carboxylic acid, classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties and its applications

2. “TOPIC OF PRESENTATION”:-
“CARBOXYLIC ACID”

3. “CONTENTS”
Introduction To Carboxylic Acids
Classification
Nomenclature
Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid
Physical Characteristics
Chemical Properties
Reaction involove H atom of Carbonyl Group
Reaction involove OH atom of Carbonyl Group
Reaction involving carboxyl group
Applications

4. “CARBOXYLIC ACID”
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that
contains a (-COOH).
(-COOH) itself made up of
Carbonyl Group
Hydroxyl Group
General Formula will be :-

5. “CLASSIFICATION”
It can be Alipatic Or Aromatic Acids.
It can be furthur classified as mono,di,tri or poly
carboxylic acid depending upon the number of
carboxyl groups

6. “NOMENCLATURE”
For IUPAC name,These acids derived from the
name of alkanes containing the same number of
carbon aton as th eacid.But the ending “-e” of the
alkane name is replaced with suffix “-ioc acid”.
Methane Methanoic Acid
Propane Propanoic Acid
For Common Name,it is named on the bases of
source from which it was isolated.
Butyric Acid Butyrum means butter
Formic Acid Formica means Ant

7. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”

8. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”
OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS:-
Primary alcohols and aldehyde are Oxidized to their
corresponding carboxylic acid.
Oxidizing agent like potassium dichromate is used.

9. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”
FROM ALKANENITRILE:-
Hydrolysis of alkanenitrile on boiling with mineral
acids or alkalis yeild corresponding carboxylic acid.

10. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”
FROM GRIGNARD REAGENTS:-
Carboxylic Acid can be prepared by the action of
grignard reagent with carbon dioxide.

11. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”
FROM HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS:-
Ester on boiling witg conc. Sodium hydroxide yeild
sodium salt of the acid.Salt when treated with dil.HCl
gives carboxylic acid.

12. “Preparation Of Carboxylic Acid”
BY OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OFALKENES:-
Alkenes when heated with KMnO4 are cleaved at
the double bond to form carboxylic acid.

13. “Physical Properties”:-

14. “Physical Properties”
Smell:-
First three aliphatic acids C1-C3 are
colourless and have pungent smell.The next three
acids are colourless and has unpleasent smell.
Solubility:-
Carboxylic acids are
soluble in organic solvents.They
are also soluble in water due to
hydrogen bonding.As, mass
increases, the solubility decreases.

15. “Physical Properties”
Boiling Point:-
Boiling point is higher due to H-
bonding.It increases as size increases.

16. “Physical Properties”
Melting Point:-
It increases with increases irregularly
with increase in molecular mass.Carboxylic acid with
even number have higher melting point than next
lower and higher member containing odd number of
carbon atoms.
Propanoic acid (-22°C )
Butanoic acid (-6°C)
Pentanoic acid (-36°C )

17. “Chemical Properties”:-
Reaction involove H atom of Carbonyl Group
Reaction involove OH atom of Carbonyl Group
Reaction involving carboxyl group

18. “Reaction involve H atom of Carbonyl Group”:-
Reaction with bases:-
RCOOH + NaOH → RCOONa+(aq) + H2O
Reaction with Carbonates and Bicarbonate:-
2RCOOH+Na2CO3 →2RCOONa(aq)+H2O+CO2(g)
RCOOH+NaHCO3 →RCOONa (aq)+H2O + CO2(g)
Reaction With Metals:-
2RCOOH+2Na →2RCOONa +H2

19. “Reaction involve -OH atom of Carbonyl Group”:-
Reaction with PCl5 and SOCl2 :-
CH3COOH+PCl5 → CH3COCl+POCl3+HCl
CH3COOH+SOCl2 → CH3COCl+SO2+HCl
Formation of Ester:-
When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence
of conc. H2SO4,ester is formed known as
esterification.

20. “Reaction involve -OH atom of Carbonyl Group”:-
Reaction with Ammonia:-
Carboxylic acid reacts with ammonia to form
ammonia salt which on heating results in formation of
Amide.
CH3COOH+NH3 → CH3COONH4
CH3COONH4 → CH3CONH2+H2O
Formation Of Acid Anhydride:-
Carboxylic acid is dehydrated in the presence of P2O5

21. “Reaction involve Carboxyl Group”:-
Partial Reduction Of Alcohols:-
Carboxylic acid reacts with LiAlH4 and reduced to
alcohols.
Complete Reduction To Alkanes:-
Carboxylic acid reacts with HI andred phosphorus
gives alkanes.
CH3COOH + 4[H] → CH3CH2OH+H2O

22. “APPLICATIONS”:-

23. “APPLICATION”:-
Carboxylic acids are also important in manufacture
of greases, crayons, and plastics.
Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacture of
soaps.
Organic acids are used in foods, cold drinks, etc. For
example, acetic acid is used as vinegar.
Organic acids are used for the preparation of many
drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc.
Acetic acid is used as coagulant in the manufacture
of rubber.
Acetic acid is also used in the manufacture of
various dye stuffs, perfumes and rayon.

24. “REFERENCES”:-
http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/carbox/carboxsy.htm
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/chemistry/organic-
chemistry-ii/carboxylic-acids-and-their-
derivatives/preparation-of-carboxylic-acids
http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/orgrxs/carbox/carboxsy.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Carboxylic
_Acids/Synthesis_of_Carboxylic_Acids/Preparation_of_carbo
xylic_acids
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/c
h19preparecarboxylic.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid#Carboxyl_ra
dical
http://www.preservearticles.com/201101022309/uses-of-
carboxylic-acids.html