1. 1
Chapter
13
Computer Hardware
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2. 2
Learning Objectives
Identifythe major types and uses of
microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe
computer systems.
Outline the major technologies and uses of
computer peripherals for input, output, and
storage.
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3. 3
Learning Objectives (continued)
Identifythe components and functions of a
computer system.
Identify the computer system and peripherals
you would acquire or recommend for a
business of your choice.
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4. 4
Section I
Computer Systems:
End User and Enterprise Computing
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5. 5
Types of Computer Systems
All computers are systems of input,
processing, output, storage, and control
components.
Three basic categories
Mainframe
Midrange computers
Microcomputers
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6. 6
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
Mainframe
Enterprisesystems
Superservers
Transaction processors
Supercomputers
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7. 7
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
Midrange
Network servers
Minicomputers
Web servers
Multi-user systems
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8. 8
Types of Computer Systems (continued)
Microcomputers
Personalcomputers
Network computers
Technical workstations
PDAs
Information appliances
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9. 9
Microcomputer Systems
The most important category of computers
Desktop
Laptop
Workstation computers
Network servers
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10. 10
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Selection criteria
Solid performance at a reasonable price
Operating system ready
Connectivity
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11. 11
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Network computers
Designed primarily for use with the Internet
and corporate intranets
For specialized or limited computing
applications
Lower cost of purchase, upgrades,
maintenance, and support
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12. 12
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Network computers (continued)
Other benefits
Ease of software distribution and licensing
Computing platform standardization
Reduced end user requirements
Improved manageability
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13. 13
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Information appliances
PDAs
Set-top boxes and video-game consoles
Wireless PDAs
Cellular and PCS phones
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14. 14
Microcomputer Systems (continued)
Computer terminals
Dumb terminals
Intelligent terminals
Network terminals
Transaction terminals
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15. 15
Midrange Computer Systems
Multi-user systems that can manage networks
of PCs and terminals
Less costly to buy, operate, and maintain than
mainframes
Popular as network servers
Minicomputers
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16. 16
Mainframe Computer Systems
Large, fast, powerful
Handle high transaction processing volumes
or complex computational problems
Superservers for large client/server networks
and high-volume Internet websites
Popular for data mining and warehousing
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17. 17
Mainframe Computer Systems (continued)
Supercomputers
Extremely powerful systems specifically
designed for scientific, engineering, and
business applications requiring extremely
high speeds for massive numeric
computations
Use parallel processing architectures
Process at speeds measured in gigaflops and
teraflops
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18. 18
The Computer System Concept
Computers are organized according to the
following system functions:
Input
Keyboards
Touch screens
Pens
Electronic mice
Optical scanners
Convert data into electronic form
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19. 19
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Processing
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Two subunits
Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
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20. 20
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Output
Video display units
Printers
Audio response units
Convert electronic information into
human-intelligible form
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21. 21
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Storage
Storedata and software instructions
May also include cache memory
Primary storage unit (hard drive)
Secondary storage
Magnetic disks
Optical disk drives
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22. 22
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Control
The registers and other circuits of the
control unit interpret software instructions
and transmit directions to the other
components of the computer system
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23. 23
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Computer processing speeds
Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Nanoseconds (billionths of a second)
Picoseconds (trillionths of a second)
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24. 24
The Computer System Concept (continued)
Clock speeds
Megahertz (MHz)
Millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz)
Billions of cycles per second
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25. 25
Section II
Computer Peripherals:
Input, Output, and Storage Technologies
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26. 26
Peripherals
Generic name given to all input, output, and
secondary storage devices
Depend on direct connections or
telecommunications links to the CPU
All peripherals are online devices
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27. 27
Input Technologies
Natural user interface
Enter data and commands directly into a
computer
Electronic mice and touch pads
Optical scanning, handwriting
recognition, voice recognition
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28. 28
Pointing Devices
Used for entering data and text
Work with your operating system’s graphical
user interface (GUI)
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29. 29
Pointing Devices (continued)
Electronic mouse
Trackball
Pointingstick
Touch pad
Touch screen
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30. 30
Pen-Based Computing
Used in many hand-held computers and PDAs
Digitizer pen
Graphics tablet
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31. 31
Speech Recognition Systems
Digitize,analyze, and classify your speech and
its sound patterns
Allow operators to perform data entry without
using their hands to key in data or instructions
Speaker-independent
Voice-messaging computers
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32. 32
Optical Scanning
Read text or graphics and convert them into
digital input
Employ photoelectric devices to scan the
characters being read
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33. 33
Optical Scanning (continued)
Opticalcharacter recognition (OCR)
Reads OCR characters & codes
Merchandise tags
Product labels
Sort mail, score tests
Hand-held optical scanning wands
Reads bar coding
Universal Product Code (UPC)
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34. 34
Other Input Technologies
Magnetic stripe technology
Credit cards
Smart cards
Embedded microprocessor chip
Debit, credit, and other cards
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35. 35
Other Input Technologies (continued)
Digital cameras
Still cameras
Digital camcorders
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36. 36
Other Input Technologies (continued)
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
technology
Used by banks to sort and post checks and
deposit slips
14 characters of a standardized design
Reader-sorters
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37. 37
Output Technologies
Video
Print
Storage
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38. 38
Video Output
Video monitors
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
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39. 39
Printed Output
Inkjet
Spray ink onto the page one line at a time
Laser
Use an electrostatic process similar to a
copier
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40. 40
Storage Trade-Offs
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41. 41
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals
Information is stored through the presence
or absence of electronic or magnetic signals
Binary representation
1 = ON
0 = OFF
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42. 42
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)
Bit
The
smallest element of data
May have a value of either one or zero
Byte
Basic grouping of bits
Typically, a byte consists of 8 bits and
represents one character of data
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43. 43
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)
Storage capacities
Kilobytes (KB)
1,000 bytes
Megabytes (MB)
1 million bytes
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44. 44
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Computer storage fundamentals (continued)
Gigabytes (GB)
1 billion bytes
Terabytes (TB)
1 trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB)
1 quadrillion bytes
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45. 45
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
 Direct and sequential access
 Terms direct access and random access describe the
same concept
 An element of data or instructions can be directly
stored and retrieved by selecting and using any of
the locations on the storage media
 Each storage position
 Has a unique address
 Can be individually accessed in approximately
the same time
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46. 46
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
Direct and sequential access (continued)
Sequential access
Does not have unique storage addresses
Serial process
Data are recorded one after another in a
predetermined sequence.
Locating an individual item requires
searching all of the data until the desired
item is located
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47. 47
Storage Trade-Offs (continued)
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48. 48
Semiconductor Memory
Primary storage of your computer
Advantages
Small size
Great speed
Shock and temperature resistant
Disadvantage
Volatility
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49. 49
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
Two basic types of semiconductor memory
RAM – random access memory
Volatile memory
Read/write memory
“working” memory
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50. 50
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
ROM – read only memory
Nonvolatile
Used for permanent storage
Can be read but not erased or overwritten
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51. 51
Semiconductor Memory (continued)
Variations of ROM
PROM
Programmable read only memory
EPROM
Erasable programmable read only
memory
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52. 52
Magnetic Disk Storage
Most common form of secondary storage
Data is recorded on tracks in the form of tiny
magnetized spots
Thousands of bytes recorded on each track
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53. 53
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Types of Magnetic Disks
Floppy disks
Zip disks
Hard disk drives
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54. 54
Magnetic Disk Storage (continued)
Redundant arrays of independent disks
(RAID)
 Provides large capacities with high access speeds
 Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths
from many disks
 Fault tolerant
 Storage area networks (SANs)
 Fiber channel LANs that connect many RAID
units
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55. 55
Magnetic Tape Storage
Used as secondary storage
Also used in robotic automated drive
assemblies
Lower-cost storage
Archival storage
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56. 56
Optical Disk Storage
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD
DVD-ROM
DVD-RAM
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57. 57
Optical Disk Storage (continued)
Business applications
Image processing
Provide access to reference materials in a
convenient, compact form
videos
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58. 58
Discussion Questions
Do you agree with the statement: “The
network is the computer”?
What trends are occurring in the development
and use of the major types of computer
systems?
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59. 59
Discussion Questions (continued)
Do you think that network computers (NCs)
will replace personal computers (PCs) in
business applications?
Are networks of PCs and servers making
mainframe computers obsolete?
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60. 60
Discussion Questions (continued)
What trends are occurring in the development
and use of peripheral devices? Why are those
trends occurring?
When would you recommend the use of each
of the following:
Network computers
NetPCs
Network terminals
 Information appliances in business applications
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61. 61
Discussion Questions (continued)
What processor, memory, magnetic disk
storage, and video display capabilities would
you require for a personal computer that you
would use for business purposes?
What other peripheral devices and capabilities
would you want to have for your business PC?
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62. 62
Real World Case 1 – City of Richmond & Tim Beaty Builders
The Business Value of PDAs
What are the business benefits of PDAs for
business applications?
What are the limitations of PDAs for business
use?
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63. 63
Real World Case 1 (continued)
The City of Richmond now wants to use tablet
PCs for some applications. What are the
advantages of tablet PCs over PDAs and
laptop PCs for business applications?
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64. 64
Real World Case 1 (continued)
Will the convergence of PDAs, sub-notebook
PCs, and cell phones produce an information
appliance that will make all of those categories
obsolete?
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65. 65
Real World Case 2 – United Technologies & Eastman Kodak
The Business Case for Consolidating
Computer Operations and Systems
What are some of the business benefits that
United Technologies will gain from the
consolidation of its computer systems, data
centers, software, and help centers?
What limitations might there be?
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66. 66
Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the business benefits of
standardizing on selected models from one
manufacturer of desktop and laptop PCs as
UTC did with Dell and Kodak did with IBM?
What limitations might there be?
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67. 67
Real World Case 2 (continued)
What are the business benefits of UTC’s policy
of “locking down” its new Dell PCs so
employees can’t download other software from
the Internet?
Do you agree with this policy?
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68. 68
Real World Case 2 (continued)
Should a conglomerate like UTC with many
diverse companies standardize its PC
hardware and software and lock out
downloads of other software?
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69. 69
Real World Case 3 – Boscov’s, Winnebago, & WPS Health
Moving to Linux on the Mainframe
How can a mainframe run the equivalent of
hundreds of Linux server applications at the
same time?
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70. 70
Real World Case 3 (continued)
Why can the total cost of ownership of
running Linux applications on the mainframe
be less than on Intel-based servers?
What other IT and business benefits may be
achieved?
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71. 71
Real World Case 3 (continued)
What challenges or limitations can arise in
moving business applications from servers to
Linux on a mainframe?
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72. 72
Real World Case 4 – La-Z-Boy & Corporate Express
The Business Benefits of Server Consolidation
What are the business and technical benefits
of using multiple servers to run business
applications for a company?
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73. 73
Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are the business and technical
challenges facing companies who depend on
many distributed server systems?
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74. 74
Real World Case 4 (continued)
What are the business and technical benefits
of server consolidation initiatives?
What are the limitations of such a strategy?
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75. 75
Real World Case 5 – Los Alamos National Laboratory
The ROI of Blade Servers
What are the business and technical benefits
of using blade servers versus rack-mounted or
traditional servers?
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76. 76
Real World Case 5 (continued)
What limitations or challenges might there be
in the use of blade servers?
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77. 77
Real World Case 5 (continued)
When should a company consider using blade
servers?
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