Goat Farming - ALL.pptx

Goat Farming in INDIA
Dr. Alok Bharti
KVK- Aurangabad
”The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be
judged by the way its animals are treated”
- Mahtama Gandhi

 India has the second largest goat population in
the world. further Goat population rise from 95
million in 1982 to 149 million in 2019. Still country
stood first in goat milk production second in goat
meat production and second in goat skin
production in the world.
 As a results, the goat and its products contribute
Rs 38590 crores annually to the national economy.
Goat meat alone contributes about Rs 22000
crores annually.

Domestication of Goats
 Goats (Capra hircus) were among the
first domesticated animals
 Adapted from the wild bezoar ibex (Capra
aegagrus) in western Asia.
 Bezoar ibexes are native to the southern
slopes of the Zagros and Taurus
mountains in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey.
 Today, over 300 breeds of goats exist on
our planet, living on every continent
except Antarctica.

नश्ल का चुनाव ??

Goat Breeds
 Angora
 Produces mohair
(world’s finest and most
valuable hair)
 Sheared twice a year
 Produced by kid goats
(hair gets coarser as
they age)
 Managed primarily
under range conditions

GOAT CARE AND MANAGEMENT
Goat care and management depend on the
Animal's age
Health
Nutrition
Pregnancy status
as well as production needs, the
environment, and facilities.
The young kid has needs for basic care very
different from the older, mature goat.

Goats are bred and maintained for :
 Milk
 Meat
 Mohair
 Skins for leather
 Commercial antibody production
 Religious Taboos and Companionship.

 As browsers, goats utilize land too rough
in terrain for sheep and cattle.
 Goat milk is more digestable than cow
milk.
 Valued for the elderly, sick, infants, and
those with allergic reactions to cow milk.

GOAT HOUSING
 Need simple shelter to protect from high
cold in winter and from heat in summer.
 There are two main housing types, which
include confinement
 Intensive and loose
 Extensive- loose or pasture systems
 A combination of housing types is present
in village condition

 The housing should allow groups of
 Milking does
 Dry(non-lactating) does
 Newborn kids
 Growing kids and
 Bucks
 Pregnant Does
 Sick Goats
to be housed apart from each other.

 Extensive-the flock/herd grazes over large areas of
marginal land unsuited to agriculture. The flock is
usually shut into a yard/house at night.
 Intensive- animals are confined to yards/house and
shelters and feed is brought to the flock.
 It offers the greatest protection for the flock from
both predators and parasites.
BUT
 It needs increased labour and the capital
investment required for facilities.
Wire net is the most common conventional
goat fence.

Housing of Goats
 Select a higher place for building house.
 keep the house always dry.
 Make the shed in east-west direction.
 The height of the shelter should be 3 to 5 meters
 Ensure sufficient flow of fresh air and light.
 Prevent damping condition.
 Goats are feared about rain.
 Never let the rainwater to directly enter inside the house.
 An acre land is sufficient for raising 100 goats
 Shed premises should have sufficient plantation which protects the
animals from direct sun during summer.
 At least two trees should be planted in each paddock.

Housing of Goats
Type of Goat Floor Space (sq. m) Goats per Shed
Dry Goat 1-2 60-80
Buck 1.5-2 Individual pen
Milch Goat 1.4 x 1.2 50-60
Kids (3-6 months) 0.5-0.6 75-100
Kids (6-12 months) 0.8-1 60-80
Pen yard/paddock : 1.5-2.0 times of floor space in shed

Elevated floor shed
 Distance of 3m from the
floor, the animals are reared.
 The elevated sheds will be
clean and urine and dung will
be collected in the floor and
once in six months.
 This requires less labour and
more irrigation land for the
fodder production.
 Its initial investment is high.

Rearing in mud floor
 The shed should be constructed
in elevated area to prevent water
stagnation.
 Application of lime powder once
in a month will reduce the
disease occurrence in the shed.
 Once in a year 1-2 inches of mud
surface should be removed.

Importance of Nutrition
 Balanced Nutrition
 Maintenance
 Health
 Production
 Reproduction
 Many health, reproductive and production
problems can be prevented with good

Poor nutrition results in:
 Poor productivity
 Poor conception rates
 Lower birth weight of kid
 Poor weaning weights
 Difficult births
 Higher feed bills
 More infectious disease due to
decreased immune system
protection

FEEDING
 As a general rule of thumb, goats will consume at
least 3% of their body weight on a dry matter
basis in feed.
 Goats require energy, protein, vitamins, minerals,
fiber (bulk) and water.
 Fiber maintain a healthy rumen environment and
prevent digestive disturbances.
 Water is the cheapest and most important feed
ingredient

Animal Protein Energy
 Bucks 11% CP 60% TDN
 Dry doe 10% CP 55% TDN
 Late gestation 11% CP 60% TDN
 Lactation 14% CP 65% TDN
 Kid 14% CP 68% TDN
 Yearlings 12% CP 65% TDN

 Goats are natural browsers and have the unique ability
to select plants when they are at their most nutritious
state.
 Green Pasture are usually the primary and most
economical source of nutrients for meat goats.
 Pasture tends to be high in energy and protein when
it is in a vegetative state.
 It has a high moisture content
BUT
 It is difficult for a high-producing doe or fast-
growing kid to eat enough grass to meet its nutrient
requirements.
FEED

Some Possible Alternatives
HAY – (Alfalfa, Clover):
 Primary source of nutrients for goats in
winter season.
 moderate source of protein and energy for
goats but high in Calcium.
 The energy, as well as protein content of
hay depends upon the maturity of the
forage
 curing and storage is also necessary to
maintain nutritional quality.

Silage – (Maize, Jowar):
• Made from forage or grain crops has been
successfully fed to goats
• Moldy silage can cause listeriosis or "circling
disease" in goats.
Silage is typically fed on large farms, due to the
need for storage and automated feeding
equipment.

 There are two types of concentrate feeds:
Carbonaceous and Proteinaceous.
Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy"
feeds include the cereal grains – Maize, barley,
wheat, oats and rye – and various by products
feeds, such as fat, soybean hulls and wheat
middlings.
 It is not necessary to process grains for goats
unless they are less than six weeks of age.
 Problems with cereal grains is that they are high in
phosphorus content, but low in calcium.
 Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in
calcium can cause urinary calculi (kidney stones) in
bucks – Most common problem in Bucks -
Concentrates (Grain)

Vitamins and minerals
 The most important are salt, calcium, and
phosphorus. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus
should be kept around 2:1.
 Vitamins are need in small amounts. Goats
require vitamins A, D and E, whereas vitamin K
and all the B vitamins are manufactured in the
rumen.
 Coccidiostats and antibiotics can also be added
to the mineral mix or supplement.
 Goats should have ad libitum access to clean,
fresh water at all times. A mature goat will
consume between 2.5 – 5.0 L of water per day

Newborn/Kids Management
 Kids health depend on the immunoglobulins
absorbed from colostrum for protection from
infectious agents in their environment.
 If kids are not suckling on their dams, colostrum to
be provided within the first 24 hours of birth
 Kids should be fed a minimum of 100-150 ml
colostrum within the first few hours after birth.

Growing Kids
 Kids should be started on solid foods early to be
ready for weaning beginning about 6-8 weeks of
age.
 Soft and tender grasses should be fed to the
Kids initially.
 They should be given 150-200 gms grains (of
nearly 16-18 % protein) per day, depending
upon the breed.

Dry Does and Bucks
 To be fed an all forage diet, which will provide
the necessary nutrients for maintenance .
 For dry does and bucks body condition and health
are the primary goals of a feeding program.
 A few weeks prior to kidding, the does can be
gradually reintroduced to grain feeding

Breeding Management
 Avoid over fed bucks
 Deworming
 Trimming hooves
 Vaccinations
 Breed a female goat as soon as she is 7 to
10 months old, regardless of size and
weight.
 A doe kid should be at 70 to 75% of her
mature weight before breeding.

Pregnant does
 Does should not be dewormed during
the first 20 to 60 days of pregnancy
because the stress associated with
handling and deworming may cause the
animal to abort .
 Should be dewormed 2 to 3 weeks
prior to kidding or comfortably after
kidding.

Kidding Management
 Supplement your does with a
concentrate or hay, feed it at night
 Keep the doe on non slippery clean
floor and put in a pack of clean, dry
straw.
 Clean the kid immediately after birth.
 Trim the navel to about 3 inches and
dip it in the 7% iodine.

Care of Newborn Kids
 Colostrums feeding within
the first 20 min after birth.
 Give sufficient area for the
kids for feeding and resting.
 Dis-bud kids at 1 to 2 weeks
of age depending on the
horn growth.

Reproductive Aspects - Summary
FEMALE
Age of puberty 7-10 months
Breeding weight 60-75% of adult weight
Estrous cycle
Length 18-22 days
Duration 12-36 hours
Signs Tail wagging, mounting, bleating
Ovulation 12 to 36 hrs from onset of standing heat
Gestation length 146-155 days
Breeding season August-January
Seasonal anestrous February-July
Buck effect on estrous Positive
MALE
Age of puberty 4-8 months
Breeding age 8-10 months
Breeding season All year
Breeding ratio 1 buck : 20 to 30 does

Weaned Kids
 Examined for intestinal parasites one month after
weaning.
 Polled kids -rechecked for any genital abnormalities.
 Feet must be trimmed before kids are turned out.
 Examine the kids with neurologic signs, such as
Blindness or Nervous symptoms.
Bucks
 Vaccines and parasite treatments
 Bucks must be given plenty of exercise.
 Feet must be trimmed at least four times yearly.
 Before the breeding season, bucks must have
adequate body condition and should be examined
for genital abnormalities.

Signs and control of Disease
 Separate sick animals from the herd and provide
appropriate treatments.
 Remove dead animals immediately and compost or
burn the carcass.
 Examine aborted goats and submit to a veterinarian
for necropsy if needed.
 Trim feet on regular basis to minimize risk of footrot
or other foot deformities.

 Feed adequate colostrum to kids in the first 3-4
days of birth
 Disinfect the navel at birth with tincture of Iodine .
 Administer preventative medicine to 2 week old
kids
 Vaccinate does during dry period for passing
maximum maternal antibodies to the kids.
 Pastures are the major source of internal parasite
infestation.

Preventive measures
 Provide clean, dry and draught free environment
 Don’t allow water accumulation in the farm
 Control rats, mice and insects
 Provide fresh and clean water
 Clean utensils weekly
 During summer avoid overcrowding & minimize
transport
 Provide ventilation in barns
 Keep record of all treatments
 Record mortalities
 Cull goats with frequent treatments
 Record vaccinations and dewormings

Castration and Disbudding/Dehorning
BENEFITS
 Avoid strong flavour in the meat, to avoid
odors
 Control aggressive behavior in male goats
 Avoid injuries to the herdmates, to the owner

बकरी पालन - प्रबंधन
मुक्त व्यवस्था
(Free Range
Grazing
System)
सघन व्यवस्था
(Complete
Stall Feeding)
अधध-सघन व्यवस्था
(Combination of
Both)

 Shed cleaning - प्रतिदिन ३ बार
 Shed washing - सप्िाह में 2 बार
 फामम में किटनाशि िा तिडिाव / चुना से पोिा
- महीने में एि बार
 बाहरी िीवाल िी पोिा – साल में एि बार
 Flame Gun से फशम एवं जाली िी सफा – ३ माह में
एि बार
साफ़ सफाई

ज्यादा खाना समझदारी नहीं !!
उम्र दाने की मात्रा
3 – 6 माह 100 – 250 ग्राम
6 – 9 माह 250 – 350 ग्राम
9 – 12 माह 250 – 400 ग्राम

 ज्वार, बाजरा, सहजन, आजोला, सुबाबूल,
लुसनम, बरसीम, हांथी घास, Guinea,
िीनानाथ घांस, गुआर एवं पेड़ ि
े पत्ते
इत्यािी ....
आपना दाना स्वयं बनाये

 मौललि जरूरि अन्य व्यवसाय से लिन्न है
 तनगरानी और संचालन 24 * 7 है
पशुधन व्यवसाय बनाम अन्य व्यवसाय

 दैननक
 सप्ताहहक और
 समय-समय पर
ननयममत गनतववधधयां

 हर सुबह बिररयों िी सकियिा िी जांच
 सेड िी सफा
 बिररयों िा खानपान
 फीड ट्रफ िी सफा
 जांच िरें कि क्या सिी बिररयां खा रही हैं
 पानी िी आपूतिम िी जांच िरें
 बच्चों पीने और फीड िंडारण िी सफा
दैननक

 शरीर ि
े वजन िी ररिॉर्डिंग
 फीड िी गुणवत्ता और मात्रा िी जांच िरें
 िवाओं और िीटाणु शोधन िी उपलब्धिा
 पानी िी गुणवत्ता
 आवास और उपिरण
 िलममयों ि
े साथ बैठि और चचाम
साप्ताहहक

 सिी पशुओं िी इन्वेंटरी
 प्रजनन
 टीिािरण
 िृ लम नाशि
 बधधयािरण
मामसक और समय समय पर

 इस बाि िा ख्याल रखें कि फामम में आने पर बिररयां स्वस्थ हों
 उन्हे 60 दिन िि एि िूसरे से संपि
म में आने से रोि
े
 रोग िो रोिने ि
े ललए अलगाव िी आिि डालें
 अच्िा स्वास््य प्रबंधन िरें
 िरपूर मात्रा में िाजा साफ पानी उपलब्ध िराएं
 धीरे-धीरे राशन बिलना
 प्रबंधधि फामम ि
े िीिर रोग से होने वाली जोखखमों िो समझना
 बीमार बिररयों िा शीघ्र तनिान और उपचार
 सदिमयों ि
े िौरान तनयलमि िेखिाल और गतिववधधयां बिररयां किसी िी अन्य वगम िी िुलना
में गलममयों एवं ठंड ि
े चरम ि
े प्रति संवेिनशील होिे हैं
ननयममत देखभाल एवं प्रबंधन

 बिररयों में गवम िाल िी अवधध लगिग 5 माह (143-
148 दिन) होिी है
 गिामवस्था ि
े अंतिम 5-6 सप्िाह में बिररयों िो
पौष्टटि आहार िेना चादहए ष्जससे स्वास््य एवं अधधि
वजन वाले मेमने पैिा हो
 मां ि
े अंिर ि
े बच्चे िा िो तिहा वविास िी गिमिाल
िाल ि
े आखखरी 3 हफ्िों में ही होिा है
 15 दिन पूवम उनि
े शरीर ि
े वपिले दहस्से ि
े आसपास
ि
े अनावश्यि बाल िो िाट िें
 प्रसव ललए प्रयुक्ि होने वाले बड़े िो सुखा रखें इसमें 1
सप्िाह पहले चुना डालिर सूखी घास िा बबिौना बना
िें
 बिररयों िा जेर 3 से 6 घंटे में तनिल जािा है
देखभाल - गभाधवस्था

 ब्याने ि
े बाि लमलने ि
े मुंह एवं नाि ि
े अंिर बाहर लगी म्यूिस िी
परि िो सूखे मुलायम िपड़े से साफ िर िें एवं बिरी िो चाटने िें
 नवजाि सांस ले रहा है इसिी जांच िर ले यदि नवजाि जीववि नहीं
लग रहा िो िोनों वपिले पैर पिड़िर हवा में झूलाएं
 मेमने िी नालि अगर प्रसव ि
े समय नहीं टूटी हु है िो उसे ऊपर से
धागे से बांध िर साफ ब्लेड से िाट िे
 नवजाि बच्चों ि
े मां ि
े शुरू िा िूध (खीस) 2 घंटे ि
े अंिर अवश्य
वपलाएं िथा इस िम िो 1 सप्िाह िि सुबह शाम जारी रखें
 2 माह उपरांि बच्चों िो मां िा िूध वपलाना बंि िर िें इससे बिरी
िो पुनः गमी में आिर गिमधारण िी संिावना बढ़ जािी है
देखभाल - प्रसव क
े उपरान्त

 नवजाि बच्चे ि
े खुर साफ िरें और सामने िा नमम िाग िोड़िर
अलग िरें इसे बच्चे िो खड़े होने में सुववधा होिी है
 नवजाि बच्चे िो बिरी ि
े पास रखें और उसे चाटने िें इससे बच्चे
ि
े बिन में गमी होिी है
 बिरी िा थान पोटाश ि
े पानी से अच्िी िरह धोएं बच्चे िो
ष्जिनी जल्िी हो सि
े बिरी िा पहला िूध खींस वपलाएं (१००-१५०
मी.ली.) यह बहुि जरूरी है इससे बच्चे में बीमारी से लड़ने िी
क्षमिा पैिा होिी है
 नवजाि िो िम से िम खीस
 जब बच्चा 15 दिन िा हो जाए िो उसे नरम हरा चारा और िाना
थोड़ा खाने ि
े ललए िें इसिी मात्रा प्रतिदिन धीरे-धीरे बढ़ाएं
 जब बच्चा 3 माह िा हो जाए िो उसे िूध वपलाना बंि िर िें उससे
बिरी जल्िी िोबारा गमी में आिी है
 3 माह िा होने पर बच्चे िो पहली बार िृ लम नाशि िवा वपलाए
नवजात मेमनो की देखभाल

 मेमनों िो ठोस पिाथम पर लसग्घ्घ्र (6-8 सप्िाह) लाना
चादहए
 युवा एवं नमम घास से शुरुआि
 मेमनों िो 150-200ग्राम िाना (16-18 % प्रोटीन) प्रतिदिन
िेना चादहए
देखभाल - बढवार मेमनों

 बिरा से प्रजनन िायम ललया जािा है। इसललए बिरा ि
े स्वास्थय और नस्ल
िोनों पर ध्यान िेना पड़िा है।
 आमिौर पर एि स्वस्थ और नस्ली बिरा पचास – साथ बिररयों ि
े प्रजनन ि
े
ललए िाफी है।
 प्रजनन ि
े लायि उम्र पूरी िरने ि
े बाि ही बिरा से प्रजनन िा िाम लेना
चादहए
 आमिौर पर नौ महीनें िी उम्र में ही नर – मेमना पररपक्व माना जािा है।
लेकिन 18 महीने िी उम्र प्राप्ि िर लेने ि
े बाधी बिरा िो बिररयों िा
गिामधान िराना ही उधचि है
 बिरे िो बराबर बिररयों ि
े साथ नहीं रखना चादहए
 समय- समय पर उसि
े शरीर िी सफा िी िरनी चादहए िथा बड़े हुए बालों िो
िरि िेना चादहए।
प्रबंधन - बकरा

 बिरी आवास इस मौसंम में िीन ओर से बंि होनी चादहए
 पशु ि
े शरीर एवं आवास पर जुटे िी बोरी िा प्रयोग िरें
 पुआल िा बबिावन िें
 आधधि िाबोहायड्रेट वाला मक्िा िा िारा, िेलहन खल्ली और गुड
 हमेशा िाजा पानी पीने िो िें (दिन में ३-४ बार)
 धुप तनिलने ि
े बाि दह बिररयों िो चराएँ
 रोग संिमण से बचाने ि
े ललए टीिािरण िरायें
देखभाल – शरद ऋतु

 पशुओ िो िायािार वृक्षों ि
े तनचे बांधे एवं आवास में खखड़कियाँ खुली
रखें
 मल मूत्र ि
े उधचि तनिाषीिी व्यवस्था
 पशु आवास िी िुगिंध िम िरने ि
े ललए सोडा / ब्लीधचंग पाउडर िा
प्रयोग
 पानी एवं िाने िी सुधिा हमेशा जाचें
 बिररयों िो जल जमाव वाले स्थान पर ना बाधें इससे परजीववयों एवं
िीटनाशिों से संपि
म िा खिरा बढ़ जाि है
देखभाल – वर्ाध ऋतु

 पशुओ िो िायािार वृक्षों ि
े तनचे बांधे एवं आवास में खखड़कियाँ खुली
रखें
 प्रति पशु समुधचि जगह िें
 हरे चारे ि
े आिाव में पेड़ ि
े पत्ते, हे, साइलेज, अजोला इत्यािी
आच्िे वविल्प
 हमेशा िाजा पानी पीने िो िें (दिन में ३-४ बार)
 संिुललि आहार ि
े साथ साथ लमनरल पाउडर एवं ववटालमन
जरुर िें
देखभाल – ग्रीष्म ऋतु

 बबचौललए से सावधान
 हमेशा शारीररि िार और उम्र िो ध्यान िर ि
े बेचना बेहिर
होिा है
 आधधि मुनाफा बिरों िो 6-9 महीने (िोटे और माध्यम नशल)
एवं 9-12 महीने (बड़ा नशल) िो बेचने पर आिा है
 क्या बेचना है ? – Live goat (meat goat or breeding goats)
 िब बेचना है ? – ि, िशहरा, होली, नया साल, लगन
बाजारीिरण


प्रबंधन- प्रजनन
Plan to breed when the
days start getting shorter.
Determine buck's mating
potential by his age
Doe is large enough to
manage pregnancy
Watch for signs that the
doe is in heat.
Look for the signs that
the buck is in rut.
Calculate the likely Birth
date

प्रबंधन- गभधवती बकरी
Normal care until 6 wks
prior due date.
Adjust diet during the last
6 weeks of pregnancy.
Observe a healthy birth &
give minimal assistance.
Assist yourself or get help
if there are problems.
Provide care for the
newborn kid/s as needed
Move the doe to a birthing
stall 2 wks prior due date.

 Start with minimal housing requirements and as the
farm grows in size, add the sheds according to
requirement.
 Take training first to learn completely the business.
 separate the animals according to their age in the
house.
 before purchasing goats from the market do the
proper arrangement of their house and green, dry,
and concentrated feed.
 always keep quarantine shed on the farm.
 construct the shed or Goat Housing according to
the orientation or climate condition.
नए किसान िाइयो ि
े ललए सुझाव

 व्यावसातयि बिरी पालन िा महत्वपूणम पहलु
 आय – व्यय एवं प्रबंधन िा सही आिड़ा
प्रस्िुि िरिा है
 मुख्य ररिॉडम:--
 प्रजनन ररिॉडम (Mating records)
 जन्म ररिॉडम (Birth record)
 मृत्यु ररिॉडम (Deaths record)
 आय-व्यय ररिॉडम (Sales expenditure record)
 स्वस्थ ररिॉडम (Health record)
खािा

जैव सुरक्षा

सही दावा एवं सही तरीका

Health care
 To improve the herd's productivity through
general husbandry, nutrition management,
parasite control, vaccination, and
environmental management.
 Careful recordkeeping
 Appropriate rations and provide shelter
 Hooves must be trimmed regularly
 A constant source of fresh water.
 Regularly check the herd for any diseases.

Diseases - Bacterial
 Clostridial Infections
 C. perfringens type C (Enterotoxemia, Struck)
 Common in sheep, goats, and cattle
 Causes fatal hemorrhagic enterocolitis, enterotoxemia
 C. perfringens type D (Pulpy Kidney Disease)
 Disease of sheep
 sudden death
 C. chauvoei - Blackleg
 C. septicum - Malignant Edema
 C. novyi - Big Head, Black Disease
 C. hemolyticum – bacillary hemoglobinuria, “redwater”
 C. tetani - Tetanus

 Clostridial Infections
 Source: ubiquitous in environment; GI tract;
contaminated feeds
 Transmission: ingestion; contamination of wounds
 Prevention: vaccinate (multivalent vaccine available)
 Treatment:
 usually futile
 antibiotics
 supportive
 antitoxin for tetanus

Clostridium Perfringens
 Causative agent: C. perfringens (Normal flora GI sheep)
 Clinical signs:
 Type A: diarrhea – neonates.
 Type B (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): acute bloody
diarrhea – young lambs > high mortality.
 Type C (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): diarrhea in lambs
< 3 wks. And in adults – “struck”.
 Type D: feedlot lambs – high concentrate, eat excessive
feed/ milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o diarrhea in goats
diarrhea than die), incoordination, excitement, circling,
head pressing, convulsions and sudden death

Clostridium Perfringens
 Diagnosis: Clinical signs or necropsy
 Treatment: Penicillin and vaccinate with
antitoxin in outbreak
 Prevention: vaccination, parasite control,
gradual feed changes

Big Head
 Causative agent: Clostridium novyi, C.
sordellii, or C. chauvoei (black leg)
 Clinical signs (sheep): Head butting and
fighting causes bruising or laceration
and edematous swelling.
 Diagnosis: Clinical signs
 Treatment: Penicillin, broad spectrum
antibiotics
 Prevention: Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1
month before lambing, lamb: 1 month
and 2-4 weeks later booster

Black Disease
 Causative agent: Clostridium novyi Type B
(soil)
 Transmission: ingestion of spores, flukes
predispose them to black disease
 Clinical signs: Often found dead (endotoxins);
respiratory distress, anorexia, and fever
 Diagnosis: Necropsy and culture/ gram stain - liver
 Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial
hemorrhage, kidney/liver - autolysis
 Treatment: Tetracycline
 Control: trematodes e.g. albendazole

Black disease.
Dark brown swollen liver showing necrotic areas (1–
2 cm) in diameter surrounded by a zone of
hyperaemia

Tetanus
 Cause: infection of open wounds by Clostridium
tetani
 Symptoms: muscle stiffness causing an unsteady
gait, animal looks anxious, convulsions, death
results due to the animal being unable to breathe
 Treatment: Antibiotics- penicillin and antisera can
be given but response is poor; flush wound with
hydrogen peroxide and treat with penicillin

Brucellosis
 Causative agent: Brucella ovis and B.
melitensis (rare: abortion) in sheep; Brucella
melitensis and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC) in
goats. Gram – coccobacillus
 Malta fever in humans
 Transmission: sheep - veneral and goats –
ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact:
urine, feces, placenta, milk
 Clinical signs:
 Sheep: Abortion (rare), epididymitis,
 goats: abortion storms, lameness, mastitis,
diarrhea, and depression
 Diagnosis: Agglutination tests or complement
fixation
 Treatment: None

Caseous Lymphadenitis
 Causative agent: Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis : gram +
coccoid
 Transmission: direct contact with
superficial wounds, ingestion,
inhalation
 Clinical signs: Dyspnea, tachypnea,
cough, and weight loss
 Diagnosis: Culture from TTW,
radiographs, necropsy (hepatic
abscess)
 Treatment: Isolation, hygiene and
vaccine?

Joint ill
 Causative agent: Kids, Staphylococci, streptococci,
Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces, and coliform
bacteria
 Transmission: breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI, respiratory
tract
 Clinical signs: Warm, painful, swollen joints,
lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation,
and leukocytosis with left shift
 Treatment: Penicillin's and joint flushing (saline)
 Prevention: avoid overcrowding and hygiene at partiurition,
dipping umbilical cord

Vibriosis
 Causative agent: Campylobacter jejuni
and C. fetus, gram – rod
 Transmission: ingestion of organisms
(intestines of sheep, birds, dogs)
 Clinical signs: Late-term abortion (#1 –
sheep), stillbirths, and weak lambs
 Diagnosis: Culture
 Treatment: Antibiotics and vaccination

Metritis
 Causative agent: Clostridium spp. After
dystocia, retained placenta
 Clinical signs: Vaginal discharge –
malodorous brownish-red watery
 Treatment: Prostaglandins and oxytocin

 Anthrax
 Agent: Bacillus anthracis
 Animals: sheep, cattle, goats
 Transmission: abrupt climate changes lead to spore
release; spores ingested by grazing animals (sheep &
cattle more than goats)
 Clinical signs: swelling around shoulders, ventral neck,
and thorax; bloody secretions; death
 Prevention: vaccination with Sterne-strain spore
vaccine
 Zoonotic

 Corynebacterium renale group
 C. renale
 Normal inhabitant of bovine genitourinary tract
 acute pyelonephritis in cattle results from ascending infection
following a compromise of protective mechanisms
 Tx: penicillin (3 weeks)
 C. pilosum & C. cystitidis
 Normal inhabitants of prepuce of sheep and goats
 Posthitis (pizzle rot) and vulvovaginitis
 high-protein diets increase urinary pH; ammonia irritates prepucial
and vulvar skin, increasing vulnerability
 Tx: decrease dietary protein

 Foot Rot of Sheep and Goats
 Cause: Fusobacterium necrophorum (normal
inhabitant) and Dichelobacter nodosus
(environmental contaminant)
 Most common cause of lameness
in sheep
 Prevention
 maintain dry, clean environment
 reject clinical cases at delivery
 vaccinate
 Treatment
 foot baths - 10% formalin or 10% zinc sulfate or 10%
copper sulfate
 penicillin and streptomycin
 trim affected tissue

Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats-
S.N Name of Disease Time Table
Primary vaccination Regular Vaccination
1. Anthrax At the age of 6 month for kid or
lamb
Once Annually(In Affected
area only)
2. Haemorrhagic
Septicemia (H.S.)
At the age of 6 month for kid or
lamb
Once AnnuallyBefore
monsoon
3. Enterotoxaemia At the age of 4 month for kid or
lamb (If dam is vaccinated) At
the age of 1st week for kid or
lamb (If dam is not vaccinated)
Before monsoon
(Preferably in May)
Booster vaccination after
15 days of first
vaccination.
4. Black Quarter(B.Q) At the age of 6 month for kid or
lamb
Once Annually(Before
monsoon)
5. P.P.R. At the age of 3 month for kid or
lamb & above
Once in three years
6. Foot & mouth
disease(F.M.D.)
At the age of 4 month for kid or
lamb & above
Twice in a
year (September & March)
7. Sheep Pox At the age of 3 month & above
for lamb
Once Annually (December
month)
8. Goat Pox At the age of 3 month & above
for Kid
Once Annually(December
month)
9. C.C.P.P. At the age of 3 month & above
for Kid or lamb
Once Annually(January
month)

Goat Farming - ALL.pptx

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