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Nervous System Overview
1.
The Nervous System Overview of
the Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Nervous Tissue and Transmission of Nerve Impulses Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System
2.
Overview of the Nervous System
3.
Nervous System Overview •
organization of the nervous system – two major divisions – the efferent nerves • nervous tissues – neuroglia – neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
4.
Organization of the
Nervous System • two major divisions – central nervous system (CNS) – peripheral nervous system (PNS) • sensory receptors • afferent (sensory) nerves • efferent (motor) nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
5.
Two Major Divisions ©
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
6.
Functional Anatomy of the Central
Nervous System
7.
The Brain • • • • • • cerebrum diencephalon brain stem cerebellum meninges blood-brain
barrier © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
8.
Cerebrum • cerebral cortex –
gyrus – sulcus – fissure • lobes – – – – frontal parietal occipital temporal • primary motor cortex • primary somatic sensory cortex © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
9.
Cerebrum © Goodheart-Willcox Co.,
Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
10.
Brain Stem and
Diencephalon Diencephalon • thalamus • hypothalamus • epithalamus Brain Stem • midbrain • pons • medulla oblongata © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
11.
The Brain • cerebellum •
blood-brain barrier • meninges – dura mater – arachnoid mater – pia mater © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
12.
Spinal Cord © Goodheart-Willcox
Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
13.
Review and Assessment True
or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
14.
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous
System
15.
Functional Anatomy of
the Peripheral Nervous System • • • • nerve structure cranial nerves spinal nerves and nerve plexuses autonomic nervous system © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
16.
Nerve Structure • endoneurium –
covers axons • perineurium – bundles fascicles • epineurium – wraps nerves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
17.
Cranial Nerves © Goodheart-Willcox
Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
18.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co.,
Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
19.
Spinal Nerves and
Nerve Plexuses • • • • • • 31 pairs dorsal root ventral root dorsal ramus ventral ramus plexuses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
20.
Autonomic Nervous System •
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons • sympathetic nerves – fight-or-flight action • parasympathetic nerves – resting or digesting action © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
21.
Review and Assessment Match
these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
22.
Nervous Tissue and Transmission of
Nerve Impulses
23.
The Efferent Nerves •
somatic nervous system – voluntary • autonomic nervous system – involuntary • Two Divisions – sympathetic – parasympathetic © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
24.
Nervous Tissues • neuroglia – – – – also
known as glial cells support the neurons protect the neurons continue to divide through adulthood- potential consequence is abnormal cell division (cancer) – 5 major types of glia cells • neurons – transmit nerve impulses – consist of a cell body and at least two processes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
25.
Neuroglia • central nervous
system – – – – astrocytes microglia ependymal oligodendrocytes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
26.
Neuroglia • peripheral nervous
system – Schwann cells – satellite cells © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
27.
Neurons • dendrites – send
information to cell body • cell bodies • axons – send information away from cell body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
28.
Neuron Types by
Function • sensory neurons – send impulses toward CNS • motor neurons – send impulses away from CNS • Interneurons – bridges between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
29.
Neuron Structures • bipolar –
one axon and one dendrite • unipolar – one axon © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • multipolar – one axon and many dendrites Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
30.
Review and Assessment Match
these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
31.
Transmission of Nerve
Impulses • action potentials – change in cell membrane charge • impulse transmission – charge change travels along axon • reflexes – involuntary response to stimulus © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
32.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co.,
Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
33.
Action Potentials • • • • polarized depolarized repolarized refractory period ©
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
34.
Impulse Transmission • saltatory
conduction • transmission at synapses – – – – gap junctions neurotransmitter excitatory effect inhibitory effect © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
35.
Reflexes • somatic – stimulate
skeletal muscles • autonomic – stimulate involuntary muscles © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
36.
Review and Assessment Fill
in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
37.
Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous
System
38.
Injuries to the
Brain and Spinal Cord • traumatic brain injury • cerebral palsy • spinal cord injury © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
39.
Traumatic Brain Injury •
violent impact to head – mild – moderate – severe © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
40.
Cerebral Palsy • damage
to brain – before birth – during birth – during infancy • motor function impairment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
41.
Spinal Cord Injuries • • • • C1–C3:
usually fatal C1–C4: quadriplegia C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities T1–L5: paraplegia Corepics/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
42.
Common Diseases and
Disorders of the CNS • • • • • meningitis multiple sclerosis epilepsy Parkinson’s disease dementia and Alzheimer’s disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
43.
Review and Assessment Match
these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use
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