1. Review of the Literature Academic Research

2. Knowledge Experience – Perception and observation Reason – induction and deduction Emotion – values, cultural background Language – Discourse, social knowledge production

3. Deduction

4. Induction

5. Where is the argument most heated? Where is there a missing piece? How can I conceive the problem differently What is accepted as knowledge and what is contested? Listening to the Debate

6. The LR establishes The researcher as A participant LR directly follows introduction and orients the research –places your research in the debate. LR chance to show that you know the current situation in your area. Line up the players in the field and show how your research will be different – even for those similar

7. Placement of the LR Postpositive – Deductive study - separate and before method and results – sets up the hypothesis Qualitative – Ethnography: LR is the critical framework that the observations show to be ‘true’. Qualitative (Grounded ) – at the end: good for inductive study – a case study. Contrast actual results with the theories already present

8. Steps Identify key words from synopsis  Search catalogues and databases  Locate and scan abstracts – save all related Rank importance to your topic – check bibliography Have foundation texts ready that inform you of the basic theories Start the literature map

9. Steps Place each reading on the literature map Keep summaries together in a file Keep precise references Go back to library / other basic resources to find the ‘missing’ information Redo summaries Map out the patterns in the argument Assemble the review with an organisational principle

10. The lit Map: Basic

11. Complex MAP with resources

12. Organisational Principle Lit Map has logical structure: classification, Represents the structure of the review and report Helps you to find ‘missing pieces’. Looks like a concept map Fill it in as you go Example Figure 2.1 Creswell Use Microsoft Smart Art

13. Locate and scan abstracts Epistemology Mythology of Earthquakes and Science: Focus – Greek and Italian myths Key words: Myth* Earthquake* Gree* Ital* Scien* Http://library.vu.edu.au/

14. Establish a Process Start with encyclopaedia style information Then go to peer reviewed articles Follow the bibliography of the MOST relevant Then go to government papers – prevailing real state

15. What to summarise – QuantitativeExample Mention the problem being addressed How does the researcher SEE the problem – theory they support State the central purpose of the study - actions Outline the sample, population, findings – method Review key results Point out the flaws and missing key figures / variables

16. What to summarise – QualitativeExample Mention the problem being addressed Identify central theme State major conclusions Mention flaws in its reasoning, argument

17. Definition of terms Lit review defines all new terms as used by other writers in the way they use them. Use the language of the literature – not everyday, dictionary language Dispute definition if necessary (a possible early critique)