developed by
Chinese and Japanese, the
Buddha did not suggest these
concepts
129. Hinduism Buddhism
Not static and fixed in time
In the years 200 B.C.E to 300
C.E Hinduism formulated
synthesis: Hinduism is not
one single doctrine
Not static and fixed in time
Evolved during classical era
Buddhism split into two
distinct strands of
interpretation
130. Essential to
Hinduism
Cycle of birth, death, and
rebirth (Samsara)
Structured society by social
status and proper behavior
Beings may born as humans in
various (Jatis) or lesser
creatures depending on their
actions in previous life
131. Three Traditions of
worship and
theology
Vishnu, Shiva and Devi
Vishnu symbolize the aspect
of the Supreme Reality that
conserve and sustain the
universe. Although there are
variations in images and
pictures of Lord Vishnu, He is
generally symbolized by a
human body with four arms.
132. Three Traditions of
worship and
theology
The third deity of the Hindu
triad of great gods. Shiva is
called Destroyer (of evil), but
has also the aspect of
regeneration. As destroyer
he is dark and terrible,
appearing as a naked ascetic
accompanied by a train of
hideous demons, encircled
with serpents and necklaces
of skulls.
135. The Epics
The Mahabharata composed
between 300 BC and 300 AD)
has the honor of being the
longest epic in world
literature, 75,000 stanzas
Tells the tale of an all
compassing war between
rival sets of cousins, the
PANDVAS and KAURAVAS
Fighting for throne of
BHARATA KINGDOM
136. The Epics
Battle lasted for 18 days, is not
simply a struggle for an
earthly kingdom
Ultimately a cosmic struggle
between virtue and evil, a
battle to set the world right
Tale of heroism, vengeance
and sacrifice similar to Greek
epic Iliad
137. The Epics
Ramayana: Great Hindu
Epic , king Rama rescues his
wife Sita from demon Ravana
after lengthy struggle
Rama overjoyed to see Sita
But tormented by shame that
she touched by another male
Doubts on her virtue forces
him to repudiate her
138. The Epics
Ramayana: Sita devastated by
the rejection by her husband
She demands pyre to be built so
as to immolate
The ideas of devotion, sexual
purity and feminine honor are
not limited to classical India
They are common in many
traditional societies and
continue to influence gender
relations
139. Counting Time There are many ways to
understand a civilization:
political systems, buildings,
religions, arts and gender
relations
Another interesting way is time
examine its imaginings
Past societies have counted time
in diverse ways
Christians and Muslims trace
their histories from Adam
140. Counting Time
The belief in reincarnation
shared by Hindus,
Buddhists, and Jains, makes
Indian notions of times
radically different from those
of traditions in which
humans have only one lifetime
Indians traditions humans are
viewed has having
thousands of lifetime
141. Counting Time
What comes after death is
intimately linked to the
imagining of time
Hindu civilization is unique
among ancient world in the
way time is counted
Indians view time in terms
of counting in era called
MAHAYUGAS
142. Counting Time
Just as individuals die and
then are reborn, at the end of
each era, the world
dissolves and then
reemerges to begin a new era
Each era consists of one
complete cycle of four AGES:
Golden Age (1440, 000
human years, in which all
beings are good and all life is
comfortable
143. Counting Time
The Age of Trey (1080,000 human
years)
Evil appears along with some suffering
and difficulty in life,
Age of Deuce (720,000 human years
in which there is no more evil or pain
an suffering
Age of dissolution (360,000 human
years –in which evil, pain, and
distress predominate in human life
Before and after each age are twilight
periods of varying length that add
720,000 years to the length of whole
cycle
144. Meeting of East,
West
In the centuries immediately
preceding and following the
birth of Christ, the great
civilizations of the world –
Indian, Chinese, and
Roman –were connected by a
complex network of
commercial, intellectual,
and diplomatic exchanges
146. Greece: Minoan and
Mycenaean
Minoan first Aegean cultures
to reach a high degree of
sophistication or civilization
Named after legendary king of
Crete, Minos ,
From center of Crete, Minoan
civilization spread its
influence to surrounding
Aegean Islands, the coast of
Asia Minor, and to mainland
Greece itself
147. Crete
A narrow, 160-mile –long island,
Crete served as a stepping stone
for extensive trading contacts
with Europe, Asia, and Africa
Established by immigrants from
Asia Minor made prosperous by
economic and cultural contacts
with Mesopotamia, Egypt,
southern Africa
By 2000B.C.E a high level
sophistication achieved
148. Minoans
Prosperity: Based on large-scale
trading network ranged
throughout Mediterranean:
Sicily, Greece, Asia, Asia
Minor, and Syria to Africa and
probably to Great Britain
Minoans employed well-
constructed ships capable of
long voyages
Chief exports: Olive oil, wine,
metal ware and pottery
149. Archaeological
discovery
English archaeologist---Sir
Arthur Evans(1851-1941)
brought to light this impressive
civilization
Between 1900 and 1905 Evans
excavated the great palace in
Crete
Rising three stories high –brick
and limestone –
Maze of royal apartments,
storerooms, corridors, open
court-yard
150. Archaeological
discovery
Palace equipped with running
water, sanitation system
Walls painted with elaborate
frescoes
Painting portray Minoans as
happy, peaceful people with
enthusiasm for dancing,
festivals, and athletic contests
Women are shown enjoying
freedom and prominence
152. Archaeological
discovery and
women
Women were shown taking an
equal part in public festival –
even as athletes and
participants in religious
rituals
Their dresses are very
elaborate –bright patterns and
colors, pleats, and puffed
sleeves
153. Women
Hair is carefully curled and
arranged –certain indication
that Minoan women of high
standing had sufficient time
and wealth devote to elaborate
fashion
154. The Arts
Varied in themes: full of color
Motion
Humor
Art seems to be essential part of
everyday life
Intended to impart a religious or
political message
Principal deity was probably a
mother goddess, her importance
seems to reflect the prominence
women held in Minoan
155. The Mycenaeans
After 200 B.C.E., Indo-
European Greek tribes
invaded Greece from the
north either conquered or
absorbed earlier settlers
Ruled from palaces on
fortified hills in the south of
Greece
Absorbed much of the
Minoan culture through
trading contacts
156.
157. Contrast
Minoans/Mycenaea
ns
Mycenaeans seemed to have
more warlike people
Sailed seas as raiders or
traders
Their women adopted Minoan
fashions and added their own
cultural preferences in
cosmetics, dress, and jewelry
158. Women and society
Mycenaean women do not
appear to have enjoyed the
same prominence as the
Minoan women
Mycenaean society was highly
patriarchal –dominated by
power exercised by men
159. Fall of Mycenaean
New wave of Greek invaders,
aided by weapons made of
iron conquered the
Mycenaean strongholds
Some archaeologists suggest
that invasion of new peoples
caused less damage to
Mycenaean sites than did
revolts of lower classes against
their powerful and autocratic
overlords
160. Hellenic civilization:
Four centuries from around 1150
to 750 B.C.E,
Called: Greek Dark Ages
Marked by drastic
depopulation and
disappearance of major
components of Mycenaean
Civilization –centralize
bureaucratic administration,
wide –raging commerce, art
forms, monumental
architecture, and writing
161. Athenian Society
Despite democracy
Women fully incorporated
into the society
No voice in government
Women were not possess
property in their own name
Make legal contracts, testify in
the courts
Initiate divorce, complete
exclusion from public life
162. Hellenic Civilization: receives
name from Greek hero Hellen, a
mortal who is credited with
bringing the first humans to
inhabit Greece
Geography played important
role in shaping Greek history
Numerous mountain ranges
severely restricted internal
communication and led to the
development of fiercely
independent city states
163. Athenian Society
Wife’s function:
Manage home
Take came of children
Men did not marry until
about 30
Married girls half their age or
less
Younger girls could be more
easily molded to conform to
husbands preferences
164. Athenian Society
Marriages were arranged
through agreements between
families
Brides and bride-grooms seldom
met before their marriage
Families were small usually no
more than two children
Infanticide was practiced as
means of population control
The average life expectancy in
Athens was little more than 30
years
165. Athenian Society
and sex
Sexual activity outside of marriage
for men was acceptable in Athens
Prostitution was common
Prostitutes were normally resident
foreigners and therefore not
subject to social restrictions
imposed on Athenian women
Women were forbidden to speak
with men other than their
husbands
Forbidden to appear in public
except for funerals or specific
festivals
166. Homosexuality
Acceptable form of social
conduct for Athenian men
during certain periods of their
lives
Sexual relationship between a
mature man and young
adolescent boy was common
practice
The relationship was not viewed
as sexual, but educational –a rite
of initiation into adult society
167. Homosexuality
Male homosexuality that
continued into the years when
Athenians were expected to
marry and produce children
were not allowed
Such relationship was
regarded as unnatural
government issued strong
legal prohibitions against
them
168. Athenian slaves
In fifth –century scholars
estimate that one out of every
four persons was a slave
Some were captives others were
children of slaves
Most came from outside of
Greece
No large collection of slaves
were used on agricultural estates
small landowners might own
one or more slaves who work in
the field with their masters
169. Sparta to 500 B.C.E
Early history of Sparta seems
very similar to that of most
Greek poleis
Sparta moved from a powerful
monarchy to oligarchy when
the nobles installed five
annually elected aristocrats
magistrates called (overseers)
170. Newborn children in
Sparta
Spartan officials examined all
newborn children, any found
sickly or deformed were
abandoned
At age seven boys were taken
from families placed in charge
of state educators, boys were
taught to bear hardship,
endure discipline, and devote
life to state
171. Newborn children in
Sparta
At 20 young men enrolled in
army and continued to live in
barracks
He was allowed to marry but by
law was commanded to live in
barracks
He could only steal out to visit
wife at nights
After thirty he could live at
home but continued to take
meals with men at age 60 he was
released from army and to live at
home
172. Newborn children in
Sparta
This lifelong pattern of
discipline produced some of
the most formidable soldiers
in human history
And inspired Spartan citizens
with the sense of purpose,
obedience, and respect for
Spartan law
173. Spartan girls
Also received state training in
order to become healthy
mothers of warrior sons
Primary service: to give birth
to male babies, and were
instructed to strengthen their
bodies for childbirth
To strengthen bodies:
running, wrestling, throwing
discus, and javelin
174. Spartan girls
Their characters were to be as strong
and resolute as those of their
husbands
As their husbands marched of to war,
Spartan women gave a firm farewell:
“come back with your shield –or on it”
Spartan marriages were arranged
by parents they were given complete
control over children until boy
reached 7 many Spartan women
owned property –manage family
estates –while husbands busied
themselves with constant readiness for
war
175. Although many
Greeks admired…
The Spartan culture, many
frowned
Typically Spartans were
unsophisticated, uncultured
fighting machine
Trade and travel were
prohibited- due to fear of
losing their culture
Spartans feared
contamination of democracy
176. Greek Religion
Early Greek religion, like
almost all religious expression
of early civilizations,
abounded in gods and
goddesses who personified
the forces of nature
ZEUS---sky-god wielder of
thunderbolts, ruled from
Mount Olympus with the aid
lesser deities, many of whom
were his children
177. Greek Religion
The gods and goddesses act
like humans
Expressing: evil deeds,
favoritism, jealousy,
Zeus’s wife (HERA) often set
up plots for him, HE asserted
his authority through of
violence
Hades, place of dead –
subterranean land of dust and
darkness
178. Greek Religion
Human nature composed of
two distinct and opposing
elements: the evil element of
the body ---
Divine element (soul)
Death frees the divine soul
from evil body –and
therefore welcomed
179. Greek philosophy
Love of (Wisdom) - philosophy
arose from their curiously about
nature
Earliest Greek philosophers –
called physikoi(physicists)
Reason: main interest
investigation of the real physical
world
Socrates influence: not natural
science but ethics: how people
are to act in light of moral
principles
180. Thales
Changed course of human
knowledge by insisting that the
phenomena of universe could be
explained by natural rather
than supernatural causes
This rejection of mythological
explanations led the Greeks to
emphasize the use of human
reason to explain the world
around them
181. Sophists
Meaning: intellectuals---they taught: methods
of persuasion and successful argumentation
The Sophists or intellectuals put all
conventional beliefs to the test of rational
criticism and subjective human beliefs,
customs
Some S0phists argue: That truth is relative-
having no firm no fixed universal standards
to guide human actions
182. The contribution of
Socrates
Asking meaningful questions
and subjecting answers to
logical analysis
Agreement could be reached
about ethical standards and
humane rule of conduct
Socrates was accused of
undermining the institutions
and values of city-state
Constant questioning of socially
accepted customs, dislike of
democracy, he was viewed as
subversive
183. Socrates
He was accused of corrupting
the youth
Found guilty and was
condemned to death
He was given chance to escape
his fate, he refused to do so
Choosing instead to observe
his counties’ laws, but
retaining the to question and
analyze them
184. Plato and His theory
Socrates famous student
Like Socrates, Plato believed
that truths but only
Universal truths: beauty,
goodness, and justice
185. Hippocrates
Father of Medicine
Established school based on
the value of observation
Firmly convinced that disease
was caused by natural causes
and not by supernatural
powers or causes
all doctors still take the
Hippocratic oath currently
186. Greek Poetry, and
drama
Two great epics:
Iliad
Odyssey
Attributed to Homer
Iliad describes: clash of arms
between the Greeks and
Trojans, glorifies heroic
bravery and physical strength
187. Greek Poetry, and
drama
Odyssey, adventures and
wonderings of Odysseus on
his return to Greece after
Troy’s fall –
Places less stress on divine
intervention
189. Video presentations dealing
with Ancient GREECE:
The Mystery (1999) of the
Minoans
Atlantis –in search of a lost
continent
Chapter 4
190. Roman Civilization
One of the most fascinating empire in
human history
Originated from along Tiber River
Rome dominated the landscape of the
world
For nearly 500 years
Estimates of Rome’s peak population
1st and 2nd century
450,000 to over 3.5 million people
This means Rome was the largest city
in the then known world
Rome was the heartbeat of the then
known world
191. Rome and Wealth
When one traveled to the Roman
Forum: you could buy goods from
any place in the world
The forum was the market place
for ships from all over the world
You could buy
Any kind of clothing by the
finest designers
All cultures of the world could
be found in Rome
Rome famous for statues carved
in marbles
192. Augustus Caesar
First Emperor of Rome quoted as saying, “
I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a
city of marble
Even today, Rome is still a fascination
Modern visitors are still amazed
concerning magnificent architecture
concerning ancient ruins
Rome was famous for building its
aqueduct
These carry water through out Roman
Empire
193. Rome moved from oligarchy to
democracy
Roman kings: imperium,
Stand for: Imperialism and
empire
Imperium was officially
conferred on the king by popular
assembly consisted of male
citizens
The king was expected to receive
advice of council of nobles
called the Senate
Senators held positions for life
194. Rome’s origins
Legend held that Rome was
founded in 753 B.C.E
By Romulus and twin brother,
Remus
Sons of king’s daughter who
had raped by Mars, the god of
war
Romulus and Remus was
thrown into Tiber River by
wicked uncle who seized the
thrown
195. Romulus and Remus
Rescued and nurtured by she
–wolf
Fable to fact: modern
scholars believe that the eight
century b.c.e people in small
settlements on hills in the
Tiber Valley united and
established a common
meeting place, the Forum
196. Etruscans: under their
direction Rome became an
important city about 625
B.C.E
Rome development followed
similar political pattern of
Greece –city-states monarchy,
oligarchy, modified
democracy and finally,
permanent dictatorship of
the Roman emperors
197. Senators and their families
belonged to the patrician class,
the fathers of the state
Other class of Romans:
plebeians, or commoners,
farmers, artisans dependents,
of patrician landowners
In 509 B.C. E, the patricians,
with help of plebeian –
overthrew the Etruscan
monarchy established
aristocratic form of
government, known as Republic
198. The Republic and
the Roman
Conquest of Italy:
509-133 B.C.E
History of Roman Republic:
Divided into two parts:509 to
133 B.C.E two themes are
dominant: a change from
aristocracy to a more
Democratic constitution,
gradual extension of political
and social equality to the
plebeian lower class
Expansion of Roman military
and political control first in Italy
and then throughout
Mediterranean region
199. Establishing the
Republic
509 bce patricians forced out
last Etruscan King (despot)
Patricians replaced
monarchy with Aristocracy
called republic or
commonwealth
Imperium previously wielded
by one king was now shared
by two new magistrates,
called consuls
200. This assemble was presided over
by plebeian leaders called
tribunes and could pass
plebiscites or decrees binding
only on plebeian community
Tribunes were given sacred
status by plebeians with aim to
protect form patrician abuses
Tribunes assumed right to stop
unjust or oppressive acts of
patrician consuls by stating
veto(
201. Establishing the
Republic
Consuls were elected annually
from the patrician class, the
consuls exercised power in the
interest of that class
In event of war or serious
domestic problems:
extraordinary magistrate
called a dictator was
substituted for two consuls
this official was given absolute
power for only six months
202. Conflict of orders
For more than two centuries
following establishment of
Republic: plebeians struggled for
political and social equality
Outright civil was avoided by
gradual willingness of Patricians
to accept the demands of
plebeians
Patrician acceptance was often
reluctant and gradually slow
203. Plebeians success in
equal rights struggle
Due to their the privilege
granted to organize themselves
as a corporate body capable of
collective action
Permission or privilege was
granted by the Senate early in
fifth century
Plebeians threatened t leave
Rome and establish their own
state a sort of state within a
state known as concilium
plebis a gathering of
plebeians
204. Pax Romana
Pax Romana is Latin for
"Roman Peace." Lasted 27 B.C
under Augustus’s reign until
A.D. 180
Pax Romana was a period of
relative peace and cultural
achievement in the Roman
Empire, especially in the area
of building
205. Roman Society
Top of Roman social order
Senatorial families
Lived as absentee owners of large
estates
Women subjects of husband and
fathers
Almost no legal could not
represent self in courts
Could not initiate divorce unless
husband convicted of sorcery or
murder
Wives of emperors deemed ideal
women
206. Christianity and
Rome
Christianity developed in
obscure part of Rome
Christians persecuted in
Roman Empire
Became dominant in the
Roman Empire
Some ascribed Christianity is
main cause for Rome’s demise
207. The Life and
Teaching of Jesus
According to the four Gospels:
Jesus was born in Bethlehem
during Herod’s reign
Spent five years of his adult life
as a carpenter
Jesus taught people love urged
people to turn from sin
Jesus performs miracles:
Cast out demons, healing sick
raising the dead
Walking on water
208.
209. From village to
Village
Jesus and 12 apostles traveled
from village to village
Went to observe feast of pass in
Jerusalem large crowd followed
him
Greeted his as messiah
Opponents, Pharisees:
Jesus distort Jewish religious law
treason for saying he is the king
of the Jews
210. The Spread of
Christianity
After Christ death and
Resurrection
Christ comforted his disciples
Christianity first made rapid
head-way:
Damascus
Antioch
Corinth
Rome
211. The Apostle Paul
Played instrumental role in
spreading Christianity
Because of powerful influence
he has been called second
founder of Christianity
First named Saul then change to
Paul
Paul was of Jewish ancestry but
Roman citizen by birth
Raised in urban center of Tarsus,
city in Asia Minor
212. The Apostle Paul
Strict Pharisee considered
Christians as traitors to sacred
law
Actively persecuted Christians
About 33 C.E while traveling
to Damascus to persecute
Christians
Saul experienced conversion
to beliefs he opposed
213. The Apostle Paul
After conversion name
changed from Saul to Paul
Greatest opponent of
Christianity
To greatest early Christian
Missionaries
Paul taught that Jesus was the
Christ
The son of God and died to
atone for sins of all people
214. The Apostle Paul
Paul covered 8000 miles
teaching and preaching
Paul was put to death in Rome
about 65 C.E
By the death of Paul
Christianity entrenched in
cities in Rome and in the East
Paul provided vital assistance
to church through his
teachings
215. Causes for spread of
Christianity
Common to all mythological
religions
Notions of divine savior and
promise of everlasting life
Cult followers found many
Christian beliefs/practices
similar to their own
Divine savior and promise of
everlasting life
Christianity offered more appeal
than mythical religions
216. Causes for spread of
Christianity
Founder not creation of myth
Like gods and goddesses of
mystery cults
Shared with Jews concept of
single omnipotent God
God of Hebrew Scriptures now
God of all humanity
Dynamic, aggressive faith
Upheld spiritual equality of all
people
rich, poor, slave, freeborn, male,
female
217. Causes for spread of
Christianity
Women were among Jesus'
followers
Women played active role in
the church
Christianity offered
immortality and happiness in
heaven for those who accept
Christ
Converts bound together by
faith and hope
218. Causes for spread of
Christianity
Christians took seriously
obligation of caring for:
Orphans
Widows
Other needs among
community of believers
Christians expressed courage
facing death impressed even
their bitterest enemies
219. Persecution of
Christians
Romans tolerated religions
that did not threaten safety
and stability of empire
Christianity was perceived as
subversive danger to society
and state
Christians refused to offer
sacrifice to state cults on
behalf of the emperor
220. Persecution of
Christians
Offering sacrificing to state
cults was considered essential
patriotic rite uniting all
Romans to government
Christians contends for only
one God and reject other gods
In the eyes of many Roman
officials this attitude branded
them traitors
221. Persecution of
Christians
To the Romans, the Christians
were a secret anti-social group
Forming a state within a state
One pagan writer advocated
that Christians wall
themselves off from rest of
society
Many Christians were pacifists
who refused to serve in the
army
222. Persecution of
Christians
Christians denied legitimacy
of other religious sects
Refused to associate with
pagans or take part in social
functions that they considered
sinful
During first two centuries
after Jesus' crucifixion
Persecution of was sporadic
and local –at Rome under
Nero
223. Persecution of
Christians
During late third and fourth
centuries when empire was
in dander of collapse
Three organized efforts were
launched to suppress
Christianity throughout
empire
Christians made up one-tenth
of population
224. Persecution of
Christians
Persecution instigated by
Diocletian from 303-311
Death penalty imposed on those
who refused to sacrifice to
Roman gods
Defiance of Christian martyrs
welcome death for their faith
This defiance had persuasive
effect on many observers
The blood of the martyrs is the
seed of the church- Became
Christian slogan
226. Church organization Earliest Christians saw no need
to build complex religious
bureaucracy
However, has time passed
A Church organization emerged
Steady growth of church led to
special fulltime church officials
Devote all their time to religious
work
227. Church organization
Clarifying the body of
Christian doctrine
Conducting services,
Collecting money for
charitable purposes
Earliest officials were called
presbyters (Elders) Bishops
Deacons (servers)
228. Church organization
Priests were responsible to a
bishop
Diocese, territorial
administrative division under
leadership of bishop
Bishops were regarded to be
direct successors of apostles
229. Church organization
A number of dioceses made
up province
Bishops of most important
city in each province enjoyed
greater prestige
And was known as archbishop
Provinces were grouped into
larger administration called
patriarchates
230. Christian, worship,
Doctrine
Church controversy
Priest Arius from Alexandria
Taught that Christ was not fully
God
Christ created being and not
coeternal with his creator
Emperor Constantine resolved
problem
Council of Nicaea in 325
Council found Arian position to be
a heresy
Trinity sanctioned at Nicene Creed
231. In 311 Emperor Galerious
issued edict
Making Christianity legal
religion
Two years later, Constantine
granted freedom
To worship throughout empire
Emperor Theodosius I (779-
395)
Made Christianity the official
religion of Emperor
Acceptance of
Christianity
232. Roman Legacy
The spread of the Twelve
Tables served as the basis for
the Roman legal code was
replaced by the Theodosian
Code of the fifth century ce.
The Theodosian provide the
basis for all other legal
systems that evolved in
Western Europe, the bedrock
of what is now known as the
civil law.
233. Constantine Motive
Why Constantine granted of
worship to Christians:
Debatable
His Christian biographers assert
Night before decisive battle at
Milvian Bridge
Constantine saw cross in sky with
words
By this, conquer written on the
cross
The next day Constantine led his
troops to victory
Raising the cross as a symbol
234. Roman Engineering
and Architecture Marble buildings
Paved roads
Bridges
Best known Roman highway
Was the Appian Way
Running from Rome to Bay to
Naples
239. Rome
Rose from unsophisticated
Villages along banks of Tiber
Mighty world power
Western Europe
Mediterranean region
Near East
240. Rome
Excelled in political theory
Governmental administration
Jurisprudence
The spread of Christianity in
West
241. Ben Hur (1959)
Spartacus
Roman City (2004; PBS)
Cleopatra: The First
Woman of Power (2000)
History Chanel
Gladiator (2000)
Rome: The Power And
the Glory (2001)
From Jesus to Christ:
The First Christians PBS
HOME video
242. Muhammad and
birth of Islam
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
generally known as Saudi
Arabia
It is the largest Arab country
and the largest country in the
Middle East It
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
founded by Abdul-Azizbi Saud
Before Islam only nomadic
tribal societies existed
Mecca
Medina
243. The Prophet of Islam Muhammad
was born in Mecca 570 C.E Early
7th century
Muhammad united Arab tribes
and created a religious community
called Islam
Absolute submission to Allah.
244. Qur’an
Sacred Writings of Islam
reveled by God to Prophet
Muhammad
Early Islamic sources indicate
text achieved final written
form
Uthman third of
Muhammad’s successors
The Qur’an is believed to be
direct word of God
245. Qur’an
Muslims believed the Quran is
infallible
The book has been
reorganized over different
times
The numbering of the Quran
was numbered in the century
Modern editions of Quran
would likely appear odd to
early Muslims
246. Qur’an
The book is organized into 114
SURAS or Chapters
Each Suras bears a title and
number
Central theme of Qur’an: The
majesty, unyielding will, and
perfect unity of God
The Qur’an describes God
omnipresent
God has the final say
Only God will judge the world
247. Qur’an
For those who disbelieve will come
a fearsome punishment, for those
who believe and do good will come
forgiveness and reward (sura 35:7
God is Lord of creation was present
in the beginning and at the end
Bible the same –God is Lord of
Creation
Bible: I am the Alpha and the
Omega, the First and the Last, the
Beginning and the End. Rev. 22:13
248. Qur’an
Last divine message and most
perfect of all other divine
messages
God has sent series of prophets
before Muhammad
Abraham, Moses, and Jesus
The Qur’an lavishes praise on
Jesus but clearly rejects his
divinity
Muhammad held to have
completed Abraham’s mission
Muhammad represents the
fullest expression of prophecy
249. Five Pillars of Islam
The Testimony of Faith
Pray five times a day:
Dawn
Noon
Mid-afternoon
Sunset
After sunset
250. Five Pillars of Islam
Giving Zakat (Support of the
Needy):
Fasting the Month of
Ramadan: all Muslims fast from
dawn until sundown, abstaining
from food, drink, and sexual
relations
The Pilgrimage to Makkah:
The annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to
Makkah is an obligation once in
a lifetime for those who are
physically and financially able to
perform it.
251. Woman and Qur’an
Regardless of back-ground and
gender, will be judged first by
their faith and pious conduct
Adultery by men and women are
punished equally
The Qur’an places women
ultimately under male authority
Bible the same
But provides them clearly
defined rights
252. Woman and Qur’an
Women are entitled to inherit
property and protection from
arbitrary divorce and abuses
from husbands
254. Dome of the Rock
from 7th cen, built
Temple Mount
Jerusalem
255. Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock Muslim
shrine.
Built over a sacred stone.
Stone is believed to be the place
from which the Prophet
Muhammad ascended into
heaven
The sacred rock was considered
holy before the arrival of Islam
Jews believe, the rock to be the
very place where Abraham
prepared to sacrifice Isaac
256. Dome of the Rock many
believe is site of the Holy of
Holies of both Solomon's
Temple and Herod's Temple
The Dome of the Rock was
built by Umayyad caliph Abd
al-Malik from 688 to 691 AD.
257. Islamic Film
Muhammad: Legacy of a
Prophet (2002)
Cairo: 1001 Years of Islamic Art
and Architecture (2000;)
Kingdom of Heaven
258.
259. Africa a land of
great diversity
Three impressive things about
Africa:
Second largest continent
A bountiful land
A land of great beauty
Africa’s historic name:
From ancient Egyptian word
Afrui-ka (100 Amazing Facts
About the Negro)
260. AFRICAN
GEOGRAPHY
African Landmass covers 20% of
planet earth
Continent of contrasts modern
cities and sparsely Settled deserts
Snow-capped mountains
Hot and humid jungles
Cool climate of on coasts
Giant Watutsi people 7 feet 6
inches
Pint –sized pygmies 4.5 feet in
height
Population more than one billion
261. AFRICAN
GEOGRAPHY
Africa’s tallest mountain
Kilimanjaro
Snow-capped
Kilimanjaro, 20,340 feet
generally called Roof of
Africa.
It has 140 species of animals,
179 species of birds,
262.
263. African family
culture
The importance of family in
Africa
Great emphasis on following:
Net work of wives and
relatives
Grandparents, aunts, uncles
and cousins
Family relations based on
matrilineal and patrilineal
264. African family
culture
Patrilineal based on or tracing
descent through the male line
Matrilineal based on or tracing
descent through the female line
Patrilineal when woman
marries she becomes part of
husband’s kin
15 % Matrilineal
Many matrilineal families found
in forest areas
265. Marriage decisions
Marriage not solely private
matter between bride and
groom
Strict rules stipulated which
person could marry into clan
Marriage was accompanied by
exchange of bride wealth
Husband payment:
Money, goods, services, or
cattle to wife’s family
266. Marriage
Bridewealth gave husband
certain rights
To establish homestead with his
wife
To use his wife’s labor in his
house and fields
Bridewealth cemented social ties
between husband and wife’s
family
If wife cannot bear children
bridewealth had to be returned
Polygamy is also practiced
267. Importance of
polygamy
Was seen as necessity because
of high infant mortality
Need for more man in farming
Desire to express status and
wealth
268. Lineages and clans could be
used to
Mobilize people for self-defense
To allocate rights to land
To raise bridewealth and
perform religious rituals
In times of drought, larger
kinship networks
served as insurance for
widespread food distribution
269. Lineage and clan
Also provided for
Political units ranging from
Basic to the largest kingdoms
Many African societies were
formed
Without chiefs, rulers, or
centralized political institutions
These operated on at village
level
Known as stateless societies
270. Africa and religion
Religion permeated
experiences of Africans
Integral part of social and
political life
Religious beliefs and
institution
Varied from society to society
271. Africa and religion
African religious systems were
polytheistic
Most had a belief in a high
god
Who created the universe and
life forms
But god was usually remote
and rarely concerned about
everyday affairs of people
272. Africa and religion
Therefore, Africans were more
directly engaged with lesser
divinities
Such as nature and ancestral
spirits
That maintained active interest
in affairs of the living
And could intercede for humans
with the high god
Igbo proverb put it:
“God is a rich man. You
approach him through him
through his servants.”
273. Misfortune
Explanation of misfortune
High god or ancestors were
unhappy with humans
People sought goodwill of the
ancestors or lesser gods
Through prayer and making
of ritual offerings and
sacrifices to shrines
274. Misfortune
Africans also attributed
misfortune to
Tricksters and witches who
wielded evil powers
And inflicted suffering on
people
Those afflicted by witchcraft
appealed to diviners
Women enhanced their status
and prestige
By serving as priestesses,
healers, rainmakers, and spirit
mediums
275. Religion
Complex religious systems
With elaborate priesthoods and
cults
Yorubo priesthood featured four
levels of spiritual beings:
Supreme being , Oludumare,
served by subordinate gods
Subordinate gods were worshiped
by diviners at temples
Diviners interpret will of
subordinate gods
Prescribed rituals for appeasing
them
277. Religion
The third level of spirits was
the ancestors
Known as Shango
Fourth level nature spirits
Found in the earth,
mountains, and rivers, trees
278. African Art
Africans are skilled in varied
artwork
Rock
Wood
Ivory
Clay metals
Bronze
Gold
Jewelry
tattoos
280. Peopling of Africa
During stone Age
Small bands of hunters
Hunting wild animals
Gathering wild plants
Hunters armed with
Bows and arrows with
Stone barbs treated with poisons
Men hunt, women responsible
for gathering
Wild fruits, nuts, melons…….
281. Ethiopia
Ethiopia is one of the oldest
continuous civilizations in the
world
Ethiopia is also one of the oldest
Christian nations in the world.
Ezana first Christian King of
Ethiopia
He made Christianity the state
religion of Axum,
Making Axum the first
Christian state in the history of
the world
283. Swahili civilization
Swahili Civilization
By 1500 c.e Africans had
successfully created diverse
Range of communities and
states
Agriculture
Herding
Ironworking
Long history of
Christianity
Early Transcendental
Spiritual Concepts
284. The Newest Stage of
world History
1914-Present Maps help to tell biggest
stories of the 20th cent
Western empires imploded
end of 2oth
Ottoman empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russian empires
New nations arose during 20th
cent more than any other span
in history
285. The Newest Stage of
world History
These massive boundary changes
were related to other upheavals
Typical system in 1914 either
monarchy or empire
By early 21st almost every country
had different system of government
1914 government system dominated
by landed aristocracy
Beginning of the 21st century
aristocracy displaced by
revolution or rise of industry
288. Major Concepts to
learn
Termination of global empires
through decolonization
Major change extending from
1920s through 1970s
1914 onward saw new global
wars and conflict
Including tensions associated
with terrorism
289. Triggers for change
World War I decreased European
dominance
worldwide economic depression
World War II
World War I and II
Predominantly European Civil wars
Caused massive economic,
demographic and political vitality loss
It was impossible for Europe to cling to
overseas empires
Growing strength and effectiveness of
anticolonial nationalism
290. British Empire
Term --The sun never sets on
the British Empire
Used to describe largest
empire in the world
Consistent daylight on its vast
territory