2. outdoor planning
Outdoor spaces:
• Asmostday-to-day activities take place outside,it is
important to treat the external spacesjustascarefully as
the indoors.
• Adjacent buildings, pavements,roads heat up quickly and
causea glare onto thebuilding during theday and
at night, they radiate the heat stored during the day.
• One way to avoid thisisto place walls protecting external
spaces,to keep out dustand winds.
• Also,landscaping like trees, plants and water in enclosed
spaceswill cool the air by evaporation.
• Butthe best solution iscourtyards. Inthesea pool of night
air isretained, asthisisheavier thansurrounding warm air
• Asmallcourtyard isexcellent asa thermal regulator.
Courtyard design with evaporative cooling
3. settlement planning
• Topography,to enhancethe efficiency of passive
means
• Orientation, to reducethe sunexposurein
summer.
• Air movement,to provide ample ventilation in
summerand protect from windsin winter.
•
Form,to design compactsettlementsfor mutual
protection
• Hazards,to avoid dangerous sites
Typical settlement for hot-dry regions
4. OVERVIEW O F DESIGN PRINCIPLES..
• Courtyard or Patio
• White Colored walls (“cool” coloursreduce heat reflection )
• Arrangement of the housesin isvery closely packed to each other.
• Vegetation (reducesthe temperature, filter’s the dust in
• and around the house,elevates the humidity level mayreduceaswell as
increasethe wind speed)
• small openings
• double roof or white single roof
• thick walls
• big basin to collect rainwater
• louvered windows
• pergolas
• a water body
5. HOT& DRYCLIMATE
Themainpoints:
• Orientation and placement,to minimizesunexposurein summer.
• Form,compactto reducesurface areas of heat gain.
• Shade,for maximumsunprotection insummer.
• Allow adequate heat gain inwinter by movable shading devices.
• Ventilation, for regulation of air movement.
Sunorientation
• westorientation isthe worst
• Thelarger building dimensionshouldface north and south
6. Wind
orientation
• Main walls and windowsshouldface the wind
direction in order to allow maximumcross-ventilation
of the rooms.
• Toreduce the effect of hot dusty winds, the leeward
side of thehouseis better.
Room arrangement
• 1. Bedrooms-on the east side.
• 2. Living rooms-on the north or south
side.
7. Building
material
• Sun-dried earth bricksoneof the poorest conductors
of heat.
• Traditionally constructedwith thick walls and roofs
and with very small openings
walls
• Walls of daytime living areas shouldbe made of heat-
storing materials.
• Eastand westwalls shouldpreferably be shaded.
• Double walls with insulationin between are a suitable
solution.
8. Opening and
windows
• Openingsand windowsare necessaryfor natural
lighting and ventilation.
• More windowsshouldbe provided in the north
facade of the building ascompared to the east,
westand southasit receiveslesserradiation
throughoutthe year.
• Windows should be shaded either by shading devices, roof
overhangsor by deciduous trees.
• The size of the windows on the west and east sides should
be minimized in order to reduce heat gains into the house
in the early morningand late afternoon.
9. Roof
• The flat roof is a good reflector and re-radiates
heat efficiently, especially if it consists of a solid,
white painted material.
• High solid parapet walls along theedge of theroof
canontheonehandprovide daytime shadeand
privacy.
Natural ventilation
• Theprinciple involved isto catchanunobstructedbreeze at
a highlevel and channelit to areas in the bottom parts of
the building.
10. Passive
cooling
• Cooling canbe achieved by the evaporation of
water.
Courtyard
• Thecourtyard isprovided with water and plants,it actsas
a cooling source.
• Internal courtyards provides crossventilation & natural
cooling.
• Mostopeningsare to the internal courtyard rather than
exterior surface.
11. Stack
effect
• Outlets at higher levels serveto venthotair. Ventilators are preferred at higher levels asthey help in
throwing outthehot air.
12. Other f e a t u r e s
• Colorsthat absorb lessheat shouldbe usedto paint the external surface.
• Darker shadesshouldbe avoided for surfacesexposed to direct solar radiation.
• Thesurface of theroof canbe of white broken glazed tiles.
• Duringthe day-time openingsshould be closedand shaded.
• Decreasingthe surface of the building exposed to the outside.
• Usingmaterials that take a longer time to heat up.-Providing buffer spaces(lobbies, etc.) between
theliving areas and the outside.
14. What does culture mean?
“the whole way of life, material, intellectual, and
spiritual, of a given society.”
“the complex of distinctive attainments, beliefs,
traditions [which establish] the background of
[a] racial, religious, or social group.”
“Culture embraces complex ways of living,
value systems, traditions, beliefs and habits;
including knowledge, morals, law and customs,
acquired by those within that Society. These
provide for a set of ‘cultural objects’, which
symbolise a shared schematic experience, and
which we recognise as having cultural
value.”(Report, 2011)
15. Culture and architecture
The relationship between culture and architect
“The culture of each society is identified through its manifestations such as language, art, and
architecture, and analysis in the field of culture is related to the study of cultural manifestations
(Ettehad et al., 2014).”
“Architecture as a matter of human life reflects the culture in every society interacting closely with
structural, historical, political, economic and social features of society.
16. Culture and architecture
The relationship between culture and architect
People in every country try to follow their norms and maintain their values in making of architecture by
applying the material things. Changing the cultural and social attitudes in communities has the
greatest impact on the architecture. Therefore, the role of culture in promoting architectural identity
seems essential (Ettehad et al., 2014).”
“Architecture is the portray of a nation’s culture integrated with all aspects of human life and has a
profound impact on it. Architecture is the results of the culture of the society” (Parvizi, 2009)
18. Water Bodies
The water body near a temple is one common things in most of south Indian Temples. A pond or lake is the
most common thing. Temples or any religious place was always built near a River, Lake, Pond. The reason for
this was before entering the holy place, the devotees would wash their hands and legs before entering the
Temple. Basically, water bodies were needed so as to suffice the needs of water facilities of the temple staff
and the devotes on the days of festivities when large number of people would gather. Also, during good olden
days and even today the religious places act as community centre. Also, water holds a holistic healing
importance as it affects and soothes our mind and body immensely.
20. Pitched Roofs With Verandahs
Pitched roofs covered with Mangalore tiles of red baked clay are a
common thing in Indian Villages and towns. They are easily available
and are climate responsive and their execution in design has been done
from traditional times as a result they are very popular. This type of
roof, clubbed with a verandah is a traditional warm and welcoming
culture of India. A verandah is an intermediate space that opens the
home to outside world. Even religious places like temples shared similar
concepts. This philosophy aligns with Hindu philosophy of being
hospitable to guests. It comes from a Sanskrit saying “Atithi Devo
Bhava” which means “Guests are like Gods” and is widely practiced
even today.
21. Jharokha Style Balcony
It is a form of balcony, known as a jharokha, highly used
in the ancient architecture of Rajasthan. It was also used
in Indo-Islamic architecture of Rajasthan. Traditionally
Jharokas were used in palaces by ladies of court to keep
an eye on the day proceedings without themselves
being seen. This type of balcony has found many
current adaptations across India in various materials like
wood, marble, brick and concrete.
22. Jallis
According to Quran, light was one of the first
creations. Light is the representation of the
divinity of God, so natural light is an integral
important design element in Islamic architecture.
This element controls the amount of sunlight that
enters a space. Jaalis are functional, they not only
ventilate the space but also filter out sunlight. The
jaalis works on principle of contraction of hot air
while passing through the small holes of the jaali,
which comes out in form of cool air. They create a
Venturi effect.
23. Geometrical Patterns
The second most common element of Islamic art after jaali
involves Geometric Patterns. The artists used geometric
patterns for two main reasons, the first reason was that it
provided an alternative to the prohibited depiction of living
creatures. Abstract geometrical forms were particularly
favoured in mosques because they encourage spiritual
contemplation. Thus, geometry became prime focus to the art
of the Muslim world allowing artist to be more creative and
imaginative. The reason for evolution of geometrical art was
sophistication and popularity of science of geometry in Muslim
World. This geometrical art has a link to famous concept of the
arabesque, which I defined as “ornamental work used for flat
surfaces consisting of interlacing geometrical patterns of
polygons, circles and interlocked lines and curves”.
