Hadeeth erpramanikotabyprof.dr.muhammadasadullahal ghalib

nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv
gynv¤§v` Avmv`yj−vn Avj-Mvwje
nv`xQ dvD‡Êkb evsjv‡`k

22 nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv
cÖKvkK
nv`xQ dvD‡Êkb evsjv‡`k
KvRjv, ivRkvnx-6204
nv.dv.ev. cÖKvkbv-20
†dvb I d¨v· : 0721-861365
:.
:
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1g cÖKvk
1425 wnt/1410 evs/2004 Bs
2q ms¯‹iY
1433 wnt/1418 evs/2012 Bs
me©¯^Z¡ cÖKvk‡Ki
gy`ªY
D`qb Ad‡mU wcÖw›Us †cÖm, ivRkvnx
K‡¤úvR
nv`xQ dvD‡Êkb Kw¤úDUvm©
wba©vwiZ g~j¨
30 (wÎk) UvKv gvÎ|
HADEESER PRAMANIKATA by Dr. Muhammad Asadullah
Al-Ghalib, Professor, Department of Arabic, University of Rajshahi.
Published by : HADEETH FOUNDATION BANGLADESH, Kajla,
Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Ph & Fax : 88-0721-861365.

nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv3 3
m~PxcÎ )(
welq c„ôv bs
1. nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv 4
2. nv`xQ-Gi ¸i“Z¡ 6
3. AatcZ‡bi KviY 13
4. QvnvexM‡Yi f~wgKv 15
5. cÖvPxb hy‡Mi nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY 17
6. AvaywbK hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY 18
7. wgmixq ¯‹zj 20
8. fviZxq ¯‹zj 27
9. nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì Awf‡hvMmg~n 32
10. nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì hyw³mg~n 33
11. Dcgnv‡`‡k nv`xQ we‡ivax msMVb mg~n 37
12. Avn‡jnv`xQ msMVbmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb 38
13. nv`x‡Q m‡›`nev`x‡ì K‡qKRb 39
14. Ônv`xQÕ m¤ú‡K© gIjvbv gI`~`xi AvK¡x`v 43
15. ÔhvbœxÕ-Gi e¨vL¨v 50
16. hy‡M hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY 55
17. gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` hvKvwiqv 47
18. ZvejxMx‡ì AjxK Kvwnbxmg~‡ni wKQz bgybv 62
19. wPj−v cÖ_v 67
20. nv`xQ cwieZ©‡b gvhnvex Av‡jgMY 69
21. Ki‡Rv‡o wb‡e`b 77
Avmyb! cweÎ KziAvb I Qnxn
nv`x‡Qi Av‡jv‡K Rxeb Mwo

nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv
Abyev` : Avey iv‡dÔ (ivt) e‡jb, ivm~jyj−vn Qvj−vj−vû AvjvB‡n Iqv
mvj−vg Gikv` K‡ib, ÔAvwg †hb †Zvgv‡ì KvD‡K Giƒc bv †`wL †h,
†m Zvi M`x‡Z †Vm w`‡q e‡m _vK‡e, Avi Zvi Kv‡Q Avgvi †Kvb
Av‡`k ev wb‡lavÁv †cuŠQ‡j †m ej‡e †h, Avwg Gme wKQz Rvwbbv| hv
Avj−vn&i wKZv‡e cve, ZviB Avgiv AbymiY KieÕ|1
nv`x‡Qi e¨vL¨v :
Dc‡iv³ nv`x‡Q ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi GKwU fwel¨ØvYx wea„Z n‡q‡Q †h,
gymjgvb‡ì ga¨Kvi GK`j †jvK nv`xQ‡K AMÖvn¨ Ki‡e Ges
wb‡R‡ì‡K ïay KziAv‡bi Abymvix e‡j `vex Ki‡e| Gi Aš—wb©wnZ
KviYI D³ nv`x‡Q Bw½‡Z e‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h, Hme †jv‡Kiv n‡e
wejvmx I `ywbqv`vi| Giv nv`x‡Q ewY©Z Bmjv‡gi we¯—vwiZ Av‡`k I
wb‡lavejxi cve›`x nÕ‡Z wb‡R‡ì‡K gy³ K‡i wbR wbR †¯^”QvPvwiZv
envj ivLvi Rb¨ KziAv‡bi Abymvix nIqvi `vex Ki‡e| KviY
KziAv‡b g~j welq¸wjB gvÎ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, e¨vL¨v Av‡mwb| ivm~jyj−vn
(Qvt) ¯^xq K_v, Kg© I m¤§wZg~jK AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g KziAv‡bi we¯—
vwiZ e¨vL¨v I ev¯—e bgybv †ck K‡i †M‡Qb| GgbwK KziAv‡b ewY©Z
nqwb, Ggb A‡bK welq ivm~j (Qv&t) KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q, hv
D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Aek¨ cvjbxq| †Kbbv KziAv‡b Avj−vn wb‡RB e‡j‡Qb,
1. Avngv`, Avey`vE`, wZiwghx, Beby gvRvn, evqnvK¡x; mb` Qnxn, wgkKvZ, Avjevbx nv/162; H,
e½vbyev` nv/154 ÔCgvbÕ Aa¨vq, ÔwKZve I mybœvn‡K AuvK‡o aivÕ Aby‡”Q`|

)( ÔAvgvi
ivm~j †Zvgv‡ì wbK‡U hv wb‡q Av‡mb, Zv MÖnY Ki Ges hv wb‡la
K‡ib, Zv †_‡K weiZ _vKÕ (nvki 59/7)|
A_P D³ †jvK¸wj gy‡L I Kj‡g ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi cÖksmvMxwZ
MvB‡jI Zuvi Av‡`k-wb‡la †_‡K wb‡R‡ì‡K gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
†Pvivc_ Zvjvk K‡i| Avi †mKvi‡Y Zviv nv`xQ‡K cÖKv‡k¨ A_ev
c‡iv‡¶ AMÖvn¨ Kivi †Póv K‡i|
wØZxqZt KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v hw` nv`x‡Q bv AvmZ, ZvnÕ‡j GB me
cwÊZ †jvK¸wj KziAv‡bi B”QvgZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviZ, †hfv‡e Bû`x-
bvQviv cwÊ‡Ziv ZvIivZ-BÄx‡ji K‡i‡Q| Zviv †Kej Ace¨vL¨vB
K‡iwb eis g~j ZvIivZ-BÄx‡ji g‡a¨ kã I evK¨ ms‡hvRb I
we‡qvRb K‡i D³ Gjvnx MÖš’Øq‡K `ywbqv †_‡K we`vq K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
d‡j Bû`x-bvQvivMY g~j ZvIivZ-BÄxj †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q Zv‡ì
ag©hvRK‡ì cvqiex Ki‡Q| Bmjvg‡KI hv‡Z Abyiƒc Ae¯’vq wb‡q
hvIqv hvq, †mRb¨ ÔAv‡jgÕ bvgavix ¯^v_©`yó wKQz `ywbqv`vi †jvK
nv`xQ‡K Zv‡ì †¯^”QvPvwiZvi c‡_ cÖavb Aš—ivq we‡ePbv K‡i
nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× loh‡š¿ †g‡Z D‡V| Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hyM †_‡KB G
lohš¿ P‡j Avm‡Q, hv AvRI Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| GB loh‡š¿i aiY I
c×wZ wewfbœ hy‡M wewfbœ iƒc n‡q‡Q| Gi wei“‡× cªwZ‡ivag~jK I
cªPvig~jK Av‡›`vjb QvnvevhyM †_‡K GhveZ Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q, hv
BwZnv‡m ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ|
`ywbqvq †cÖwiZ 1 j¶ 24 nvhvi cqMv¤î I Zb¥a¨Kvi 315 Rb
ivm~‡ji Kvi“iB c~Y©v½ Rxebx I Zuv‡ì K_v, Kg© I m¤§wZg~jK
AvPiYmg~n myiw¶Z †bB GKgvÎ gynv¤§v` (Qvt)-Gi e¨ZxZ| KviY
wZwb nÕ‡jb †klbex, wek¦bex I c~Y©v½ Øx‡bi ev¯—e iƒcKvi| g~jZt
Bmjv‡gi c~Y©v½Zv I KziAv‡bi me©hyMxq mgvavb nIqv wbf©i Ki‡Q
nv`x‡Qi we`¨gvbZv I weï×Zvi Dc‡i | Avi †mKviY Avj−vn Zuvi
†cÖwiZ Awn-i †ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ wbR nv‡Z wb‡q‡Qb (wnR&i 15/9)| hv
wZwb Ab¨vb¨ Gjvnx wKZv‡ei Rb¨ †bbwb| KziAvb I nv`xQ `yÕwUB

Avj−vn&i ÔAwnÕ Ges `yÕwUB Avgiv GKB bexi gyL w`‡q ï‡bwQ| AZGe
`yÕwUB Aåvš— Ges `yÕwUiB †ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ †Lv` Avj−vn MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn&i c¶ †_‡K Zuvi wKQz evQvBK…Z ev›`v wK¡qvgZ ch©š—
hy‡M hy‡M Gi †ndvhZ, †L`gZ, AbymiY I ev¯—evq‡b RxebcvZ K‡i
hv‡eb, GUvB Zuvi cÖKvk¨ Iqv`v (evK¡vivn 2/105)| Avj−vn Avgv‡`i‡K
D³ `‡ji Aš—fy©³ Ki“b-Avgxb|
nv`xQ-Gi ¸i“Z¡ )(
1. Ônv`xQÕ mivmwi Avj−vn&i ÔAwnÕ| KyiAvb ÔAwn‡q gvZ&jyÕ hv
†ZjvIqvZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ nv`xQ ÔAwn‡q Mv‡qi gvZ&jyÕ hv †ZjvIqvZ
Kiv nq bv| †hgb-
(K) Avj−vn e‡jb, Ôivm~j
Zuvi B”QvgZ wKQz e‡jb bv| †KejgvÎ AZUzKz e‡jb, hZUzKz Zuvi
wbK‡U ÔAwnÕ Kiv nqÕ (bvRg 53/3-4)|
(L) wZwb Ab¨Î e‡jb,
ÔAvj−vn Avcbvi Dc‡i bvwhj K‡i‡Qb wKZve I wnKgZ
(mybœvn) Ges Avcbv‡K wkwL‡q‡Qb, hv Avcwb Rvb‡Zb bv| Avcbvi
Dc‡i Avj−vn&i AbyMÖn AcwimxgÕ (wbmv 4/113)|
(M) ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb,
...

Ô†R‡b iv‡Lv! Avwg KziAvb cÖvß n‡qwQ I Zvi b¨vq Av‡iKwU e¯‘|
mveavb! Ggb GKwU mgq Avm‡Q hLb wejvmx gvbyl Zvi Mw`‡Z e‡m
ej‡e, †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ G KziAvbB h‡_ó| †mLv‡b hv nvjvj cv‡e,
Zv‡KB nvjvj Rvb‡e Ges †mLv‡b hv nvivg cv‡e, Zv‡KB nvivg
Rvb‡e| A_P Avj−vn&i ivm~j hv nvivg K‡i‡Qb Zv Avj−vn KZ…©K nvivg
Kivi AbyiƒcÕ|2
GLv‡b ÔKziAvbÕ nÕj ÔcÖKvk¨ AwnÕ Ges Zvi b¨vq
Av‡iKwU e¯‘ nÕj Ônv`xQÕ hv ÔAcÖKvk¨ AwnÕ|3
(N) wReªxj (Avt)
mivmwi †b‡g G†m gvby‡li †e‡k ivm~j (Qvt) I Qvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi
gRwj‡m e‡m ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mv‡_ cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g Bmjvg, Cgvb,
Bnmvb cÖf„wZ welq wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb|4
2. nv`xQ nÕj KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨v ¯îƒc| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAvgiv
Avcbvi wbK‡U ÔwhK&iÕ bvwhj K‡iwQ, hv‡Z Avcwb †jvK‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨
bvwhjK…Z welq¸wj Zv‡ì wbK‡U e¨vL¨v K‡i †`b Ges hv‡Z Zviv wPš—v-
M‡elYv K‡iÕ (bvn&j 16/44)|
3. nv`x‡Qi AbymiY e¨ZxZ †KD gywgb nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb Avj−vn
e‡jb,
)(
ÔAvcbvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki kc_! Zviv KL‡bvB gywgb nÕ‡Z cvi‡e bv,
hZ¶Y bv Zviv Zv‡ì weev`xq welqmg~‡n Avcbv‡KB GKgvÎ
mgvavbKvix wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡e| AZtci Avcbvi †Ìqv dvqQvjv
m¤ú‡K© Zviv Zv‡ì g‡b †Kvbiƒc wØav-ms‡KvP †cvlY bv Ki‡e Ges
AebZwP‡Ë Zv MÖnY bv Ki‡eÕ (wbmv 4/65)|
2. Avey`vE`, wZiwghx, wgkKvZ nv/163|
3. W. gynv¤§v` Avey kvnevn, w`dvÔ ÔAvwbm mybœvn (Kvq‡iv : gvKZvevZzm mybœvn 1409/1989) c„: 15|
4. nv`x‡Q wReªxj, gymwjg, wgkKvZ nv/2|

4. nv`x‡Qi we‡ivwaZv Kivi †Kvb GLwZqvi gywg‡bi †bB| †hgb
Avj−vn e‡jb,
)(
Ô‡Kvb gywgb cyi“l I bvixi c‡¶ Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji †Ìqv
dvqQvjvi e¨vcv‡i (wfbœgZ †cvl‡Yi) †Kvbiƒc GLwZqvi †bB| †h
e¨w³ Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji bvdigvbx Kij, †m ¯úó åvwš—i g‡a¨
wbcwZZ nÕjÕ (Avnhve 33/36)|
5. nv`xQ †g‡b †bIqv D¤§‡Zi Dc‡i Acwinvh©| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAvgvi ivm~j
†Zvgv‡ì‡K hv cÖ`vb K‡ib, Zv MÖnY Ki Ges hv wb‡la K‡ib, Zv
†_‡K weiZ _vKÕ (nvki 59/7)|
6. nv`xQ Abymi‡Yi g‡a¨B Avj−vn&i mš‘wó wbwnZ| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
)(
ÔAvcwb e‡j w`b, hw` †Zvgiv Avj−vn‡K fvj‡e‡m _vK, Z‡e Avgvi
AbymiY Ki| ZvnÕ‡j wZwb †Zvgv‡ì‡K fvjevm‡eb Ges †Zvgv‡ì
†Mvbvn mg~n ¶gv Ki‡eb| Avj−vn eoB ¶gvkxj I `qvgqÕ (Av‡j
Bgivb 3/31)| AÎ Avqv‡Z GK_v ¯úó †h, Avj−vni fv‡jvevmvi mv‡_
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AvbyMZ¨ I AbymiY kZ©hy³| AZGe nv`x‡Qi AbymiY
e¨ZxZ Avj−vn&i mš‘wó jvf m¤¢e bq|
7. nv`x‡Qi we‡ivwaZv Kiv Kzdix| †hw`‡K Cw½Z K‡i Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAvcwb e‡j w`b †h, †Zvgiv AvbyMZ¨ Ki Avj−vn I ivm~‡ji| hw` Zviv
G †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q †bq, ZvnÕ‡j (Zviv †R‡b ivLyK †h,) Avj−vn
KL‡bvB Kv‡di‡ì fvjev‡mb bvÕ (Av‡j Bgivb 3/32)|

8. weev`xq wel‡q wKZve I mybœvn&i w`‡KB wd‡i †h‡Z n‡e, Ab¨w`‡K
bq| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
)
( Ôhw` †Zvgiv †Kvb wel‡q SMov Ki, ZvnÕ‡j †Zvgiv welqwU‡K
Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji w`‡K wdwi‡q `vI| †mUvB n‡e DËg I
cwiYv‡gi w`K w`‡q my›ìZgÕ (wbmv 4/59)|
9. nv`x‡Qi AbymiY A_© Avj−vn&i AbymiY| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
Ô†h
e¨w³ ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Kij, †m Avj−vn&i AvbyMZ¨ Kij, Avi †h e¨w³
gyL wdwi‡q wbj, Avgiv Zv‡ì Dc‡i Avcbv‡K cvnviv`vi wnmv‡e
†cÖiY KwiwbÕ (wbmv 4/80)|
10. nv`x‡Qi we‡ivwaZvq Rvnvbœvg AeavwiZ| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
)(
ÔAvi †h e¨w³ Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji bvdigvbx Kij, Zvi Rb¨
Rvnvbœvg wba©vwiZ nÕj| †mLv‡b †m ¯’vqxfv‡e Ae¯’vb Ki‡eÕ (wRbœ
72/23)|
11. nv`x‡Qi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡j `ywbqv I Av‡Liv‡Z wdrbvq cov
Aek¨¤¢vex| †hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
Ôhviv ivm~‡ji Av‡`k-wb‡l‡ai we‡ivwaZv
K‡i, Zviv †hb G wel‡q fq K‡i †h, Zv‡ì‡K (`ywbqvex Rxe‡b)
†MÖdZvi Ki‡e bvbvwea wdrbv Ges (ciKvjxb Rxe‡b) †MÖdZvi Ki‡e
gg©vwš—K AvhveÕ (b~i 24/63)|
12. nv`x‡Qi wm×vš— †g‡b bv †bIqv gybvwd‡Ki j¶Y| †hgb Avj−vn
e‡jb,

)(
ÔZviv e‡j Avgiv Avj−vn I ivm~‡ji Dc‡i Cgvb G‡bwQ I Zuvi
AvbyMZ¨ Kwi| AZtci Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi GK`j †jvK c„ô cÖ`k©b K‡i|
e¯‘Zt Zviv gywgb bq|Õ ÔAbyiƒcfv‡e hLb Zv‡ì‡K Avj−vn I Zuvi
ivm~‡ji dvqQvjvi w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi GK`j
†jvK gyL wdwi‡q †bq (b~i 24/47-48)| ÔA_P gyywgb‡ì K_v Giƒc
nIqv DwPZ †h, hLb Zv‡ì‡K dvqQvjvi Rb¨ Avj−vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji
w`‡K AvnŸvb Kiv n‡e ZLb Zviv ej‡e, Avgiv ïbjvg I AvbyMZ¨
Kijvg| e¯‘Zt ZvivB nÕj mdjKvgÕ (b~i 24/51)|
(L) Ab¨Î Avj−vn e‡jb,
)( ÔhLb
Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq †h, †Zvgiv Gm H m‡Zï w`‡K, hv Avj−vn bvwhj
K‡i‡Qb Ges Gm ivm~‡ji w`‡K, ZLb Avcwb gybvwdK‡ì †`L‡eb †h,
Zviv Avcbvi †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q †b‡e (ev Avcbvi wbK‡U Avmv †_‡K
†jvK‡ì c_ i“× K‡i †`‡e)Õ (wbmv 4/61)|
13. ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mybœvZ Z_v nv`x‡Qi AbymiY‡K IqvwRe K‡i
Avj−vn cweÎ KziAv‡bi Ab~¨b 40 RvqMvq eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
14. Qvnvev‡q †Kivg nv`xQ‡K Avj−vn †cÖwiZ ÔAwnÕ wnmv‡eB wek¦vm
Ki‡Zb| †hgb Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) e‡jb †h, GK`v R‰bKv gwnjv
ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi wbK‡U G‡m ej‡jb, Ô†n Avj−vn&i ivm~j! cyi“‡liv
Avcbvi me nv`xQ wb‡q †Mj| G¶‡Y Avgv‡ì‡K Avcwb wb‡Ri †_‡K
GKUv w`b wbw`©ó K‡i w`b, †hw`b Avgiv Avcbvi wbK‡U Avme Ges
Avcwb Avgv‡ì‡K wkLv‡eb, hv Avj−vn Avcbv‡K wk¶v w`‡q‡QbÕ|
ZLb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Zv‡ì Rb¨ GKUv w`b I ¯’vb wbw`©ó K‡i †`b I

†mLv‡b AvMgb K‡ib| AZtci Zv‡ì‡K wk¶v †`b hv Avj−vn Zuv‡K
wk¶v w`‡q‡QbÕ|5
GLv‡b wZbwU welq mve¨¯— nq (1) ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi hvgvbvq cyi“l I
bvix mK‡j nv`xQ wk¶v‡K cÖavb KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb (2) cyi“‡li
b¨vq gwnjvMYI ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wbK‡U nv`xQ wkL‡Z Avm‡Zb (3)
nv`xQ‡K Zuviv mevB Avj−vn&i mivmwi ÔAwnÕ wnmv‡e wek¦vm Ki‡Zb|
15. nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i wek¦vm ivLv ev bv ivLvB nÕj gywgb I Kvwd‡ii
ga¨Kvi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨| †hgb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb,
Ô†h e¨w³ gynv¤§v‡ì AvbyMZ¨
Kij, †m Avj−vn&i AvbyMZ¨ Kij| †h e¨w³ gynv¤§v‡ì Aeva¨Zv Kij,
†m Avj−vn&i Aeva¨Zv Kij| gynv¤§v` nÕ‡jb †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ nK I
evwZ‡ji cv_©K¨Kvix gvb`ÊÕ|6
16. nv`xQ Agvb¨ Ki‡j Rvnvbœvgx nÕ‡Z n‡e| †hgb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)
e‡jb,
:
ÔAvgvi cª‡Z¨K D¤§Z Rvbœv‡Z hv‡e| †Kej Zviv e¨ZxZ, hviv Am¤§Z
n‡e| wR‡Ám Kiv nÕj ÔAm¤§ZÕ Kviv? wZwb ej‡jb, hviv Avgvi
AvbyMZ¨ Kij, Zviv Rvbœv‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges hviv Avgvi Aeva¨Zv
Ki‡e, ZvivB nÕj Am¤§ZÕ|7
17. nvivg I nvjv‡ji weavb cÖ`v‡b nv`x‡Qi ¯’vb KziAv‡bi b¨vq| eis
Zvi †P‡q †ekx| †hgb M„ncvwjZ Mvav, `š—-bLiIqvjv wnsmª cï I
c¶x KziAv‡b nvivg Kiv nqwb, A_P nv`x‡Q nvivg Kiv n‡q‡Q|8
5. eyLvix, wgkKvZ nv/1753; H, e½vbyev` nv/1661 ÔRvbvhvÕ Aa¨vq Ôg„‡Zi Rb¨ ›`bÕ Aby‡”Q`|
6. eyLvix, wgkKvZ nv/144 ÔKziAvb I mybœvn‡K AuvK‡o aivÕ Aby‡”Q`|
7. eyLvix, wgkKvZ nv/143|
8. Avey`vE`, wgkKvZ nv/163; gymwjg, gyËvdvK¡ ÔAvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/4105, 4106|

KziAv‡b mKj g„Z Ges i³‡K nvivg Kiv n‡q‡QÕ (evK¡vivn 2/173)|
A_P nv`x‡Q `yÕcÖKvi g„Z A_v©r gvQ I wUwÇ cvwL9
Ges `yÕcÖKvi i³
A_v©r KwjRv I c−xnv‡K nvjvj Kiv n‡q‡Q|10
18. nv`xQ †Kej KziAv‡bi e¨vL¨vKvix bq, eis A‡bK mgq KziAvbB
nv`x‡Qi cÖZ¨qbKvix|
†hgb (K) wnRi‡Zi c~‡e© g°vq 12 beex e‡l© msNwVZ wgÔiv‡Ri iv‡Z
cvuP Iqv³ QvjvZ dih nq Ges wReªxj (Avt) G‡m ivm~j (Qvt)-†K
Ih~ I Qvjv‡Zi wbqg-Kvb~b wk¶v †`b Ges ZLb †_‡KB Qvnvev‡q
†Kivg wbqwgZ Ih~mn QvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| A_P Ih~i dih
c×wZ m¤ú©‡K m~iv gv‡q`vn&i 6 bs AvqvZ bvwhj nq wgÔiv‡Ri NUbvi
8 eQi c‡i 6ô wnRix‡Z g`xbvq| (L) gynv¤§v` Beby mxixb (int)
e‡jb, Bû`x‡`i kwbevi I bvQviv‡`i iweevi mvßvwnK Dcvmbvi
w`‡bi wecix‡Z AvbQvi QvnvexMY g`xbvq AvmÔAv` web hyivivn (ivt)-
Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ ï evi RygÔAvi QvjvZ Av`vq ïi“ K‡ib Ges ZuvivB
me©cÖ_g ÔRygÔAvnÕ bvgKiY K‡ib| †Kbbv Gw`‡bi c~e©bvg wQj
ÔAviƒevnÕ )( | c‡i ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) wnRiZ K‡i G‡j RygÔAv
dih nIqvi AvqvZ m¤^wjZ m~iv RygÔAv bvwhj nq|11
Z‡e †h‡nZy nv`x‡Qi wekvj fvÊv‡ii msMÖn, msKjb I msi¶Y
KziAv‡bi b¨vq ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ ev AweiZ avivq ewY©Z I mK‡ji wbK‡U
mgfv‡e I e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvwiZ nqwb, †mKviY weØvbMY nv`xQ‡K
KziAv‡bi c‡i wØZxq ¯—‡i †i‡L‡Qb| Z‡e KziAv‡bi msw¶ß, A¯úó I
†gŠwjK weavb mg~‡ni wecix‡Z we¯—vwiZ, my¯úó Ges †gŠwjK I we¯—…Z
weavbvejx m¤^wjZ nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv gywgb Rxe‡b me©vwaK|
hv e¨ZxZ c~Y©v½fv‡e Bmjvgx Rxeb hvcb Kiv gywg‡bi Rb¨ Av‡`Š
m¤¢eci bq|
9. GK cÖKvi †QvU gi“c¶x; hv mPivPi Avieiv wkKvi K‡i †LZ|
10. Avngv`, Beby gvRvn cÖf„wZ, wgkKvZ nv/4132 ÔwkKvi I henÕ Aa¨vq, Ô‡h me e¯‘ LvIqv
nvjvj I nvivgÕ|
11. Zvdmxi KziZzex 18/98 m~iv RygÔAv 9 Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨v|

19. nv`x‡Qi AbymiY e¨ZxZ gyywg‡bi mKj †bK Avgj wed‡j hv‡e|
†hgb Avj−vn e‡jb,
)( Ô†n Cgvb`viMY! †Zvgiv Avj−vn&i
AvbyMZ¨ Ki I ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Ki Ges †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì
Avgjmg~n‡K webó K‡iv bvÕ (gynv¤§v` 47/33)|
20. AvK¡x`v I AvnKvg mKj wel‡q nv`xQ nÕj P~ovš— wm×vš—Kvix|
†hgb (1) Kei Avhve, Cmv (Avt)-Gi EaŸ©v‡ivnY I wK¡qvg‡Zi
cÖv°v‡j AeZiY, gvn`xi AvMgb, `v¾v‡ji Avwef©ve cÖf„wZ
AvK¡x`vMZ welq (2) QvjvZ, wQqvg, hvKvZ I n‡¾i wbqg-Kvb~b
BZ¨vw` Bev`ZMZ welq (3) eëmv-evwYR¨mn nvjvj-nviv‡gi
A_©‰bwZK weavbmg~n, ¯¿xi mv‡_ Zvi †evb I Lvjv-dzdz‡K weevn bv
Kiv, i³ m¤úK©xq‡ì b¨vq `y» m¤úK©xq‡ì mv‡_ weev‡ni
wbwl×Zvmn weevn I Zvjv‡Ki we¯—vwiZ wbqg I weavbmg~n, †cŠ‡Îi
m¤úwË‡Z `v`xi DËivwaKvi, mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Avgx‡ii AvbyMZ¨,
weevwnZ I AweevwnZ †hbvKv‡ii kvw¯—i cv_©K¨, g`¨cvb, A½‡”Q`b
I ¶wZKiY BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Aciv‡ai kvw¯—weavbmn ivR‰bwZK,
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK welqvejxi we¯—vwiZ wewa-weavb †KejgvÎ
nv`x‡Qi gva¨‡gB Avgiv cªvß n‡qwQ| †mKviY nv`x‡Qi AbymiY e¨ZxZ
Bmjv‡gi AbymiY Kíbv Kiv Am¤¢e|
AatcZ‡bi KviY )(
gymwjg D¤§vn&i AatcZ‡bi eûwea Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z eo KviY
nÕj KyiAvb I mybœvn †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q †bIqv| KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi
wbi‡c¶ AbymiY I GZ`yf‡qi cÖKvk¨ I mijv‡_©i Dc‡i Avgj I
M‡elYvagx© we‡k−lY ev` w`‡q †jv‡Kiv ‡g `jc~Rv I e¨w³ c~Rvq
wjß nq| Avi G¸wj ïi“ nq g~jZt ivR‰bwZK I `ywbqvex ¯^v_©‡K
†K›`ª K‡i| AveyeKi (ivt)-Gi AvovB eQ‡ii †LjvdZKvj e¨wqZ nq
g~jZt Bmjv‡gi cÖwZi¶vi Kv‡R Z_v ÔgyiZv`Õ ev ag©Z¨vMx‡ì Xj

†VKv‡bv, hvKvZ A¯^xKviKvix‡ì I fÊbex‡ì †drbv, we‡`kx êix
kw³i nvgjv gyKvwejv Kiv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R| Igi (ivt)-Gi 10 eQ‡ii
†LjvdZKv‡j ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K Ges gymwjg kw³i
weRqvwfhvb GwM‡q P‡j evavnxb MwZ‡Z| gymjgvb‡ì RxebhvÎvq
m”QjZv wd‡i Av‡m| IQgvb MYx (ivt)-Gi 12 eQ‡ii †LjvdZKv‡ji
cÖ_gvaŸ© e¨vcx GB Awfhvb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K I gymwjg kw³ ZrKvjxb
c„w_ex‡Z GKK e„nËg ivR‰bwZK kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq| wKš‘ Gwi g‡a¨
wKQz wejvmx †jvK Øxb‡K `ywbqv nvwQ‡ji gva¨g wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i|
Bû`x mš—vb Ave`yj−vn web mvev cÖKv‡k¨ Bmjvg MÖnY K‡i Hme
`ywbqv`vi †jvK‡ì‡K †Ljvd‡Zi wei“‡× cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j
ivR‰bwZK wek„sLjv †`Lv †`q| hvi cwiYwZ‡Z Z…Zxq Ljxdv IQgvb
(ivt) I c‡i PZz_© Ljxdv Avjx (ivt) wbnZ nb| Pigcš’x Lv‡iRxiv
Avjx I gyÔAvweqv (ivt) Dfq‡K Ges wgK¡`v`, mvjgvb dv‡imx I Avey
hvi †Mdvixmn nv‡Z MYv K‡qKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Qvnvex‡K ÔKv‡diÕ
ej‡Z _v‡K| GBfv‡e †bZ…¯’vbxq QvnvexMY‡K ÔKv‡diÕ ejvi Kvi‡Y
D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ Zuv‡ì wekvj fveg~wZ© I gh©v`v ¶zbœ nq| †h †KD Zuv‡ì
mgv‡jvPbvq mvnmx n‡q I‡V| d‡j gymwjg HK¨ ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o
hvq| g`xbv I `v‡g®‹ Ges c‡i K~dv I `v‡g®‹ ivR‰bwZK wefw³i `yB
†K‡›`ª cwiYZ nq| AZtci AveŸvmxq Avg‡j evM`v‡` GKK ivRavbx
¯’vwcZ nq|
Dc‡iv³ ivR‰bwZK wefw³i Kvi‡Y gmwR`, gvìvmv me©Î AvK¡x`vMZ
weZ©K ïi“ n‡q hvq| eQivi gvÔev` Rynvbx (g„t 80wnt) ZvK¡`xi‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i| Rvng web QvdIqvb mgiK›`x (wbnZ 128 wnt)
Avj−vn&i ¸Yvejx‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| IqvwQj web ÔAvZ¡v (80-131 wnt)
eQivq gyÔZvwhjv gZev‡ì Rb¥ †`q| Zviv hyw³i Av‡jv‡K Qnxn
nv`xQmg~‡ni hvPvB ïi“ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì gb gZ bv nÕ‡j Zv‡K
A¯^xKvi Kivi `ytmvnm †`Lv‡Z _v‡K A_ev wb‡R‡ì gb gZ K‡i
†bIqvi Rb¨ Ace¨vL¨v I `~iZg e¨vL¨v ïi“ K‡i †`q|
†gvUK_v KziAvb I mybœvn&i g~j evnK I cÖPviK gnvgvb¨ QvnvexM‡Yi
wei“‡× KzP xiv †g‡Z I‡V| Bû`x-L„óvb †_‡K ag©vš—wiZ bI-gymwjg
†jv‡KivB g~jZt GB P v‡š— †bZ„Z¡ †`q| hv‡Z Bmjv‡gi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯—¤¢

nv`xQ kv¯¿‡K evwZj cÖgvY Kiv hvq| Avi nv`xQ‡K evwZj ev
AMÖnY‡hvM¨ wKsev m‡›`nhy³ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡jB KzP x‡ì D‡Ïk¨
mdj n‡e| †Kbbv nv`x‡Qi ¯—‡¤¢i Dc‡iB Bmjv‡gi myD”P cÖvmv` gv_v
DuPz K‡i ùvwo‡q Av‡Q|
QvnvexM‡Yi f~wgKv ( )
Qvnvev‡q †Kivg I Zuv‡ì wkl¨ Zv‡eC‡b Ghvg me©`v nv`x‡Qi
cvnviv`vi wnmv‡e `„p wngvw`ªi b¨vq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †M‡Qb|
nv`x‡Qi bv‡g wg_¨v eY©bv, nv`x‡Qi Ace¨vL¨v, `~iZg e¨vL¨v BZ¨vw`
†_‡K Zvuiv wQ‡jb eû †hvRb `~‡i| Gme welq wQj Zuv‡ì ¯^‡cœiI
evB‡i| G Kvi‡Y Zuviv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ÔAvnjyj nv`xQÕ ÔAvnjym mybœvnÕ
BZ¨vw` bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q I‡Vb| Zuv‡ì we‡ivaxiv ÔAvnjyj we`ÔAvÕ
Z_v we`ÔAvZx bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Z _v‡K (gyK¡vÏvgv gymwjg c„. 15)|
D‡j−L¨ †h, ivR‰bwZK †Mvj‡hv‡Mi d‡j QvnvexM‡Yi g‡a¨ wefw³ m„wó
nÕ‡jI Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ AvK¡x`vMZ †Kvb wefw³ †`Lv †`qwb| Zuviv
ci¯úi‡K ÔKvwdiÕ e‡jbwb ev Kvi“i i³ nvjvj e‡jbwb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨
hv wKQz we‡iva wQj, Zv wQj †mªd BRwZnv`x gZwe‡iva| huvi BRwZnv`
mwVK wQj, wZwb wØ¸Y QIqve cv‡eb Ges huvi BRwZnv` †ewVK wQj,
wZwb GK¸Y QIqve cv‡eb|
eQivq _vKvKvjxb mg‡q GK`v Qvnvex Bgivb web ûQvBb (ivt) R‰bK
e¨w³‡K nv`xQ ïbvw”Q‡jb| ZLb GKRb †jvK G‡m ejj, †n Avey
bvRx`! Avcwb Avgv‡ì‡K KziAvb ïbvb| Bgivb web ûQvBb (ivt)
ZLb †jvKwU‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ej‡jb, †Zvgiv wK QvjvZ Av`vq Ki bv?
†Zvgiv wK hvKvZ Av`vq Ki bv? ZvnÕ‡j Zv Kvi †Ìqv c×wZ‡Z
Av`vq Ki? †jvKwU ejj, ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Avgv‡ì‡K Gme wel‡q
wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb| AZtci †jvKwU wb‡Ri fyj eyS‡Z †c‡i ejj :
ÔAvcwb Avgv‡K euvwP‡q‡Qb| Avj−vn Avcbv‡K `xN©Rxwe
Ki“b!Õ12
12. gy¯—vìv‡K nv‡Kg 1/109-10 c„t|

DgvBqv web Lvwj` GKevi mKj gvmAvjv KziAvb †_‡K †ei Kivi
†Póv K‡ib| wZwb nhiZ Avãyj−vn Be‡b Igi (ivt)-‡K wR‡Ám
Ki‡jb, Avgiv gyK¡xg Ae¯’vq I fxwZi Ae¯’vq QvjvZ Av`v‡qi welq
KziAv‡b cvB| wKš‘ md‡i QvjvZ Av`v‡qi welq †Zv KziAv‡b cvB bv|
ZLb Beby Igi (ivt) Zv‡K ej‡jb,
Ô†n fvwZRv! gynv¤§v` (Qvt)-‡K Avj−vn Avgv‡ì wbKU
cvwV‡qwQ‡jb, hLb Avgiv wKQzB RvbZvg bv| wbðqB Avgiv K‡i
_vwK, †hgbfv‡e Avgiv gynv¤§v` (Qvt)-‡K Ki‡Z †`‡LwQÕ|13
Z‡e GB ai‡bi cÖkœ ZrKvjxb gymwjg mgv‡R e¨vcKZv jvf K‡iwb|
eis e¨w³ ch©v‡qB mxgve× wQj| Avi g~jZt Biv‡Ki eQiv‡ZB GwU
mxgve× wQj| †mKviY eQivi Ab¨Zg †kªô Zv‡eC weØvb AvBq~e
mvLwZqvbx (68-131 wnt) wbR kn‡ii †jvK‡ì P~ovš—fv‡e e‡j †`b
†h, :
ÔhLb Zywg †Kvb e¨w³‡K nv`xQ ïbv‡e, ZLb †m hw`
e‡j †h, Qvo Gme, Avgv‡ì‡K KziAvb ïbvI, ZLb Zzwg †R‡bv †h, H
†jvKwU wb‡R c_åó Ges Ab¨‡K c_åóKvixÕ|14
e¨w³ ch©v‡q nv`xQ we‡ivax D³ g‡bvfve mxgve× _vK‡jI wØZxq
kZvãxi †kl w`‡K G‡m †ek wKQz †jvK‡K cvIqv hvq, hviv cyiv nv`xQ
kv¯¿‡KB A¯^xKvi K‡i A_ev ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~n‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i| hwÌ gymwjg D¤§vn&i mvwe©K mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Gi
e¨vcK cÖfve ZLbI c‡owb, AvRI c‡owb| dvwjj−v-wnj nvg&`| Z‡e
nv`xQ we‡ivax lohš¿ cÖKv‡k¨ I c‡iv‡¶ me©`v Ae¨vnZ wQj, AvRI
Av‡Q| `yf©vM¨ ‡g GB †jv‡Kiv GLb Avi evB‡ii †KD bq, eis
N‡ii| Bmjv‡gi eo eo weØvb wnmv‡e hviv RvZxq I Avš—Rv©wZKfv‡e
13. gy¯—vìv‡K nv‡Kg 1/258 c„t|
14. QvjvûÏxb gKe~j Avngv`, hvIqv‡eÔ dx IqvRwnm mybœvn (wiqv` : `vi Avjwgj KzZze) Zvwe, c„t 46|

mycwiwPZ| G¶‡Y weMZ I eZ©gvb hy‡Mi cÖKvk¨ I c‡iv¶ nv`xQ
we‡ivax‡ì msw¶ß cwiPq Avgiv Zz‡j aivi cÖqvm cve| hv‡Z mvaviY
gymjgvbMY G‡ì †auvKvq bv c‡ob|
cÖvPxb hy‡Mi nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY )(
1. Lv‡iRx )( : Giv cÖ_‡g Avjx (ivt)-Gi `jfy³ wQj| wKš‘
wZwb gyÔAvweqv (ivt)-Gi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK mg‡SvZvi D‡Ïk¨ `yÕRb
Qvnvex‡K kvwjk †g‡b †bIqvq Giv Zuvi we‡ivax n‡q hvq Ges †k−vMvb
†Zv‡j †h, Ô†Kvb ûKzg`vZv †bB Avj−vn e¨ZxZÕ A_v©r
Avj−vn Qvov KvD‡K kvwjk gvwbbv| AZtci D³ kvwjkxi mg_©K
mKj Qvnvex‡K Zviv ÔKvwdiÕ e‡j Ges Zuv‡ì ewY©Z wdrbv cieZx©
mKj nv`xQ‡K Zviv A¯^xKvi K‡i|
2. kxÔAv )( : Avjx (ivt)-Gi fÊ mg_©K GB `‡ji †jv‡Kiv
Zv‡ì aviYv g‡Z nv‡Z MYv K‡qKRb Qvnvex e¨ZxZ mKj Qvnvex‡K
ÔKvwdiÕ e‡j Ges Zuv‡ì ewY©Z nv`xQmg~n‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| Zv‡ì
cm›`gZ wKQz Qvnvexi ewY©Z nv`xQmg~n‡KB gvÎ Zviv MÖnY K‡i
_v‡K|
3. gyÔZvwhjv )( : eyw×ev`x GB `jwUi AwZ hyw³ev`x ZrciZvq
cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cÖKv‡k¨ ev AcÖKv‡k¨ GB g‡Zi Abymvix †jv‡Kiv cyiv
nv`xQ kv¯¿‡KB A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| GgbwK hyw³i evB‡i nIqvq Zviv
KziAv‡bi A‡eva¨ welq¸wj )( Ges ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
gyÔwRhvmg~n‡K )( A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| Avey ûivqiv (ivt)-‡K Zviv
Ô†miv wg_y¨KÕ )( ej‡ZI wØav †eva K‡iwb| Qvnvex I
Zv‡eCM‡Yi drIqvmg~n‡K Zviv Zvw”Qj¨ K‡i Ges Zuv‡ì‡K g~L© I
gybvwdK e‡j| GgbwK Zuv‡ì‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e Rvnvbœvgx e‡j
(bvEhywej−vn) (hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 59)|

Z‡e mwVK K_v GB †h, Dc‡iv³ åvš— `j¸wj cyiv nv`xQ kv¯¿‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡iwb| eis Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©i we‡ivax nv`xQmg~n‡KB g~jZt
Zviv A¯^xKvi ev cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| †hgb Lv‡iRxiv Avn‡j evq‡Zi
gh©v`vq ewY©Z nv`xQmg~n‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| gyÔZvwhjviv Avj−vn&i
¸Yvejx ms vš— nv`xQmg~n‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| hwÌ Hme `j¸wj
Ab¨vb¨ cÖkvLvMZ wel‡q ewY©Z wKQz wKQz nv`xQ gvb¨ K‡i _v‡K|
Beby nvhg Av›`vjymx (384-456 wnt) e‡jb, gymwjg D¤§vn&i mKj
`j-Dc`j wek¦¯— GKK eY©bvKvixi weï×fv‡e ewY©Z ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ
ch©vqfy³ nv`xQ webv evK¨ e¨‡q †g‡b wb‡Zb| G e¨vcv‡i D¤§‡Zi
g‡a¨ HK¨gZ wQj| wKš‘ 1g kZvãx wnRixi †k‡li w`‡K wKQz
gyÔZvwhjv `vk©wbK GB bxwZi e¨Z¨q NUvb Ges ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ
ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~‡n m‡›`n cÖKvk Ki‡Z _v‡KbÕ|15
GB gyÔZvwhjx
hyw³ev`x †XD wewfbœ wdK¡nx gvhnv‡ei weØvbM‡Yi g‡aÏ jv‡M
†KejgvÎ Avn‡jnv`xQ weØvbMY e¨ZxZ| dvwjj−v-wnj nvg&`|
AvaywbK hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY )(
Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g kZvãx‡Z gv_v Pvov †Ìqv nv`xQ we‡ivax `j¸wji
AcZrciZv cieZ©x‡Z ¯’vb we‡k‡l wawK wawK fv‡e wU‡K _vK‡jI
gynvwÏQ weØvbM‡Yi Ae¨vnZ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L Zv e¨vcKZv jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| GgbwK AveŸvmxq Ljxdv gvg~b, gyÔZvwQg I IqvwQK¡ wej−vn&i
(198-232 wnt/813-47 L„t) mvwe©K c„ô‡cvlKZv m‡Ë¡I hyyw³ev‡ì
bv‡g åvš— gyÔZvwhjv gZev` e„nËi gymwjg Rbmvavi‡Yi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
jv‡f †kvPbxqfv‡e e¨_© nq| hwÌ Hmgq Avn‡jnv`xQ weØvbM‡Yi
Dc‡i †b‡g Av‡m f~wgK¤úm`„k wec`-gyQxeZ I hyjyg-AZ¨vPvimg~n|
Gfv‡e kZ ivR‰bwZK wbh©vZb I †Rj-hyjyg mn¨ K‡iI Zuv‡ì `„p
cÖwZ‡iva mvaviY RbM‡Yi ü`q Rq K‡i| hv nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i cweÎZv I
D”P gh©v`v‡K A¶zYœ ivL‡Z mnvqK nq|
15. Avj-BnKvg dx DQ~wjj AvnKvg (Kvq‡iv : `vi“j nv`xQ, 1426/2005) c„t 126|

wKš‘ cÂg kZvãx wnRix †_‡K mßg kZvãx wnRix ch©š— (480-
691wnt/1095-1291L„t=202/196 eQi) wdwj¯—xb D×v‡ii bv‡g wLªóvb
BD‡iv‡ci †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ cÖvq `yÕ‡kv eQi e¨vcx msNwUZ Ô z‡mWÕ
hy‡× civwRZ I e¨_© wLªóvb †bZviv gymwjg wek¦‡K KivqË Kivi Rb¨
wfbœ c_ Aej¤^b K‡i| Zviv mvs¯‹„wZK mvgªvRëv‡ì bxjbKkv AsKb
K‡i Ges GRb¨ we‡kl wKQz wkw¶Z †jvK wb‡qvM K‡i| hviv Aviex I
Bmjvgx mvwnZ¨ wel‡q M‡elYv I Abyev‡` AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|
Ab¨w`‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e `ye©j gymwjg †`k¸wj‡Z mgvR Kj¨v‡Yi bv‡g
mvnv‡hï nvZ cÖmvwiZ K‡i gvbe‡cÖwgK †m‡R Zviv mvg‡b Av‡m|
me©vaywbK cÖhyw³ wb‡q Bmjvgx M‡elYv I cÖKvkbvi †¶‡Î Zviv wecyj
As‡Ki A_© e¨q Ki‡Z _v‡K| hv gymjgv‡biv wewfbœ mxgve×Zvi
Kvi‡Y Ki‡Z m¶g nqwb| g~jëvb ¯‹jviwkc w`‡q gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni
†kªô cÖwZfv¸wj‡K Zviv M‡elYvi bv‡g wb‡R‡ì †`‡k wb‡q hvq Ges
D”PZi wWMÖx I †jvfbxq my‡hvM-myweavi duv‡` †d‡j Zv‡ì‡K gvbwmK
†Mvjv‡g cwiYZ K‡i| Zviv Bmjvg‡K cÖvPxb †f‡e Zv‡K AvaywbK
Kivi mvabvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| †KD †KD Zv‡ì åvš— AvK¡x`v-
wek¦vm‡K Bmjvgx †jevm cwiavb Kiv‡Z m‡Pó nb| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì
bvbvgyLx loh‡š¿i Ab¨Zg cÖavb w`K wQj GB †h, ÔAvgv‡ì Rb¨
KziAvbB h‡_ó nv`x‡Qi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bBÕ| †Kbbv nv`xQ nÕj ÔhvbœxÕ
ev aviYv wbf©i| ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) wb‡R G¸wj wjwce× AvKv‡i †i‡L
hvbwb| †mKviY G‡Z A‡bK `ye©jZv i‡q †M‡Q| we‡kl K‡i GKK
ivexi ewY©Z nv`xQmg~n‡K, hv‡K ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ejv nq|
AZtci Hme †jvK¸wj Ôms¯‹viÕ-Gi bvg wb‡q gq`v‡b Suvwc‡q c‡ob
Ges Zv‡ì ¸i“ ÔcÖvP¨we`Õ (Orientalist) bv‡g L¨vZ BD‡ivcxq wLªóvb
cwÊZ‡ì AbyKi‡Y KvR Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gy³eyw×i bv‡g Zviv Kw_Z
ga¨hyMxq wPš—vavivi wei“‡× Zi“Y‡ì D‡ËwRZ I AvK…ó Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| GBfv‡e Bmjv‡gi cªK…Z BwZnvm Ges Qvnvex I Zv‡eCM‡Yi
Cgvbx `„pZv m¤ú‡K© AÁ †jv‡KivB Bmjvg m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁiƒ‡c
gymwjg mgv‡R Avwef~©Z nb I Zv‡ì †Ìqv fyj I weK…Z e¨vL¨vq
mgv‡R weåvwš— †`Lv †`q| gymjgvb bvgavix GBme Kjgx gybvwdKivB

Bmjv‡gi ¯’vqx ¶wZ mva‡b m¶g nq, hv mk¯¿ Ô z‡mWÕ hy‡×i gva¨‡g
Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|
GBme gy³eyw× Bmjvgx wPš—vwe`MY K‡qKfv‡e wef³| †KD cy‡iv
nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i wei“‡× Ôm‡›`nev`Õ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| †KD ïaygvÎ ÔLe‡i
Iqv‡n`Õ RvZxq nv`xQ¸wj‡Z m‡›`n m„wó K‡i‡Qb| †KD nv`xQ ev`
w`‡q †KejgvÎ KziAv‡bi Abymvix nIqvi `vex K‡i‡Qb| †KD wb‡Ri
¯^v‡_©i wKQz nv`xQ‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb, evKx¸wj‡K A¯^xKvi ev
Ace¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| A‡b‡K nv`xQ kv¯¿‡K mivmwi A¯^xKvi K‡ibwb,
Z‡e hyw³i bv‡g Ggb me Achyw³i AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb, hv nv`xQ
A¯^xKviKvix‡ì †P‡qI AwaK ¶wZKi cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q Ges hv
†jvK‡ì wbK‡U nv`x‡Qi D”P gh©v`v‡K f~jywÉZ K‡i‡Q|
cvðv‡Z¨ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b †Mvìwh‡ni (1850-1921),
†Rv‡md kvLZ, gv‡M©vwjq_, M¨vób IqvU, Ugvm AvY©ì, Kvj©
†eªv‡Kjg¨vb, Avi.G. wbKjmb, G.†R. Avi‡eix, Avj‡d«W wnDg,
n¨vwgëb G.Avi. Mxe, g›U‡Mvgvix IqvU, Gm.Gg. hyBgvi, G.†R.
wfbwmK, †nbix j¨v‡gÝ (1868-1951) cÖgyL|
c¶vš—‡i cÖv‡P¨ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi Drm f~wg nÕj cÖavbZt `yÕwU| 1.
wgm‡i gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave&`yû (1849-1905) I Zuvi Abymvixe„›` 2.
fvi‡Z m¨vi ˆmq` Avngv` Lvb (1817-1898) I Zuvi Abymvixe„›`|
wgmixq ¯‹zj )(
1. gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave`yû (1849-1905 L„t)
GB weL¨vZ wgmixq cwÊZ AvaywbK wgm‡i Ôms¯‹viÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv
wnmv‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| hLb cvðvZ¨ mvgªvRëv`x kw³ Avie
we‡k¦i Dc‡i Zv‡ì Kv‡jv _vev we¯—vi K‡i Ges Aviexq Bmjvgx
ms¯‹…wZ‡K ga¨hyMxq Kzms¯‹vi wnmv‡e wPwÎZ Kivi Rb¨ D‡Vc‡o jv‡M
I GiB Ab¨Zg w`K wnmv‡e Bmjv‡gi wfZ bvwo‡q †èvi Rb¨ nv`xQ
kv‡¯¿i cÖvgvwYKZvi wei“‡× bvbvwea PÎ“vš— ïi“ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡ì GB

PÎ“vš— Rv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡ob eû Bmjvgx cwÊZ| gydZx gynv¤§v`
Ave`yû wQ‡jb Zv‡ì †bZ„¯’vbxq e¨w³Z¡| hwÌ Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ Zuvi
wQj †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv|
†hgb wZwb e‡jb,
ÔG hy‡M gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ †Kvb Bgvg ev †bZv †bB ÔKziAvbÕ e¨ZxZ|
mwZ¨Kv‡ii Bmjvg †mUvB, hv Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g kZ‡K wdrbv m„wói c„‡e©
wQjÕ| wZwb AviI e‡jb,
ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n` ch©vqfy³ †Kvb nv`xQ‡K AvK¡x`v
wel‡q `jxj wnmv‡e MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bqÕ (hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 72)|
Wt gyQZ¡dv mvevC e‡jb, Ôwbtm‡›`‡n gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave`yû AvaywbK
hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kªô ms¯‹viK| wZwb ¯^xq hy‡Mi AZzjbxq Bmjvgx
`vk©wbK wQ‡jb| cvðvZ¨ mvgªvRëv`x kÎ“‡ì wg_¨vPv‡ii wei“‡× mk¯¿
cÖnixi b¨vq Kjgx †hv×v wQ‡jb| mv‡_ mv‡_ gymwjg we‡k¦ wPš—vavivi
†¶‡Î kZel©e¨vcx êK‡jï Auvav‡i Av‡jvi mÂvi K‡iwQ‡jb| Z_vwc
wZwb wQ‡jb nv`xQ kv‡¯¿ LyeB Kg Áv‡bi AwaKvix| wZwb Bmjv‡gi
c‡¶ gvbwZK¡ ev ZK©kv¯¿ I hyw³ev‡ì A‡¯¿i Dci AwaK fimv
Ki‡ZbÕ|
wgmixq ¯‹z‡ji wek¦weL¨vZ cwÊZ ‰mq` ikx` wihv (1865-1935 L„t)
I Wt ZvIdxK¡ wQ`K¡x cÖ_g Rxe‡b gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave`yû-i Abymvix
wQ‡jb| ‰mq` ikx` wihv-i RMwØL¨vZ cwÎKv ÔAvj-gvbviÕ-†q GB
mgq nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZvi wei“‡× A‡bK wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ nÕZ| †hgb
Wt ZvIdxK¡ wQ`K¡x wjwLZ cÖeÜ ÔBmjvg
ej‡Z GKgvÎ KziAvb‡KB eySvqÕ|16
ejv evûj¨, ˆmq` ikx` wihv
GBme †jLbxi m‡ev©”P c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡Zb| wKš‘ Zuv‡ì D¯—v` gydZx
16. hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 74, M„nxZ : Avj-gvbvi 9g el© 7 I 12 msL¨v|

gynv¤§v` Ave`yû-i g„Zzï c‡i hLb Avj-Avhnvi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
cwÊZ‡ì nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i cÖwZ Ae‡njv Ges wewfbœ wdK¡nx gvhnve I
`k©b kv‡¯¿i cÖwZ Zv‡ì AwZ Drmvn I Mfxi cvwÊZ¨ cÖZ¨¶ K‡ib,
ZLb wZwb wgm‡i Ômybœv‡Zi SvÊv DÇxbKvixÕ wnmv‡e Avwef~©Z nb|
wZwb nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× wewfbœ gn‡ji DÌvwcZ cÖkœmg~‡ni ùvZfv½v
Reve w`‡Z _v‡Kb Ges wewfbœ †dK¡nx gvhnv‡e nv`xQ we‡ivax †hme
drIqv wjwce× i‡q‡Q, wZwb Zvi Zxeª we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
cieZ©xKv‡j wgm‡ii KzL¨vZ nv`xQ `ykgb Avey ivBqvn&i Avwef©veKv‡j
hw` wZwb RxweZ _vK‡Zb, Z‡e ˆmq` ikx` wihv †h Zvi cÖ_g
cÖwZev`Kvix nÕ‡Zb, G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB (Avm-mybœvn c„t 30)| Wt
ZvIdxK¡ wQ`K¡xI Avj−vn&i ing‡Z Zuvi c~‡e©i f~wgKv cwiZ¨vM K‡ib I
‰mq` ikx` wihv-i mv‡_ HK¨g‡Z ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM †`b|17
2. Wt Avngv` Avgxb (1886-1954 L„t)
GB wgmixq cwÊZ ÔdvRi“j BmjvgÕ Ôhynvj BmjvgÕ I Ôhyni“j BmjvgÕ
bv‡g mvov RvMv‡bv wZbwU MÖ‡š’i weL¨vZ †jLK| GB MÖš’mg~‡n wZwb
BD‡ivcxq cÖvP¨we`M‡Yi c`vsK AbymiY K‡ib Ges nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i
wekvj fvÊv‡i m‡›`‡ni a~gªRvj m„wó K‡ib| Gfv‡e wZwb Rgn~i
gymwjg weØvbM‡Yi M„nxZ ZixKvi evB‡i P‡j hvb| ÔdvRi“j BmjvgÕ
MÖ‡š’ wZwb Ônv`xQÕ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hLv‡b wZwb Pwe©i g‡a¨
wel wgwk‡q‡Qb I nK¡-Gi mv‡_ evwZj wgwkªZ K‡i‡Qb| `yt‡Li welq
GB †h, D³ åvš— AvK¡x`vi Dc‡iB wZwb g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib| eis Zuvi
åvš— AvK¡x`vi eB c‡o eû †jvK åvš— n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI n‡”Q| †hgb
wZwb e‡jb,
...
17. hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 75, M„nxZ : Avj-gvbvi 10g el©... `ªt|

ÔweØvbMY nv`xQ eY©bvKvix ivex‡ì mgv‡jvPbvq eû wbqg-weavb cÖYqb
K‡i‡Qb| hvi mewKQz GLv‡b eY©bv Kiv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ mZ¨ K_v
ej‡Z wK Zuviv nv`x‡Qi gZ‡bi (Text) PvB‡Z mb‡ì (Chain of
narrators) mgv‡jvPbv‡K AwaK ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb|.....GgbwK hw`
Avgiv †Lv` eyLvix‡K †`wL, Z‡e †`Le †h, m‡e©v”P gh©v`v I m~²
we‡k−lY m‡Ë¡I mgKvjxb NUbvejx I ev¯—e AwfÁZv mg~n cÖgvY K‡i
†h, Zuvi M„nxZ nv`xQ mg~n Qnxn bq, †Kej ivex‡ì mgv‡jvPbvq Zuvi
`„wó wbe× ivLvi Kvi‡YÕ|18
Avngv` Avgx‡bi GB gš—e¨ †h wbR©jv
wg_¨v eis gynvwÏQ weØvbM‡Yi wei“‡× wbQK Acev`, GK_v DQ~‡j
nv`x‡Qi mvaviY QvÎI Lei iv‡Lb| eis ejv P‡j †h, Dc‡iv³ gš—e¨
Zuvi wbR¯^ M‡elYvcÖm~Z bq; eis Zuvi AbymiYxq wLªóvb cwÊZM‡Yi
gš—‡eï AbyKiY gvÎ| †hgb cÖvP¨we` M¨vób IqvU e‡jb, nv`xQ
kv¯¿we`MY nv`xQ m¤ú©‡K Mfxi M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †m¸wj wQj me
ivex I mb‡ì mgv‡jvPbvgyLx| .....Zuviv ÔgZ‡bÕi mgv‡jvPbv
K‡ibwbÕ| D³ cÖvP¨we` wLªóvb cwÊ‡Zi e³e¨ Avi gymwjg cwÊZ Wt
Avngv` Avgx‡bi e³‡e¨ I gš—‡e¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|
Wt Avngv` Avgx‡bi †Q‡j Ôûmv‡qbÕ wcZvi †P‡q AviI GKavc
GwM‡q †M‡Qb| whwb ¯^xq
eB‡qi g‡a¨ Bmjv‡gi g~jbxwZmg~n I we‡kl K‡i mybœv‡Z
beex m¤ú©‡K Zxeª wnsmvZ¥K e³e¨mg~n mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i‡Qb| D³ eBwU
1984 mv‡j Kvq‡iv‡Z AbywôZ Avš—R©vwZK eB cÖ`k©bx‡Z Ô†kªô eBÕ
wnmv‡e cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Q|
D³ eB‡q wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvngv` Avgxb Avgv‡ì Dc‡i ÔQvjvZÕ-‡K
ÔdihÕ K‡i hvbwb| wZwb †Pv‡ii nvZ KvUv Hmgq wm× g‡b Ki‡Zb,
hLb †Lvjv gq`v‡b †Kvb cw_‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Pzwi Kiv nq| wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b GwU †Kvb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Aciva wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ n‡”Q bv|
AZGe eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq GB ûKzg Aek¨B cwieZ©b Kiv DwPZÕ|
18. W. Avngv` Avgxb, dvRi“j Bmjvg (wgmi : 1975) c„t 217-218|

gwnjv‡ì c`©v m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb,
Ôc`©vi m‡½ Bmjv‡gi †Kvb m¤úK© †bBÕ.....| Giƒc eû A‡kvfb I
Ab_©K K_vq f‡i Av‡Q c„w_exi Kw_Z H Ô†kªô MÖš’wUÕ!
Wt Avngv` Avgx‡bi Av‡iK Abymvix cwÊZ BmgvCj Av`nvg 1353
wnRix‡Z cÖKvwkZ bvgK wbe‡Ü e‡jb, Qnxn MÖš’mg~‡n
†hme nv`xQ wjwce× Av‡Q, †mm‡ei wfwË gheyZ bq, eis m‡›`nc~Y©
Ges †mm‡ei g‡a¨ Rvj nIqvi †`vlvejx AMÖMY¨Õ )
( |
3. gvng~` Avey ivBqvn
GB cwÊZ e¨w³ mybœv‡Z beex †Zv e‡UB mivmwi QvnvexM‡Yi cÖwZ
wnsmvcivqY| we‡kl K‡i gymwjg D¤§vn †h gnvb Qvnvexi wbKU †_‡K
me‡P‡q †ekx nv`xQ jvf K‡i‡Q, nv`x‡Qi †kªô nv‡dh Qvnvex Avey
ûivqiv (ivt)-Gi Dc‡iB Zvi † va me‡P‡q †ekx| ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
LvQ †`vÔAvcÖvß I Avj−vn&i we‡kl ingZ cÖvß Abycg PwiÎ gvay‡h©i
AwaKvix GB gvbylwU‡K Kvwjgvwjß Kivi Rb¨ wgmixq cwÊZ Zvi
GKwU eB‡qi bvg Zvw”Qj¨f‡i †i‡L‡Qb
ÔghxivnÕ Lv‡`ï f¶K Avey ûivqivÕ| Avey ûivqiv (ivt) D³ Lv`¨wU
cm›` Ki‡Zb e‡j QvÔAvjvex I e`xÔDh&hvgvb nvgvhvbx cÖgyL eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb| hwÌ GBme mvwnwZ¨K‡ì gva¨‡g cÖPvwiZ D³ eY©bvi †Kvb
weï× wfwË †bBÕ|19
Abyiƒcfv‡e Zvi iwPZ eB‡qi g‡aÏ nv`xQ I
Avey ûivqiv (ivt)-Gi wei“‡× Zxeª we‡lv˜Mvi K‡i‡Qb| mybœx bvgavix
GB cwÊZ g~jZt kxÔAv wQ‡jb| hv Zvi †jLbx‡Z ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb
nq|
19. W. gyQZ¡dv Avm-mvevC, Avm-mybœvn (êi“Z : Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 4_© ms¯‹iY 1405/
1985) c„t 335|

Dc‡iv³ gvng~` Avey ivBqvn&i †jLbxmg~n‡K cuywR K‡i Av‡iKRb
cwÊZ mvBwq` Qv‡jn AveyeKi GKwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib, hvi bvg
ÔBmªvCjx
nv`xQmg~n‡K Svo– †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ges eyLvix‡K Hme †_‡K cweÎ Kivi
Rb¨ KziAvbx †R¨vwZmg~nÕ| D³ eB‡q wZwb Qnxn eyLvixi 100 wU
nv`xQ evQvB K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wj Zvi g‡Z Bû`x‡ì iwPZ Ges Bgvg
eyLvix †m¸wj‡K Qnxn mve¨¯— K‡i‡Qb (bvEhywej−vn) I ivm~jyj−vn
(Qvt)-Gi w`‡K m¤^Ü K‡i‡Qb| Zvi GB evQvB‡qi Rb¨ wZwb cÖvgvY¨
`jxj wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb wbK…óZg nv`xQ `ykgb gvng~` Avey
ivBqvn&i eBmg~n‡K|
Abyiƒc Av‡iKRb cwÊZ Avngv` hvKx Avey kv`x, whwb ¯^xq eB
(ÔBmjv‡gi wec−eÕ c„t 44)-†q e‡jb,
ÔGB †h mybvb Beby gvRvn I eyLvix ev nv`xQ I mybœvn&i wKZvemg~n, hv
nv`xQ I Leimg~n Øviv cwic~Y©, Áv‡bi c‡¶ G¸wji weï×Zv †g‡b
†bqv m¤¢e bq| G¸wj‡K ivm~‡ji w`‡K m¤^Ü Ki‡Z Avgiv ivhx bB|
eis G¸wji AwaKvskB Bmjvg, gymjgvb I gnvb bexi cÖwZ VvÆvi
w`‡K Avnevb K‡i| ÔAvgiv Gme †_‡K Avj−vn&i Avkªq PvBÕ|
Dc‡iv³ cwÊZMY QvovI gy³eyw× Bmjvgx wPš—vwe` bv‡g L¨vZ AviI
†ek K‡qKRb e¨w³ Av‡Qb, hviv †PZ‡b ev Ae‡PZ‡b ey‡S ev bv ey‡S
cÖvPxb ev AvaywbK nv`xQ `ykgb‡ì PUK`vi hyw³ev‡ì Là‡i c‡o
Bmjv‡gi bv‡gB Bmjv‡gi g~j ¯—¤¢ nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i cÖvgvwYKZvi wei“‡×

Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, hv Zv‡ì †jLbx mg~n Øviv ¯úófv‡e dz‡U I‡V|
HmKj e¨w³ I Zv‡ì eBmg~‡ni K‡qKwU wbgœiƒc :
1. Wt Avjx nvmvb Avãyj Kv‡ì
ÔBmjvgx wdK¡‡ni BwZnv‡mi Dc‡i mvaviY `„wócvZÕ|
2. kvqL gynv¤§` ÔBgvivn ÔBmjvg I HK¨Õ|
3. gynv¤§v` Avj-Mvhvjx
Ômybœv‡Z beex : wdK¡nwe` I nv`xQwe`M‡Yi ga¨Lv‡bÕ|
4. gynv¤§` Avngv` Lvjvdzj−vn ÔBmjvgx b¨vqbxwZÕ|
5. Wt nvmvb †Zvivex ÔBmjvgx ms¯‹viev‡ì
BwZnvmÕ|
Abyiƒcfv‡e Wt Avãyj nvgx` gyZvIqvj−x gZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, ÔLe‡i
Iqv‡n`Õ ch©vqfy³ nv`xQmg~n Øviv †Kvb weavbMZ ûKzg mve¨¯— n‡e
bvÕ| A‡bïv e‡jb, Gm‡ei Øviv †Kvb Ôû`~`Õ ev kvw¯— weavb mve¨¯—
Kiv hv‡e bv| Ab¨ GKRb cwÊZ kvqL kvjZ~Z ÔQnxnÕ I
ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ nv`xQ mg~‡ni wei“‡× wM‡q †kl hvgvbvq Cmv (Avt)-Gi
AeZiY m¤úwK©Z AvK¡x`v‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| Ab¨ GKRb cwÊZ
nvgv` mvC`vb gZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, †kl w`‡Ki msKjb¸wj‡Z
`ykgbiv Qnxn eyyLvix‡Z eû gIh~ ev Rvj nv`xQ Ry‡o w`‡q‡QÕ| e¯‘Zt
GK_v e‡j wZwb wb‡R‡K AÁ I nv`xQ `ykgb‡ì KvZv‡i kvwgj
K‡i‡Qb| Ggwbfv‡e wZwb Zuvi †Kvb †Kvb eB‡q Kei Avhv‡ei
me©m¤§Z AvK¡x`vi e¨vcv‡iI m‡›`n †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| †h welqwU
gyÔZvwhjvMY e¨ZxZ †Kvb gymjgvb A¯^xKvi K‡iwb|
Wt nvmvb †Zvivex e¨wfPvix‡K cv_i †g‡i nZ¨v Kivi `Ê, Cmv (Avt)-
Gi AeZiY cÖf„wZ‡K A¯^xKvi K‡ib| GZØ¨ZxZ Zuvi eBmg~‡n i‡q‡Q
fqsKi åvwš—mg~n| A_P GB e¨w³ m~`v‡b kixÔAvZx AvBb Kv‡qg
Kivi Rb¨ †mv”Pvi| Rvwbbv mybœv‡Z beex‡K ev` w`‡q Ges nv`xQ
kv¯¿‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i wZwb Kvi kixÔAvZ †`‡k cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Pvb|

Avie we‡k¦i bvgKiv mvwnwZ¨K‡ì g‡a¨ Bmjv‡gi I Bmjv‡gi bexi
wei“‡× whwb mePvB‡Z bMœ nvgjv Pvwj‡q‡Qb, wZwb nÕ‡jb wgm‡ii AÜ
mvwnwZ¨K I mgv‡jvPK Wt Z¡nv ûmvBb (1307-1393 wnt/1889-
1973 L„t)| ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi D”P gh©v`vi Dc‡i AvNvZ †n‡b Zuvi
wjwLZ eB (ÔPwi‡Îi Av‡k cv‡kÕ)-Gi 50 c„ôvq
ÔwcÖqZ‡gi cÖwZ wcÖqZ‡gi AvK©lYÕ wk‡ivbv‡g
D¤§yj gyÕ‡gbxb hvqbve web‡Z Rvn‡ki mv‡_ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi weev‡ni
NUbv AZ¨š— bMœ fvlvq †ck K‡i‡Qb| `yf©v‡Mï welq †h, GB eBwU
wgmixq wk¶v gš¿Yvjq †m †`‡ki D”P gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z cvV¨cy¯—K
wnmv‡e ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i‡Q|
Pvj©m WviDB‡bi (1809-1882) weeZ©bev‡ì AÜ mg_©K I bvw¯—
Këv`x `k©‡bi Abymvix Ab¨Zg wgmixq mvwnwZ¨K bvRxe gvnd‚h
(1911-2006) m¤¢eZt Bmjvg m¤ú©‡K Zuvi KcU †jLbxi cyi¯‹vi
wnmv‡eB 1988 mv‡j Avš—R©vwZK Ô†bv‡ejÕ cÖvB‡R f~wlZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
hvi wel`yó eB mg~n GLb evRv‡i eûj cÖPwjZ| evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK
e¨w³ Zvi cÖksmvq gy³K”Q|
fviZxq ¯‹zj )(
1. m¨vi ˆmq` Avngv` Lvb (1817-1898 L„t)
Avie we‡k¦ wgmixq cwÊZ gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave`yû (1849-1905 L„t)
I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì wdrbvi mgmvgwqK Kv‡j fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k m¨vi
ˆmq` Avngv` Lvb I Zuvi cÖwZwôZ ÔAvjxMo gymwjg wek¦we`¨vjqÕ GB
wdrbvi m~wZKvMvi wnmv‡e MY¨ nq|
Wt Avngv` Avgx‡bi fvlvq
Ôwgm‡i gydZx gynv¤§v` Ave`yû-i b¨vq wZwb wQ‡jb fvi‡ZÕ| wZwb
e‡jb, ÔZv‡ì `yÕR‡bi ms¯‹vi Kvh©
wQj hyw³ev` wfwËK ms¯‹viÕ|

ˆmq` Avngv` Lvb hwÌ fvi‡Z Bs‡iR kvm‡bi mg_©K wQ‡jb|
Z_vwc wZwb Zv‡ì L„óvbxKi‡Yi Zxeª we‡ivax wQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡ì
wei“‡× I Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ †Rviv‡jv Kjgx hy× Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wKš‘
G‡¶‡Î wZwb KziAvb-nv`x‡Qi PvB‡Z gvbwZK¡ I hyw³ev‡ì Dc‡i
AwaK wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Ávb Zuvi Bj&‡gi PvB‡Z †ekx wQj|
KziAv‡bi hyw³ wfwËK Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb gš—e¨ K‡ib, ÔKziAvb
hLb mwVKfv‡e eySv hv‡e, ZLb Zv Áv‡bi mv‡_ wg‡j hv‡e|.....
AZGe Ávb I i“wPi Av‡jv‡K Zvdmxi Kiv IqvwReÕ| Gi d‡j wZwb
Zuvi Ávb I i“wP we‡ivax eû AvqvZ I Qnxn nv`x‡Qi fyj A_© I `~iZg
Zvexj K‡i‡Qb| Ávb †gvZv‡eK bv nIqvq wZwb bex‡ì gyÔ‡Rhv‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Ges eû Qnxn nv`xQ‡K wZwb cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i‡Qb|
Zuvi AvK¡x`vmg~‡ni wQ‡U‡duvUv wbgœiƒc :
(1) ü`‡qi wek¦vm‡KB gvÎ Cgvb ejv nq| hw` †KD ü`‡q Avj−vn I
Zuvi ivm~‡ji cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY K‡i, †m e¨w³ gywgb| hwÌ †m Ab¨
a‡g©i evwn¨K wb`k©bvwì mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ iv‡L| †hgb wn›`y‡ì b¨vq
Mjvq I eM‡ji bxP w`‡q ˆcZv Szjv‡bv, Bû`x-L„óvb I gR~mx‡ì b¨vq
†Kvg‡i †eë ev wkKj cwiavb Kiv wKsev Mjvq zk (ev Zvi m`„k
e¯‘) Szjv‡bv, Zv‡ì c~Rv- cve©Y, eo w`b BZ¨vw` Drmevw`‡Z †hvM`vb
Kiv (2) ÔbeyAZÕ DbœZ Pwi‡Îi GKwU `„p ¯^fveMZ ¶gZvi bvg (3)
bex‡ì gyÔ‡Rhv Zuv‡ì beyA‡Zi cÖgv‡Yi Aš—fy©³ bq (4) KziAvb
DbœZ fvlv I AjsKv‡ii Rb¨ ev nZeyw×Kvix bq; eis †n`vqvZ
I wk¶vmg~‡ni Kvi‡Y (5) KziAv‡bi †Kvb AvqvZ kãMZ, A_©MZ ev
ûKygMZ †Kvb w`K w`‡qB Ôgvbm~LÕ ev ûKzg iwnZ bq (6) Avmgvbx
†Kvb wKZv‡e KL‡bvB †Kvb ÔZvnixdÕ ev kvwãK cwieZ©b nqwb (7)
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi cieZx© LjxdvMY ÔbeyA‡Zi cÖwZwbwaÕ bb BZ¨vw`|
Zuvi GB Kíbvwbf©i AwZ hyw³ev`x a¨vb-aviYv eû wejvmx cwÊ‡Zi
g‡bvRM‡Z bvov †`q Ges ZvivI GKB c_ a‡i nv`xQ A¯^xKv‡ii
†Pviv c_ †e‡Q †bb| †hgb †gŠjex †PivM Avjx, Avãyj−vn PKovjex,
Avngv` Øxb Ag„Zmix cÖgyL cwÊZ cÖKv‡k¨ ej‡Z _v‡Kb †h, Øxbx
welqmg~‡n KziAvbB h‡_ó, nv`x‡Qi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Z‡e †h¸wj
Zv‡ì cÖe„wËi AbyK~‡j nÕZ, †m¸wj‡K Zviv MÖnY Ki‡Zb|

2. †PivM Avjx
ˆmq` Avngv` Lv‡bi wPš—vavivi Abymvix †gŠjex †PivM Avjx e‡jb,
ÔmZ¨-wg_¨vi gvb`Ê wnmv‡e nv`x‡Qi weï×Zv hvPvB‡qi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb
†bB| †Kbbv P~ovš— wePv‡i nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i fimv Kiv m¤¢e bqÕ|
3. Avãyj−vn PKovjex
‰mq` Avngv` Lv‡bi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q Bwb 1902 wLªóv‡ã jv‡nv‡i
nv`xQ A¯^xKv‡ii Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib Ges †ek wKQz eB iPbv K‡ib|
wZwb e‡jb, Ô†jv‡Kiv ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi Dc‡i wg_¨v‡ivc K‡i‡Q
Ges Zvi bv‡g nv`xQ eY©bv K‡i‡QÕ| wZwb Zuvi `jxq †jvK‡ì Rb¨
Qvjv‡Zi bZzb wbqg-wewa Rvwi K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, Avhvb I GK¡vgZ
†Ìqv we`ÔAvZ| G ai‡bi AviI wKQz we`ÔAvZx wbqg wZwb Pvjy
K‡ib|
4. gywneŸyj nK Avhxgvev`x
‰mq` Avngv` Lv‡bi Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q Bwb cvUbv‡Z BbKv‡i
nv`x‡Qi Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib, †hgb Avãyj−vn PKovjex jv‡nv‡i
Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib|
5. bvhxi Avngv` †`njfx
Aviex fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi h‡_ó `Lj wQj| wZwb nv`x‡Qi ivex‡ì
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔGiv g~L©| Giv nv`x‡Qi Zvrch©
ey‡S bvÕ| wZwb e„× eq‡m KziAvb †ndh K‡ib Ges D`~© fvlvq
KziAv‡bi ZiRgv I Zvdmxi K‡ib| D³ Zvdmx‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb
AMÖvn¨ K_v mg~n f‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
6. Avngv` Øxb Ag„Zmix
Avãyj−vn PKovjexi mn‡hvMx GB e¨w³ c~e© cvÄv‡ei Ag„Zm‡i BbKv‡i
nv`x‡Qi Av‡›`vj‡b †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ÔAvj-D¤§vZzj
BmjvwgqvnÕ (Bmjvgx `j) bvgK `‡ji wZwb cÖwZôvZv|
7. GbvqvZzj−vn gvk‡iK¡x
jÊ‡bi †KgeªxR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWMÖxavix GB cwÊZ DMÖ AvaywbKZvi
SvÊv DÇxb K‡ib I mvjv‡d Qv‡jnx‡bi c_ †_‡K wePz¨Z nb| wZwb

Av‡jg‡ì †_‡K I Zuv‡ì Abym„Z Bmjvg †_‡K wb‡R‡K wegy³ †NvlYv
K‡ib| wZwb nv`xQ †_‡K m¤úK© wQbœ K‡ib Ges Zvi eBmg~‡n Øx‡bi
g~jbxwZmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i we`ª“c K‡ib| wZwb ïaygvÎ KziAv‡bi wfwË‡Z
Rxeb cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ mg~n ˆZix K‡ib Ges GRb¨ 10 wU DQ~j ev
g~jbxwZ wba©viY K‡ib I aviYv K‡ib †h, G¸wjB nÕj KziAv‡bi
mvie¯‘ I wimvjv‡Zi g~j K_v|
8. K¡vhx gynv¤§v` kdxÔ
nv`xQ m¤ú‡K© Zvi †jLbxmg~‡n eû wePy¨wZ i‡q‡Q| †hgb wZwb e‡jb,
Ôeû nv`xQ Ggb i‡q‡Q, hv †hŠb mvwn‡Zï mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ iv‡LÕ
(bvEhywej−vn)|
9. Avmjvg RqivRcyix
nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix‡ì g‡a¨ Dcgnv‡`‡k kxl©¯’vbxq‡ì Ab¨Zg| Bwb
nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix‡ì †bZv †Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh-Gi cÖavb
mn‡hvMx, eis D¯—vh wQ‡jb| BwbB nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× Zvi bó wPš—vaviv
mg~n ÔgvK¡v‡g nv`xQÕ (nv`x‡Qi ¯’vb) bv‡g D`~©‡Z `yÕL‡Ê eB AvKv‡i
cÖKvk K‡ib|
10. †Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh
ÔAvn‡j KziAvbÕ (KziAv‡bi Abymvix) bvgK nv`xQ we‡ivax msMV‡bi
cÖwZôvZv GB e¨w³ Zvi msMV‡bi gyLcÎ ÔZzj~ÔG BmjvgÕ (
ev Bmjv‡gi D`q) bvgK cwÎKvi gva¨‡g Ges nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× eû eB
I cyw¯—Kv cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g BbKv‡i nv`x‡Qi Av‡›`vj‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv
cvjb K‡ib| KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi Bj&‡g AÁ KwZcq Bs‡iRx wkw¶Z
cwÊZ weRvZxq fvev`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ n‡q Zvi mv‡_ HKë× n‡q
nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× me©vZ¥K `ykgbx ïi“ K‡ib| Zv‡ì cÖwZcv`¨ welq
nÕj : AvaywbK hy‡M cÖvPxb hy‡Mi †d‡j Avmv nv`x‡Qi AbymiY evwZj|Õ
Wt gynv¤§v` gyQZ¡dv AvÔhgx e‡jb, cÖvPxb I AvaywbK hy‡Mi mKj
gybwK‡i nv`xQ QvjvZ, hvKvZ, n¾ BZ¨vw` dihmg~n I Gm‡ei
wÎ“qvbyôvbmg~n Keyj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ÔAvn‡j KziAvbÕ MÖ“c Ggb

KÆi nv`xQ `ykgb †h, Zviv Gme me©Rb M„nxZ Bev`Z mg~n‡KI
A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| Zviv e‡j †h, ÔKziAvb Avgv‡ì evievi Qvjv‡Zi I
hvKv‡Zi ûKzg K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e cybi“w³ bv K‡i Avj−vn B”Qv Ki‡j
Gm‡ei e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡Zb Ges ej‡Z cvi‡Zb Ô†Zvgiv †hvni,
AvQi I Gkv Pvi ivKÔAvZ, gvMwie wZb ivKÔAvZ I dRi
`yÕivKÔAvZ co; wKš‘ wZwb Gme e‡jbwb| AZGe AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
QvjvZ, hvKvZ, wQqvg, n¾ BZ¨vw` Bev`‡Zi †Kvb evaëvaKZv †bBÕ|
G‡ZB eySv hvq, Zviv nv`x‡Qi we‡ivwaZvq KZ`~i †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q| Zviv
ey‡S bv †h, KziAvb I nv`xQ Df‡qi eY©bvKvix nÕ‡jb ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)
Ges Df‡qi evnK I cÖPviK nÕ‡jb Qvnvev‡q †Kivg| Zviv nv`xQ‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i c‡iv¶fv‡e ivm~j‡KB A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q (bvEhywej−vn)|
nv`xQ `ykgb‡ì D³ KvZv‡i AMÖYx‡ì g‡a¨ D`~© cwÎKv ÔbyKviÕ (
Ôwb®‹„wZÕ)-Gi m¤úv`K wbqvh d‡Zncyix Ges BbKv‡i nv`xQ wel‡q
wewfbœ cyw¯—Kvi †jLK †Mvjvg Rxjvbx evi&K¡ wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| nv`x‡Qi
cÖvgvwYKZvi wei“‡× Zv‡ì eû åvwš—Ki I AgvR©bxq †jLbxmg~n
i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zviv Df‡q g„Zzï c~‡e© ZIev K‡i †M‡Qb (Avj−vn Zv‡ì
ZIev Keyj Ki“b!)| wKš‘ †h mKj †jLbx Zv‡ì †ewi‡q †M‡Q20
, hv
20. wbqvh d‡Zncyix iwPZ D`©~ ÔQvnvweqvZÕ eBwU Ôgwnjv mvnvexÕ bv‡g evsjvq Abyev` K‡i‡Qb
Rbve †Mvjvg †mvenvb wmwÏKx| cÖKvkK : Avj-dvjvn cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv| †hLv‡b 14 Rb
gwnjv Qvnvexi Rxebx Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvPbvq †jLK Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ wVK †i‡L‡Qb| †hgb
gv Av‡qkv (ivt)-Gi Rxebx Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ÔGKwU ch©v‡jvPbvÕ wk‡ivbv‡g wZwb e‡jb, wZwb
(A_©vr Av‡qkv (ivt) hv wKQz ej‡Zb, †h e¨vL¨v Ki‡Zb, Zv wQj m¤ú~Y© eyw×e„wËK Ges hyw³
wbf©i| Zuvi Ggb eY©bv Lye KgB cvIqv hv‡e, hv wek¦vm Kivi Rb¨ A‡nZzK e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o|.... wZwb wQ‡jb AÜ AbyKi‡Yi †Nvi we‡ivax| ivm~‡j †Lv`vi K_v I Kv‡Ri mwZ¨Kvi
Zvrc‡h© DcbxZ nIqvi Rb¨ me©`v †Póv Ki‡Zb wZwb| kixq‡Z me‡P‡q hyw³hy‡³i
AbyeZ©‡bi †h cÖej aviv Zvi eY©bv †_‡K cÖwZfvZ nq, Zv mvaviYZt Ab¨ Kv‡iv eY©bvq
cwijw¶Z nq bvÕ (gwnjv mvnvex c„t 65)|
cvVK! wbðqB eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †h, †jLK GLv‡b gv Av‡qkv (ivt)-Gi hyw³ev`x †gav‡KB
AMÖMY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi nv`xQ AbymiY‡K bq| A_P Avjx (ivt) e‡j‡Qb, hw` Øxb gvby‡li
ÔivqÕ ev Ávb †gvZv‡eK nÕZ, ZvnÕ‡j †gvhvi bx‡P gvmvn Kiv DËg nÕZ †gvhvi Dc‡i gvmvn
Kivi PvB‡ZÕ (Avey`vE` nv/162 ÔgvmvnÕ Aby‡”Q` bs 63)| wbtm‡›`‡n Bmjvg Ávb I
hyw³ev`x a©g| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j Zvi mewKQzB me©`v mK‡ji hyw³ I Ávb †gvZv‡eK n‡e, GgbwU
KL‡bvB bq| †Kbbv gvby‡li Ávb mevi mgvb bq Ges Avj−vn&i Áv‡bi mv‡_ gvby‡li Ávb

†jvK‡ì Rb¨ ¯’vqx åvwš—i Drm n‡q Av‡Q, †m¸wj c‡o †hb †Kvb Aí
eyw× †jvK weåvš— bv nb, †mw`‡K myax cvVK gn‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y
KiwQ|
nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì Awf‡hvMmg~n )(
nv`xQ we‡ivax cwÊZM‡Yi Awf‡hvMmg~n cÖavbZt cuvPwU| hv g~jZt
gyÔZvwhjv cwÊZ‡ì c¶ †_‡K DÌvwcZ n‡qwQj| †mLvb †_‡K
AvaywbK cÖvP¨we`MY wb‡q‡Qb| AZtci †mLvb †_‡K AvaywbK Bmjvgx
wPš—vwe` bv‡g L¨vZ wKQz gymwjg cwÊZ bKj K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœ G¸wji
mvi-ms‡¶c cÖ`Ë nÕj :
(1) ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) I Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi Avg‡j nv`xQmg~n wjwce×
nqwb|
(2) QvnvexMY nv`xQ †jLvi e¨vcv‡i ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wb‡lavÁvi
Zvrch© mwVKfv‡e ey‡SwQ‡jb e‡jB Zuviv nv`xQ wjwce× K‡ibwb|
(3) ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi g„Zzï GKkZ ermi c‡i cÖ_g nv`xQ msKwjZ
nq| c‡i Zv nvwi‡q hvq| AZtci Z…Zxq kZvãx wnRix‡Z G‡m
†jvK‡ì gyL †_‡K ï‡b Zv cybivq wjwce× Kiv nq|
(4) Rvj nv`xQmg~n Qnxn nv`xQmg~‡ni mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| hv c‡i c„_K
Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|
(5) gynvwÏQ weØvbMY nv`xQ evQvB‡qi †h me gvb`Ê wbav©iY K‡i‡Qb,
Zvi mg¯—UvB mb` I ivex‡ì mgv‡jvPbvq †K›`ªxf~Z| gZ‡bi (Text)
Avmj-bKj hvPvB‡qi cÖwZ Zuviv h_vh_ bhi †`bwb|
A_P D³ Awf‡hvM¸wji meB wg_¨v| eis m~‡h©i gy‡L ayjv wQUv‡bvi
kvwgj| nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i GKRb mvaviY cvVKI Gme K_vi Reve w`‡Z
cv‡ib|
Zzjbxq bq| AZGe †PvL-Kvb †Lvjv †i‡L Gme †jLK‡ì eB co‡Z n‡e| bB‡j wb‡Ri
ARv‡š—B G‡ì cvZv‡bv duv‡` AvU‡K covi mg~n m¤¢vebv †_‡K hv‡e| -†jLK|

nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì hyw³mg~n )(
1. KziAvb mKj wel‡q we¯—vwiZ e¨vL¨v †ck K‡i‡Q| †hgb Avj−vn
e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgiv wKZv‡e †Kvb wKQz
QvwowbÕ (AvbÔAvg 6/38)| Ab¨Î Avj−vn e‡j‡Qb,
ÔAvi Avgiv Avcbvi Dc‡i KziAvb bvwhj K‡iwQ
(gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRbxq) mKj wel‡qi c~Y©v½ e¨vL¨v wnmv‡eÕ (bvnj
16/89)| AZGe nv`x‡Qi cÖ‡qvRb †bB (hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 319)|
cÖ_g Avqv‡Zi ÔwKZveÕ A_© nÕj, ÔjI‡n gvnd‚hÕ| †hLv‡b Avj−vn
gvby‡li Øxb-`ywbqvi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj welq wjwce× K‡i †i‡L‡Qb,
wKQzB Qv‡obwb ev wjL‡Z fy‡jb wb|
wØZxq Avqv‡Zi c~Y©v½ e¨vL¨vB nÕj ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt)-Gi 23 eQ‡ii
`xN© beyAZx Rxeb| huvi K_v, Kg© I m¤§wZ mg~n Ônv`xQÕ wnmv‡e
D¤§‡Zi wbKU gIRy` i‡q‡Q| Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAvgvi ivm~j †Zvgv‡ì hv cÖ`vb K‡ib, Zv MÖnY
Ki Ges hv wb‡la K‡ib, Zv †_‡K weiZ nIÕ (nvki 59/7)| GLv‡b
ÔcÖ`vb K‡ibÕ A_© ÔAv‡`k K‡ibÕ (Beby KvQxi)| †hgb ÔAvãyj K¡v‡qmÕ
†Mv‡Îi cÖwZwbwa `j ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Kv‡Q G‡j wZwb Zv‡ì‡K PviwU
wel‡q Av‡`k K‡ib I PviwU welq wbwl× K‡ib| AZtci wZwb D³
AvqvZwU cvV K‡ib|21
Ab¨ nv`x‡Q ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb,
ÔhLb Avwg †Zvgv‡ì
†Kvb wel‡q Av‡`k †`B, ZLb †Zvgiv Zv mva¨gZ cvjb Ki| Avi
hLb †Kvb wel‡q wb‡la Kwi, ZLb Zv †_‡K weiZ nIÕ|22
21. bvmvC nv/5643 ÔcvbxqÕ Aa¨vq 36 Aby‡”Q`; gyËvdvK¡ AvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/17|
22. gyËvdvK¡ ÔAvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/2505, ÔgvbvwmKÕ Aa¨vq-10|

GK`v Avãyj−vn Beby gvmE` (ivt) nv`xQ ïbv‡jb,
ÔAvj−vn jvÔbZ K‡i‡Qb H mg¯— bvixi cÖwZ hviv A‡bï kix‡i Dwé
AsKb K‡i, wbR kix‡i Dwé AsKb Kivq, hviv †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ å“i
Pzj Dc‡o †d‡j I ùv‡Zi gv‡S duvK m„wó K‡i| †h me bvix Avj−vn&i
m„wó‡Z weK…wZ Avbqb K‡i|Õ GK_v eby Avmv‡ì R‰bKv gwnjv D‡¤§
BqvK‚‡ei wbKU †cuŠQ‡j wZwb Beby gvmE‡ì wbK‡U G‡m ej‡jb,
Avcwb wK Giƒc K_v e‡j‡Qb? Beby gvmE` ej‡jb, Avwg †Kb Zv‡K
jvÔbZ Kie bv, hv‡K Avj−vn&i ivm~j (Qvt) jvÔbZ K‡i‡Qb Ges hv
Avj−vn&i wKZv‡e i‡q‡Q? ZLb gwnjvwU ejj, Avgvi Kv‡Q iw¶Z
KziAv‡bi †Kv_vI GK_v cvBwb| Rev‡e Beby gvmE` ej‡jb, hw`
Zzwg KziAvb fvjfv‡e co, ZvnÕ‡j cv‡e| Zzwg wK †`Lwb Avj−vn
e‡j‡Qb, ... ÔAvgvi ivm~j †Zvgv‡ì hv
Av‡`k K‡ib, Zv MÖnY Ki ... (nvki 59/7)| ZLb gwnjvwU ejj, nuv|
Beby gvmE` ej‡jb, ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Avgv‡ì‡K D³ Kv‡R wb‡la
K‡i‡QbÕ| ZLb gwnjvwU ejj, Avgvi aviYv Avcbvi cwiev‡i Giƒc
Av‡Q| Beby gvmE` ej‡jb, hvI †`‡L Av‡mv| gwnjvwU wfZ‡i wM‡q
†Zgb wKQz bv †c‡q wd‡i Gj| ZLb Beby gvmE` (ivt) ej‡jb, hw`
Giƒc _vKZ, ZvnÕ‡j Zzwg Avgv‡ì `yÕRb‡K (¯^vgx-¯¿x‡K) GK‡Î
†c‡Z bv (A_©vr ZvjvK n‡q †hZ)Õ|23
†gvUK_v mybœvn&i gva¨‡gB KziAvb ÔmKj wel‡qi c~Y©v½
e¨vL¨vÕ n‡q‡Q| AZGe nv`xQ e¨ZxZ KziAvb AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e bq|
2. KziAvb Avj−vn mnR K‡i‡Qb| AZGe nv`x‡Qi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
†hgb Avj−vn e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgiv
KziAvb‡K mnR K‡iwQ Dc‡`k jv‡fi Rb¨| AZGe Dc‡`k
MÖnYKvix †KD Av‡Q wK? (K¡vgvi 54/17, 22, 32, 40)|
23. gyËvdvK¡ ÔAvjvBn, wgkKvZ nv/4431, Ô†cvlvKÕ Aa¨vq-22, ÔPzj AuvPov‡bvÕ Aby‡”Q`-3|

DËi : GLv‡b KziAvb mnR nIqvi A_© nÕj, Gi wk¶v-`x¶v mnR-
mij I ev¯—evqb‡hvM¨| †hgb QvjvZ Kv‡qg Ki, hvKvZ `vI, wQqvg
ivL, n¾ Ki| wcZvgvZvi mv‡_ mØënvi Ki| Ab¨vq I Ak−xjZv
nÕ‡Z `~‡i _vK BZ¨vw`| G¸wj †h‡Kvb KziAvb cvVK mn‡R eyS‡Z
cv‡ib| wKš‘ KziAvb Abyave‡bi A_© Zv bq| †hgb Avj−vn Ab¨Î
e‡j‡Qb,
ÔGB wKZve hv Avgiv Avcbvi wbKU bvwhj K‡iwQ, Zv eiKZgwÊZ|
Zv GRb¨ bvwhj K‡iwQ hv‡Z †jv‡Kiv Gi AvqvZmg~n M‡elYv K‡i
Ges Ávbxiv G †_‡K Dc‡`k nvwQj K‡iÕ (†Qvqv` 38/29)| wZwb
Ávbx‡ì wZi®‹vi K‡i e‡jb,
Ô†Kb Zviv KziAvb M‡elYv K‡ibv? bvwK Zv‡ì ü`q mg~n Zvjve×?Õ
(gynv¤§v` 47/24)| KziAvb M‡elYv I Zvi gg© Abyaveb I †mLvb †_‡K
wewa-weavb wba©viY I Dc‡`k Avni‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb KziAv‡bi fvlv
I AjsKvi Áv‡b cwic°Zv AR©b Kiv I Ab¨vb¨ hiƒix welqvw`‡Z
`¶Zv jvf Kiv| e¯‘Zt KziAv‡bi cÖ_g e¨vL¨vZv nÕ‡jb ivm~jyj−vn
(Qvt)| AZtci Qvnvev‡q †Kivg, hv‡ì Kv‡Q wZwb KziAvb eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb, Gi e¨vL¨v-we‡k−lY K‡i‡Qb, weavbmg~n ev¯—evqb K‡i‡Qb I
Dc‡`k cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| hv wjwce× Av‡Q Ônv`xQÕ I ÔAvQv‡iÕ| AZGe
nv`xQ e¨ZxZ KziAvb Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e bq|
3. Avj−vn †Kej KziAvb †ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb, nv`x‡Qi bq|
DËi : Avj−vn e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgiv
whKi bvwhj K‡iwQ Ges AvgivB Gi †ndvhZKvixÕ (wnRi 15/9)|
GLv‡b ÔwhKiÕ A_© †hgb ÔKziAvbÕ †Zgwb Ônv`xQÕ| eis c~Y©v½ Bmjvgx
kixÔAv‡Zi †ndvhZKvix nÕ‡jb Avj−vn| †Kbbv Bmjvg nÕj c~Y©v½ Øxb
Ges Zv gvbeRvwZi Rb¨ Avj−vn&i GKgvÎ g‡bvbxZ ag© (gv‡q`vn 5/3)|
AZGe kÎ“iv hZB P vš— Ki“K, G†K aŸsm Kivi ¶gZv Kvi“ †bB|
Avj−vn Gi †ndvhZKvix| AZGe ÔwhKiÕ †KejgvÎ KziAvb bq, eis

nv`xQ mn c~Y©v½ kixÔAvZ| Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAZGe †Zvgiv wR‡Ám Ki Ávbx‡ì hw` †Zvgiv bv Rv‡bvÕ
(bvnj 16/43)| GLv‡b ÔAvnjyh whKiÕ A_© Avj−vn&i Øx‡b AwfÁ e¨w³|
Ab¨Î Avj−vn e‡jb, )(
)()()( ÔAvcwb
ÔAwnÕ AvqZ¡ Kivi Rb¨ `ª“Z wRnŸv mÂvjb Ki‡eb bvÕ| ÔwbðqB Zv
msi¶Y I cvV Kiv‡bvi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ìÕ| ÔAZGe hLb Avgiv
(wReªx‡ji gva¨‡g) Zv cvV Kwi, ZLb Avcwb †mB cv‡Vi AbymiY
Ki“bÕ| ÔAZtci Gi wek` e¨vL¨vi `vwqZ¡ Avgv‡ìBÕ (wK¡qvgvn 75/16-
19)| GLv‡b Ôwek` e¨vL¨vÕ A_© Ônv`xQÕ, hv Awn I Bjnv‡gi gva¨‡g
Avj−vn Zuvi bex‡K cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| AZGe KziAvb I nv`xQ `yÕwUiB
†ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ Avj−vn&i|
Beby nvhg (int) e‡jb, kixÔAvZ AwfÁ weØvbM‡Yi g‡a¨ G wel‡q
†Kvb gZ‡f` †bB †h, Avj−vn †cÖwiZ mKj ÔAwnÕ whK‡ii Aš—fy©³ Ges
mKj ÔAwnÕ msiw¶Z| wbwðZfv‡eB Avj−vn hv †ndvhZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
Avi Avj−vn hvi †ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb, Zv mKj cÖKvi ¶wZ nÕ‡Z
wbivc` Ges hv wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ mKj cÖKvi Zvnixd ev cwieZ©b I
evwZjKiY nÕ‡Z gy³|Õ wZwb e‡jb, Ôhviv whKi A_© †mªd ÔKziAvbÕ
e‡jb, Zv‡ì G `vex wg_¨v I cÖgvYnxb| eis KziAvb I mybœvn meUvB
ÔAwnÕ Ges meUvB whK‡ii Aš—fy©³| †hgb Avj−vn ¯^xq bex‡K e‡jb,
ÔAvi Avgiv
Avcbvi cÖwZ ÔwhKiÕ bvwhj K‡iwQ gvbyl‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨,
hv Zv‡ì cÖwZ bvwhj Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z Zviv wPš—v-M‡elYv K‡iÕ (bvnj
16/44)|
e¯‘Zt ivm~j (Qvt) cÖ`Ë e¨vL¨v I Zuvi cÖ`wk©Z c_B nÕj ÔmybœvnÕ ev
Ônv`xQÕ hv Qvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi ¯§„wZ I †jLbxi gva¨‡g wPiKv‡ji Rb¨
KziAv‡bi b¨vq msiw¶Z n‡q Av‡Q|

Dcgnv‡`‡k nv`xQ we‡ivax msMVb mg~n
)(
Dcgnv‡`‡k nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì †K›`ª¯’j wQj fvi‡Zi AvjxMo,
Ag„Zmi cÖf„wZ kni| wKš‘ 1947 mv‡j †`k wefv‡Mi c‡i GwU cvwK¯—
v‡bi jv‡nv‡i ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq| †mLv‡b e‡m Zviv Bmjv‡gi bv‡g AwR©Z
cvwK¯—v‡bi †bZ…e„›` I Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ weåvwš— m„wó‡Z wjß nq|
fvi‡ZI Gi †ik Pj‡Z _v‡K| cvðvZ¨ we‡k¦ Gi AccÖPvi e¨vwß jvf
K‡i| D`©~fvlx bv nIqvq evsjvfvlx gymjgvbM‡Yi AwaKvsk G‡ì
Kivj _vev †_‡K †eu‡P †M‡Q| wKš‘ BwZg‡a¨ G‡ì Kvi“ Kvi“ eB
evsjvfvlvq Abyw`Z n‡q e¨vcKnv‡i cÖPvwiZ nIqvq Zi“Y QvÎ I
eyw×Rxex mgv‡Ri A‡b‡K cÖZvwiZ n‡”Qb Ges †`‡k nv`xQ we‡ivax
g‡bvfve ‡g gv_vPvov w`‡”Q|
eZ©gv‡b nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì K‡qKwU †dK©v cvwK¯—v‡b msMwVZfv‡e KvR
K‡i hv‡”Q| †hgb :
1. Avn‡j KziAvb
Avãyj−vn PKovjex cÖwZwôZ GB `‡ji cy‡iv bvg ÔAvnjyh& whK‡i Iqvj
KziAvbÕ hvi eZ©gvb †bZv gynv¤§v` Avjx ivm~j jvK&fx| cvwK¯—v‡bi
wewfbœ kn‡i Gi Awdm i‡q‡Q| G `‡ji gyLcÎ Ôevjv¸j KziAvbÕ
cwÎKvi gva¨‡g G‡ì åvš— AvK¡x`v cvwK¯—v‡b me©Î
cÖPvwiZ n‡”Q| A_P KziAv‡biB wb‡`©k Abyhvqx ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mybœvZ
AbymiY Kiv dih| Avj−vn e‡jb, ÔAvcwb e‡j w`b, hw` †Zvgiv
Avj−vn‡K fv‡jvevm, Z‡e Avgvi AbymiY Ki, ZvnÕ‡j wZwb
†Zvgv‡ì‡K fvjevm‡eb I †Zvgv‡ì †Mvbvnmg~n gvd K‡i w`‡ebÕ
(Av‡j Bgivb 3/31)|

2. D¤§v‡Z gymwjgvn
Avãyj−vn PKovjexi Abymvix LvRv Avng` Øxb cÖ_‡g fvi‡Zi c~e©
cvÄv‡ei Ag„Zm‡i GB `‡ji †MvovcËb K‡ib| 1947-Gi c‡i GB
`j jv‡nv‡i cÖwZwôZ nq| eZ©gv‡b GLv‡bB Zv‡ì cÖavb †K›`ª Ges
Ôdvq‡h BmjvgÕ cwÎKv Zv‡ì cÖavb gyLcÎ|
3. Zvnix‡K ZvÔgx‡i BbmvwbqvZ
Avãyj Lv‡jK gvj~n KZ…©K jv‡nv‡i cÖwZwôZ GB `‡ji Zi“Y I Zy‡Lvo
†bZv K¡vhx †KdvqvZzj−vn D`~©, Aviex I Bs‡iRx‡Z eû eB wj‡L Zvi
`‡ji Av`k© cÖPvi K‡i P‡j‡Qb|
4. †dK©v Zzj~ÔG Bmjvg
‡Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh KZ©„K cÖ_‡g wn›`y¯—v‡b cÖwZwôZ GB `jwUi
†bZviv 1947-Gi c‡i jv‡nv‡i G‡m Zv‡ì åvš— AvK¡x`vi cÖPvi ïi“
K‡ib Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖvq mKj kn‡i kvLv Kv‡qg K‡ib|
BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ kn‡iI G `‡ji kvLv i‡q‡Q| †hLvb †_‡K nv`xQ
we‡ivax AvK¡x`v mg~n wbqwgZfv‡e cÖPvi Kiv nq| GB `‡ji cÖwZôvZv
†Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh 30 wUi Dci eB †j‡Lb| hvi †Kvb †KvbwU
3 ev 4 L‡Ê mgvß| Z‡e GB `‡ji èèv A‡bKUv n«vm †c‡q‡Q `‡ji
cÖwZôvZvi wei“‡× 1961 mv‡j cÖvq GK nvhvi Ijvgv‡q †Kiv‡gi
mw¤§wjZfv‡e ÔKzdixÕ drIqv cÖ`v‡bi Kvi‡Y| KivPxi Ôgvìvmv
ÔAvivweqv BmjvwgqvnÕ GB gnZx D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i|
Avn‡jnv`xQ msMVbmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjb
)(
Dc‡iv³ `j mg~‡ni AcZrciZvi wei“‡× Dcgnv‡`‡ki Avn‡jnv`xQ
msMVb¸wj †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gmgq Ab¨vb¨ Ijvgv‡q
†Kivg QvovI wZbRb Avn‡jnv`xQ weØvb me©vwaK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡ib Zuv‡ì cwiPvwjZ wZbwU cÖwm× cwÎKvi gva¨‡g| (1)
gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` †nvmv‡qb evUvjex (g„t 1920 L„t) ¯^xq ÔBkvÔAvZzm
mybœvnÕ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g (2) gvIjvbv QvbvDj−vn Ag„Zmix
(1868-1948L„t) ¯^xq ÔAvn‡jnv`xQÕ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g Ges
gvIjvbv AvZ¡vDj−vn nvbxd f~wRqvbx (1327-1408 wnt/1910-1988
L„t) ¯^xq ÔAvj-BÔwZQvgÕ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zuv‡ì
cÖwZwôZ Avn‡jnv`xQ msMVbmg~n Ges Zuv‡ì wjwLZ wewfbœ eB I
cyw¯—Kvmg~n nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZvi c‡¶ Ges nv`xQ we‡ivax‡ì wec‡¶
Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ïay Guiv bb| eis Dcgnv‡`‡ki mKj
Avn‡jnv`xQ weØvb hy‡M hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix e¨w³‡ì wei“‡×
Av‡cvlnxb wRnv` Pvwj‡q †M‡Qb| †h‡Kvb wbi‡c¶ M‡elK GK_v
¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡eb|
nv`x‡Q m‡›`nev`x‡ì K‡qKRb
)(
Agymwjg‡ì †KD nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× wjL‡j gymjgv‡biv Zv mn‡R MÖnY
K‡i bv| c¶vš—‡i gymwjg cwÊZM‡Yi †KD hLb nv`x‡Qi wei“‡×
cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †j‡Lb, ZLb gymjgvb‡ì AwaKvsk Zv MÖnY bv Ki‡jI
wKQz †jvK Aek¨B Zv MÖnY K‡ib| wKš‘ gykwKj nq ZLbB, hLb †`Lv
hvq †h, †Kvb e¨w³ †`‡k Bmjvgx AvBb ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZÁv
†NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ Rvb-gvj, mgq I kª‡gi Kzievbx
w`‡”Qb, A_P Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg g~j Drm Ônv`xQÕ-Gi
cªvgvwYKZv m¤ú‡K© m‡›`nRv‡j Ave× n‡q c‡o‡Qb| GKw`‡K wZwb
nv`x‡Qi c‡¶ K_v ej‡Qb, Ab¨w`‡K Zvi †jLbx I e³e¨ nv`xQ
we‡ivax‡ì c‡¶ gheyZ `jxj wnmv‡e cÖwZfvZ n‡”Q, Ggb ai‡bi
Bmjvgx wPš—vwe`M‡Yi gva¨‡g gymwjg D¤§vn&i AvK¡x`v I Avg‡ji
me©vwaK ¶wZ mvwaZ n‡q _v‡K| Ggwb ai‡bi `yÕGKRb mycÖwm× I
cÖfvekvjx Av‡j‡gi `„óvš— D`vniY ¯îƒc wb‡gœ Zz‡j aiv nÕj|-

1. gvIjvbv gI`~`x (1903-1979 L„t)
mvBwq` Aveyj AvÔjv gI`~`x fvi‡Zi AÜ« cÖ‡`‡ki AvIi½vev` kn‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1941 mv‡j wZwb (ÔRvgvqv‡Z BmjvgxÕ -
Bmjvgx `j) bv‡g GKwU msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib Ges
ÔZviRygvbyj KziAvbÕ (KziAv‡bi gyLcÎ) bv‡g GKwU D`~© gvwmK cwÎKv
†ei K‡ib| wZwb Bmjv‡gi wewfbœ wel‡qi Dc‡i AmsL¨ eB I cyw¯—Kv
cÖYqb K‡ib| bvw¯—Këv`x wPš—vaviv I cvðv‡Zï Bmjvg we‡ivax
ZrciZvi wei“‡× Zuvi AvKl©Yxq I hyw³c~Y© †jLbx eû †jv‡Ki wPš—vi
†gvo Nywi‡q †`q I Zviv Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ Rvb-gvj DrmM© Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z
n‡q hvq|
1947-Gi c‡i wZwb cvwK¯—v‡bi jv‡nv‡i wnRiZ K‡ib I cvwK¯—v‡b
Bmjvgx ûK~gZ cªwZôvi ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb
K‡ib| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b gvIjvbv Avãyi inxg (1918-1987) Zvui
eBmg~n evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib| d‡j evsjv‡`‡k Zuvi Abymvix‡ì
msL¨v w`b w`b e„w× †c‡Z _‡K| cvwK¯—vb, fviZ I evsjv‡`‡k GB
`j eZ©gv‡b Zv‡ì ZrciZv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|
gvIjvbv gI`~`x wewfbœ wel‡q †eïgvi †jLbxi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| d‡j
A‡bK wKQz fyj nIqvUvB wQj ¯^vfvweK| wZwb wb‡RI †mK_v ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi Zvdmxi ÔZvdnxgyj KziAvbÕ-Gi cÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Yi
A‡bK welq wZwb cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y ms‡kvab K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv
evK¡vivn 203 AvqvZ I m~iv wbmv 11 Avqv‡Zi fyj Zvdmxi wZwb
cieZx© ms¯‹i‡Y ms‡kvab K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e Zuvi cwÎKv
ÔZviRygvbyj KziAv‡bÕ (4_© el© 6ô msL¨v 1955 c„t 379)| hLb wZwb
†gvZvÔ )( ev wVKv weevn Rv‡qh drIqv w`‡jb, ZLb Ijvgv‡q
†Kiv‡gi cÖwZev‡ì gy‡L c‡i wZwb Zv †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib Ges
¯^xq Ôivmv‡qj I gvmv‡qjÕ eB‡qi g‡a¨ GRb¨ `ytL cÖKvk K‡ib |24
24 e½vbyev` Ôivmv‡qj I gvmv‡qjÕ (XvKv : kZvãx cÖKvkbx, 3q gy`ªY 2001), 3/37-39 c„t,
M„nxZ: ZiRygvbyj KziAvb (iexDj AvDqvj 1375 wnt/b‡f¤î 1955 L„t)|

hwÌ kxÔAviv Zuvi D³ drIqv wb‡R‡ì c‡¶ I mybœx‡ì wei“‡×
nvwZqvi wnmv‡e eënvi K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ ÔZvdnxgyj KziAv‡bÕ Avj−vn&i
bvg I ¸Yvejx msÎ“vš— AvqvZmg~‡ni e¨vL¨vq wZwb åvš— wdK©v
gyÔZvwhjv‡ì AbyKi‡Y †hme Zvexj K‡i‡Qb, Zv †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b
K‡ibwb|
Abyiƒcfv‡e gyÔ‡Rhv ms vš— wKQz wKQz Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq wZwb Zvex‡ji
Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Avw¤^qv 79 Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Ôcvnvomg~n
I c¶xKzj‡K Avwg `vE`-Gi Rb¨ AbyMZ K‡i w`‡qwQ, hviv Zvmexn
cvV K‡iÕ-Gi e¨vL¨v wZwb Gfv‡e K‡i‡Qb †h, `vE` (Avt) hLb Zuvi
my›ì K‡É Avj−vn&i cÖksmv Ki‡Zb, ZLb cvnvomg~n Zuvi wgwógayi
AvIqv‡hi Kvi‡Y †Ku‡c †Ku‡c DVZ Ges c¶xKzj ùvwo‡q †hZÕ|
Ôce©Z mg~‡ni AbyMZ nIqvÕ‡K Ômyi jnix‡Z cÖKw¤úZ nIqvÕi GB
KvíwbK e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ L¨vZbvgv gydvmwmi Avãyj gv‡R` `wiqvev`x
ej‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Qb †h, GwU Zvdmxi bq, eis Zvnixd A_©vr
KziAv‡bi gg© cwieZ©b (`ªt Zvdmx‡i gv‡R`x)| Gai‡bi AviI eû
D`vniY weØvbMY Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Gme wel‡q Ijvgv‡q
†Kivg fyj awi‡q †Ìqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ibwb| A_P Gme
fy‡ji g~j KviY nÕj, KziAv‡bi Zvdmxi Kivi mgq nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ
¸i“Z¡ Kg †Ìqv Ges hyw³ev‡ì cÖwZ AwaK Suy‡K cov|
Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb nv`xQ kv¯¿, nv`x‡Qi cÖvgvwYKZv, mb` I gZ‡bi
weï×Zv hvPvB BZ¨vw` wel‡q gynv‡ÏQx‡bi M„nxZ Z_v
Ômgv‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvÕi bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© A‡hŠw³K m‡›`nev`
Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| eis Zuv‡ì Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvq wZwb GZ`~i †cuŠ‡Q
†M‡Qb †h, †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix‡ìI Qvwo‡q †M‡Qb|
d‡j nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix `‡ji †bZv †Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh gvIjvbv
gI`~`xi e³e¨‡K wb‡R‡ì c‡¶ `jxj wnmv‡e †ck K‡ib| †hgb
wZwb ¯^xq cwÎKvq wj‡Lb †h, Ônv`xQ A¯^xKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i Avgvi I

gvIjvbv gI`~`xi AvK¡x`v GKB iƒc| AZGe ÔRvgvqv‡Z BmjvgxÕ †hb
Ge¨vcv‡i Avgvi mv‡_ †ekx SMov bv K‡iÕ|25
†Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh-Gi D³ gš—e¨ mZ¨ bq Ges gvIjvbv
gI`~`xI wbtm‡›`‡n nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix bb| wKš‘ nv`xQ ms vš— Zuvi
†jLbx mg~n cix¶v K‡i †`L‡j Zv cvVK‡K nv`xQ A¯^xKv‡ii P~ovš—
mxgvq P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ K‡i| Gi KviY (1) wZwb nv`xQ hvPvB‡qi
†¶‡Î gynvwÏQ weØvbM‡Yi M„nxZ g~jbxwZ I c×wZmg~‡ni †Zvqv°v bv
K‡i Zvi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb (2) Ô†Kej †iIqvqv‡Zi w`‡K
gynvwÏQMY `„wó wbe× †i‡L‡Qb, †ìvqv‡Zi w`‡K iv‡LbwbÕ e‡j nv`xQ
A¯^xKviKvix‡ì my‡i myi wgwj‡q Zuv‡ì Dc‡i Ah_v †ZvngZ
w`‡q‡Qb| (3) eyLvix I gymwj‡gi KwZcq nv`x‡Qi weï×Zv m¤ú‡K©
wZwb m‡›`n †cvlY K‡i‡Qb (4) ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~‡ni
wekvj fvÊvi‡K wZwb ÔaviYv wbf©iÕ nIqvi †`vl Pvwc‡q Zv AMÖvn¨
Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
A_P Dc‡ii `vex¸wji †KvbwUB Zuvi wbR¯^ bq, eis weMZ hy‡Mi
gyÔZvwhjv `vk©wbK, AvaywbK Kv‡ji wLªóvb cÖvP¨we`MY I Zv‡ì ekse`
gymwjg cwÊZMY nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× †hme Awf‡hvM BwZc~‡e© DÌvcb
K‡i‡Qb, †m¸wjB gvIjvbv wb‡Ri hyw³ev`x fvlvq Av‡iv †Rviv‡jvfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| ïay wZwbB bb, Zuvi mvwn‡Zï f³ I Av‡›`vj‡bi
Abymvix‡ì wPš—vavivqI Zvi ¯úó Qvc cwi`„ó nq| d‡j KziAvb-
mybœvn&i ûK‚gZ Kv‡qg Kivi †k−vMvb wb‡q gv‡V bvg‡jI GB `‡ji
†bZv-Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ mybœv‡Zi cve›`x AZxe bMY¨| Qnxn nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ
AvKl©Y‡eva ejv P‡j k~‡bï †KvVvq| ÔGUvI wVK IUvI wVKÕ e‡j
ï×-Aï× mewKQz‡K Zviv GKvKvi Ki‡Z Pvb| GgbwK knx` wgbv‡i
hvIqv I †mLv‡b dzj †Ìqvi gZ wkiKx I we`ÔAvZx welq¸wj‡KI
Zviv ÔcvcI †bB cyYÏ †bBÕ e‡j nvjKv K‡i †`‡Lb|26
25. Zzj~ÔG BmjvgÕ GwcÖj-‡g 1955|
26. Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx evsjv‡`k-Gi Avgxi gvIjvbv gZxDi ingvb wbRvgx I mn-‡m‡ Uvix
Avãyj Kv‡ì †gvj−vi e³e¨ `ªóe¨ : ˆ`wbK BbwKjve 11.10.02 I 22.6.03 Bs|

Ônv`xQÕ m¤ú‡K© gvIjvbv gI`~`xi AvK¡x`v
)(
nv`xQ I nv`xQ kv¯¿we`MY m¤ú‡K© gvIjvbv gI`~`xi AvK¡x`v
wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zuvi Ôgvmjv‡K GÔ‡Z`vjÕ
bvgK wbe‡Ü, hvi e½vbyev` Ômylg gZev`Õ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| D³
cÖe‡Ü wZwb nv`xQ‡K ÔhvbœxÕ ev ÔaviYv wbf©iÕ e‡j AMÖnY‡hvM¨
mve¨¯— Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| hwÌ G e¨vcv‡i wZwb wm×vš—nxbZvq
fy‡M‡Qb| ZeyI A‡bK Nywi‡q wZwb †h K_vwU eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zv GB
†h, nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i `„p wek¦vm ¯’vc‡bi †Kvb wbwðZ wfwË †bB| †Kbbv
eY©bvKvix GKRb gvbyl wnmv‡e fy‡ji E‡aŸ© wQ‡jb bv| AZGe G
†¶‡Î wbwðZ m‡Z¨ DcbxZ nIqvi GKgvÎ c_ nÕj dK¡xn‡ì gg©
Abyaveb I Zuv‡ì we‡kl i“wP‡eva | gynvwÏQ
weØvbMY‡K wZwb mvsevw`K `„wófw½i AwaKvix e‡j g‡b
K‡ib, hviv †Kej msev‡ì mZ¨vmZ¨ hvPvB K‡ib, wKš‘ Gi Zvrch©
Abyaveb K‡ib bv| †hgb wZwb e‡jb,

ÔgynvwÏQ weØvbM‡Yi wL`gZ me©¯^xK…Z|.... G‡Z †Kvb K_v †bB| K_v
†Kej G wel‡q †h, cy‡ivcywifv‡e Zuv‡ì Dc‡i fimv Kiv KZUzKz
mwVK n‡e| nvhvi †nŠK Zuviv †Zv wQ‡jb gvbylB| ...AZGe wKfv‡e
Avcwb GK_v ej‡Z cv‡ib †h, Zvuiv †h nv`xQ‡K ÔQnxnÕ mve¨¯—
K‡i‡Qb, Avm‡jB †mUv Qnxn| ...AwaKš‘ hvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì g‡a¨
nv`x‡Qi weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© m‡ev©”P aviYvi m„wó nq, †mwU nÕj
†iIqvqv‡Zi (eY©bvi) `„wó‡KvY, wìvqv‡Zi (hyw³ MÖvn¨Zvi) `„wó‡KvY
bq| Zv‡ì `„wófw½ wQj †ekxi †ekx mvsevw`‡Ki `„wófw½, wdK¡n ev
Zvrch© Abyaveb Zv‡ì weqle¯‘ wQj bv| ...AZGe GK_v gvb‡ZB
n‡e †h, nv`xQmg~‡n †hme M‡elYv Zuviv K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡Z `yÕwU w`‡K
Zuv‡ì `ye©jZv wQj| 1- mb‡ì w`K w`‡q 2- gg© Abyave‡bi w`K
w`‡q|27
wcÖq cvVK! wbðq eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb, KZ my›ìfv‡e wZwb wdK¡n‡K
nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i ¯’vb w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| A_P †K bv Rv‡b †h, nv`x‡Qi
Zvrch© Abyave‡bi †¶‡Î ¯’vb-Kvj cvÎ †f‡` gyRZvwn` dK¡xnM‡Yi
g‡a¨ mKj hy‡M gZ‡f` n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ nv`x‡Qi fvlvq †Kvb cwieZ©b
nqwb, n‡eI bv BbkvAvj−vn| AZGe nv`x‡Qi eY©bvi weï×Zv hvPvB
KivB nÕj gyL¨| Avi eY©bvi mZ¨vmZ¨ hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ eY©bvKvix‡K
hvPvB Kiv me©vwaK cÖ‡qvRb| gynvwÏQ weØvbMY ZvB mb` hvPvB‡qi
cÖwZ AwaK ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Avi GKvi‡YB Zv‡eC weØvb Avãyj−vn
Bebyj gyeviK (118-181wnt) e‡j‡Qb,
ÔAvgvi wbK‡U mb` nÕj Øx‡bi Aš—fy©³|
hw` mb` hvPvB bv nÕZ, ZvnÕ‡j †h hv Lywk ZvB ejZÕ (gyK¡vÏvgv gymwjg
c„t 15)| gynvwÏQMY mb` hvPvB‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ nv`x‡Qi ÔwìvqvZÕ ev
hyw³MÖvn¨Zv m~²fv‡e hvPvB K‡i‡Qb| DQ~‡j nv`x‡Qi QvÎMY Zv
fvjfv‡eB Rv‡bb| AZGe gvIjvbvi Dc‡iv³ gš—e¨ nv`xQ
we‡ivax‡ì DÌvwcZ wg_¨v I wfwËnxb Awf‡hv‡MiB cÖwZaŸwb gvÎ|
hwÌ gvIjvbv nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix wQ‡jb bv|
27. mvBwq` Aveyj AvÔjv gI`~`x, ZvdnxgvZ (w`j−x: gviKvhx gvKZvev Bmjvgx, 1979) 1/356 c„t|

wZwb e‡jb, ÔDc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq GK_v eySv †M‡Q †h, nv`xQ‡K
cy‡ivcywi cÖZ¨vL¨vbKvix e¨w³MY †hgb fy‡ji Dc‡i Av‡Q, †Zgwb H
e¨w³MYI fyj †_‡K wbivc` bb, hviv nv`x‡Qi †Kej †iIqvqv‡Zi
Dc‡i fimv K‡i _v‡Kb| mwVK iv¯—v H `yÕwUi gvSLv‡b i‡q‡Q| Avi
†mwU nÕj H iv¯—v, hv gyRZvwn`MY Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Avey
nvbxdv (int)-Gi wdK¡‡n Avcwb Ggb eû gvmAvjv †`L‡eb, hv
gyimvj, gyÔhvj I gybK¡vwZÔ (BZ¨vw` ÔhCdÕ) nv`xQmg~‡ni Dc‡i
wfwËkxj| A_ev †hLv‡b kw³kvjx mb‡ì nv`xQ ev` w`‡q `ye©j
mb‡ì nv`xQ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_ev †hLv‡b nv`xQ wKQz ej‡Q,
Bgvg Avey nvbxdv wKsev Zuvi wkl¨MY wKQz ej‡Qb| Bgvg gv‡j‡Ki
Ae¯’vI AbyiƒcÕ|28
GKUy c‡i wM‡q gvIjvbv nv`x‡Qi weï×Zv hvPvB‡qi wØZxq gvb`Ê
wba©viY K‡i‡Qb dK¡xn‡ì we‡kl i“wP‡K | hvi
gva¨‡g Zuviv nv`xQ ciL K‡ib Ges Zv‡Z ü`‡q cÖkvwš— jvf
Ki‡j nv`xQwU MÖnY K‡ib| hwÌ gynvwÏQM‡Yi `„wó‡Z Zv Î“wUc~Y©
nqÕ|29
†hgb wZwb e‡jb,
ÔGB wØZxq gvb`Ê †KvbwU? BwZc~‡e© Avgiv K‡qKevi G wel‡q Bw½‡Z
D‡j−L K‡iwQ| Avj−vn hv‡K gg© Abyave‡bi AbyMÖ‡n wm³ K‡ib, Zvi
28. ZvdnxgvZ 1/360 c„t|
29. H, 1/361|

g‡a¨ KziAvb I ivm~j-PwiZ Mfxifv‡e Aa¨q‡bi d‡j GK we‡kl
i“wP‡eva m„wó nq| hvi cÖK…wZ wVK Hiƒc, †hiƒc GKRb
cyiv‡bv ¯^Y©Kv‡ii `~i`„wó|... GB ¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q hvevi ci gvbyl mb‡ì
cÖwZ †ekx gyLv‡c¶x _v‡Kbv| †m mb` †_‡K Aek¨B mvnvh¨ †bq|
wKš‘ wm×v‡š—i wfwË Zvi Dc‡i _v‡KbvÕ|30
PUK`vi hyw³i gva¨‡g gvIjvbv wb‡R‡ì ivq-†K nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i ¯’vb
w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| hv åvš— †dK©v gyÔZvwhjv‡ì AbyKiY ê wKQzB bq|
wKš‘ cÖkœ nÕj, e¨w³MZ i“wPB hw` Qnxn-hCd evQvB‡qi I nv`xQ Keyj
Kiv ev bv Kivi gvb`Ê nq, ZvnÕ‡j †Zv nv`x‡Qi †Kvb Aw¯—Z¡B _vK‡e
bv| †Kbbv e¨w³MZ i“wP †Zv mevi GK bq| ZvQvov GK_vi A_©
ZvnÕ‡j wK n‡e †h, Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int) hCd nv`xQ‡K ivq-Gi
Dc‡i AMÖvwaKvi w`‡Zb? Qvnvev, Zv‡eCb I D¤§‡Zi †miv weØvbgÊjx
Qnxn nv`xQ cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ BwZc~‡e©Kvi Avgj †Q‡o w`‡q Qnxn
nv`x‡Qi Abymvix n‡q‡Qb †Kb? Ges †KbB ev Zuv‡ì ÔivqÕ cwiZ¨vM
K‡i Qnxn nv`x‡Qi Abymvix nIqvi Rb¨ ¯^ ¯^ Abyi³‡ì wb‡`©k w`‡q
†M‡jb?
e¯‘Zt gvIjvbvi D³ e³e¨ G‡Kev‡iB KíbvcÖm~Z Ges ev¯—eZvi
m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| †Kbbv Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int) e‡j‡Qb †h,
Ô†Zvgiv Øx‡bi e¨vcv‡i ÔivqÕ Abyhvqx †Kvb K_v ej bv | †Zvgv‡ì
KZ©e¨ nÕj mybœvn&i AbymiY Kiv| †h e¨w³ mybœvn †_‡K †ewi‡q †Mj, †m
c_åó nÕjÕ|31
Avi cÖ_g Qnxn nv`x‡Qi msKjb ÔgyIqvË¡vÕi ¯^bvgab¨
e¨w³Ë¡ Bgvg gv‡jK (95-179 wnt)-Gi wei“‡× Giƒc K_v ejv
ixwZgZ †ZvngZ êwK! GBme gnvgwZ BgvgMY KL‡bvB †R‡bï‡b
nv`x‡Qi wei“‡× wb‡R‡ì ÔivqÕ-‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`bwb| eis G wel‡q
30. H, 1/361-62|
31. Avãyj Iqvnnve kvÔivbx (898-973wnt), gxhvbyj Kzeiv (w`j−x Qvcvt 1286 wnt) 1/63 c„t|

Zuv‡ì mK‡ji e³e¨ cÖvq GKBiƒc wQj †h, Qnxn nv`xQB Avgv‡ì
gvhnve|32
gvIjvbvi D³ cÖeÜ gvwmK ÔZviRygvbyj KziAvbÕ †g 1937 mv‡j
cÖKvwkZ nÕ‡j Avn‡jnv`xQ Ijvgv‡q †Kivg Zuv‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i cªgvY
†P‡q cÎ wjL‡j wZwb Rev‡e wj‡Lb †h,
ÔG gyn~‡Z© Avgvi
m¤§y‡L Abyiƒc †Kvb cÖgvY †bB| Z‡e Gme cÖgvY †ck Ki‡Z †M‡j
Av‡jvPbv `xN©vwqZ n‡q hvqÕ|33
gvIjvbv Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq Qnxn nv`x‡Qi Dc‡i gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ivq I
Zuv‡ì e¨w³MZ i“wP‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q Zv‡KB mwVK c_ e‡j gš—e¨
K‡i‡Qb| A_P Avn‡jmybœvZ Iqvj RvgvÔAv‡Zi wPiš—b bxwZ nÕj,
nv`xQ gIRy` _vK‡Z wK¡qvm êa bqÕ (Avi-wimvjvn c„t 599) Ges
ÔhLbB nv`xQ cvIqv hv‡e, ZLbB hyw³ evwZj n‡eÕ|34
ZvQvov dK¡xnM‡Yi ci¯ú‡ii gZ‡f‡` wdK¡‡ni wKZvemg~n ficyi|
GgbwK Bgvg Mvhhvjx (int)-Gi wnmve g‡Z †Lv` Avey nvbxdv (int)-
Gi mg¯— drIqvi `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb Zuvi `yB cÖavb
wkl¨ Bgvg Avey BDmyd I Bgvg gynv¤§v` (iv‡ngvûgvj−vn)Õ|35
†h Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int) wb‡Ri e¨vcv‡i Zuvi cÖavb wkl¨ Avey
BDmyd‡K wb‡`©k w`‡q e‡j‡Qb,
ÔZzwg Avgvi c¶ †_‡K †Kvb gvmAvjv eY©bv Ki
bv| †Kbbv Avj−vn&i Kmg! Avwg Rvwb bv Avwg wbR wm×v‡š— †ewVK bv
mwVKÕ (LZ¡xe 13/402), †m‡¶‡Î gvIjvbv gI`~`x wKfv‡e ej‡Z cv‡ib
†h, gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ivq I Zuv‡ì e¨w³MZ i“wPB nÕj wbwðZ
32. H, 1/73|
33. ZvdnxgvZ 1/366|
34. Avjevbx, Avj-nv`xQz ûw¾qvZzb webvdwmnx, c„t 27|
35. `ªt ÔAvn‡jnv`xQ Av‡›`vjbÕ (W±‡iU w_wmm) c„t 180; M„nxZ kviû †eK¡vqvn-Gi gyK¡vÏvgvn
(w`j−x Qvcv 1327 wnt) c„t 28 †kl jvBb; H †`De›` Qvcv, Zvwe, c„t 8)|

Ávbjv‡fi mwVK Dcvq| wZwb wK ZvnÕ‡j gymwjg D¤§vn‡K KziAvb I
mybœvn&i ¯úó c_ †_‡K †ei K‡i Bmjvgx wPš—vwe`M‡Yi ci¯úi we‡ivax
wPš—vavivi a~gªRv‡j Ave× Ki‡Z Pvb? GUv wbtm‡›`‡n Qvnvev‡q †Kivg
I mvjv‡d Qv‡jnx‡bi Abym„Z c_ nÕ‡Z wePy¨wZ| †h c‡_ åvwš— Av‡Q,
mZ¨ †bB| Akvwš— Av‡Q, cÖkvwš— †bB|
D‡j−L¨ †h, KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi wPi¯’vqx wbivcËv I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi
`vwqZ¡ ¯^qs Avj−vn MÖnY K‡i‡Qb (wnRi 15/9, wK¡qvgvn 75/16-19)|
ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) Gikv` K‡ib, ÔAvwg
†Zvgv‡ì wbK‡U G‡mwQ ¯úó I cwi”Qbœ Øxb wb‡qÕ|36
hvi ivwÎ nÕj
wè‡mi b¨vq Av‡jvwKZ| GB Av‡jvwKZ Øxb‡K m‡›`nev‡ì AÜKv‡i
†X‡K †èvi AccÖqvm †_‡K cÖ‡Z¨K gywgb‡K Aek¨B mRvM _vK‡Z
n‡e|
`yf©vM¨ GB †h, hyw³ev‡ì auvav‡bv †Pv‡L Avgiv A‡bK mgq AÜKvi
†`wL| d‡j mnR wPš—vi wmœ» Av‡jv‡K Avgiv Awn-i weav‡bi cÖKvk¨
iv¯—v Lyu‡R †c‡Z A‡bK mgq e¨_© nB| †h Rb¨ gvIjvbv gI`~`xi b¨vq
Bmjv‡gi GKRb wmcvnmvjv‡ii AwZ hyw³ev`x P¶z GgbwK Qnxn
eyLvixi nv`xQmg~‡ni weï×ZvI Lyu‡R †c‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| †hgb wZwb
e‡jb,
Ô†Kvb kixd †jvK G K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv †h, nv`x‡Qi †h mgwó
Avgv‡ì wbK‡U †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, Zvi meUv AKvU¨fv‡eB Qnxn| †hgb eyLvix,
hv‡K Avj−vn&i †KZv‡ei c‡i me©v‡c¶v weï× wKZve ejv nq, nv`x‡Qi
36. Avngv`, evqnvK¡x, wgkKvZ nv/177 ÔwKZve I mybœvn‡K AuvK‡o aivÕ Aby‡”Q`|

AwZ eo f³I GK_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv †h, Gi g‡a¨ †h Qq-mvZ nvhvi
nv`xQ msKwjZ Av‡Q, Zvi meUvB QnxnÕ|37
wK Zvw”Qj¨fiv fqsKi
gš—e¨! A_P G cÖm‡½ fviZ¸i“ kvn IqvwjDj−vn gynvwÏQ †`njfx
(int) e‡jb,
)
/(
ÔQnxnv‡qb A_©vr Qnxn eyLvix I gymwjg m¤ú‡K© nv`xQ wekvi`
cwÊZMY GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h, G `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ gyËvwQj gvid~Ô hZ nv`xQ
i‡q‡Q, meB AKvU¨fv‡e Qnxn| †h e¨w³ H `yB MÖš’ m¤ú‡K© nxb aviYv
†cvlY Ki‡e, †m we`ÔAvZx Ges gymwjg D¤§vn&i we‡ivax ZixKvi
AbymvixÕ|38
A_P nv`x‡Qi mb` Ges eY©bvMZ I Zvrch©MZ weï×Zv hvPvB‡qi
e¨vcv‡i Bgvg eyLvix (int) -Gi K‡Vvi kZ©vejx Ges wdK¡n wel‡q
Zuvi Zx¶è `~i`wk©Zv wKse`š—xi b¨vq cÖwm×| nK¡ I evwZ‡ji
cv_©K¨Kvix Igi dviƒK (ivt) e‡jb,
Ôhuvi nv‡Z Ig‡ii Rxeb Zuvi Kmg K‡i ejwQ,
wbðqB Avj−vn Zvui bexi iƒn Keh K‡ibwb Ges ÔAwnÕ DwV‡q †bbwb,
hZ¶Y bv Zuvi D¤§Z mKj cÖKvi ÔivqÕ (Z_v hyw³ev`) nÕ‡Z gy³ nÕ‡Z
†c‡i‡QÕ|39
AZGe gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ÔivqÕ bq, eis gynvwÏQM‡Yi M„nxZ
Qnxn nv`xQB nK I evwZ‡ji cv_©K¨Kvix gvb`Ê|
37. hvIqv‡eÔ c„t 145, M„nxZ : mvßvwnK Avj-BÔwZQvg jv‡nvi, 27 †g I 3 Ryb 1955|
38. û¾vZzj−vwnj evwjMvn (Kvq‡ivt `vi“Z ZzivQ, 1355 wnt) 1/134 c„t|
39. gxhvb 1/62|

ÔhvbœxÕ-Gi e¨vL¨v )(
wLªóvb cÖvP¨we`MY I Zv‡ì Abymvix gymwjg cwÊZMY nv`xQ kv‡¯¿i
Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek bv Kivi d‡j ÔhvbœÕ -Gi e¨vL¨vq `vi“Yfv‡e åvwš—
‡Z c‡o‡Qb| Zuviv ÔhvbœxÕ-Gi AvwfavwbK A_© ÔaviYv wbf©iÕ wnmv‡e
e¨vL¨v w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| A_P cÖK…Z A_© Zv bq|
D`~©‡Z ÔhvbœÕ Kíbv ev aviYv A‡_© eëüZ nÕ‡jI Aviex‡Z webv Kvi‡Y
D³ A‡_© eëüZ nq bv| †hgb fvlvwe` iv‡Me Bmdvnvbx e‡jb,
:
Ô†h Ávb wb`©kbmg~‡ni gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq, Zv‡K ÔhvbœÕ ejv nq|
wb`k©b I cÖgvYvw` hLb kw³kvjx nq, ZLb Zv Bj&g ev `„p wek¦vm
A‡_© DcbxZ nq| Avi hLb wb`k©b I cÖgvYvw` LyeB `ye©j nq, ZLb
Zv aviYvi mxgv AwZÎ“g K‡i bvÕ (gydiv`vZ)| KziAv‡b Dc‡iv³ `yB
A‡_©B ÔhvbœÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
(1) Ô`„p wek¦vmÕ )( A‡_©| †hgbÑ
(K) Avj−vn e‡jb,
Ô(Cgvb`vi ZvivB, hviv `„p wek¦vm iv‡L †h, wbðqB Zviv Zv‡ì
cÖwZcvj‡Ki mv¶vZ jvf Ki‡e Ges Zviv ZuviB wbK‡U wd‡i hv‡eÕ
(evK¡vivn 2/46)|
(L) cvcx‡ì m¤ú‡K© Avj−vn e‡jb,
ÔAcivaxiv Av¸b †`‡L `„pfv‡e eyS‡e
†h, Zviv †mLv‡b cwZZ n‡”Q Ges Zviv ILvb †_‡K †Kvb cwiÎvY¯’j
cv‡e bvÕ (Kvnd 18/53)|

(M) AZtci RvbœvZx‡ì m¤ú‡K© Avj−vn e‡jb, ÔWvbnv‡Z Avgjbvgv
cvIqvi ci Lykx‡Z Zviv e‡j DV‡e,
ÔGB bvI! Avgvi Avgjbvgv, †Zvgiv c‡o †`LÕ| ÔAvwg
`„p wek¦vm ivLZvg †h, Avgv‡K Aek¨B wnmv‡ei m¤§yLxb nÕ‡Z n‡eÕ
(nv-°vn 69/20)|
(N) wR‡biv KziAvb ï‡b e‡jwQj,
ÔAvgv‡ì `„p wek¦vm R‡b¥‡Q †h, Avgiv KL‡bvB
c„w_ex‡Z Avj−vn‡K civ¯— Ki‡Z cvie bv Ges cvwj‡q wM‡qI Zuv‡K
e¨_© Ki‡Z cvie bvÕ (wRbœ 71/12)|
(2) ÔaviYvÕ )( A‡_©| †hgbÑ
(K) Avj−vn e‡jb, ÔAwaKvsk
†jvK aviYvi AbymiY K‡i Ges Zviv †Kej Abygvb wfwËK K_v e‡jÕ
(AvbÔAvg 6/116)|
(L) Ab¨Î Avj−vn e‡jb,
Ô(†d‡ikZv) wel‡q Zv‡ì †Kvb Ávb †bB|
Zviv †Kej aviYvi AbymiY K‡i| A_P m‡Zï gyKvwejvq aviYvi
†Kvb g~j¨ †bBÕ (bvR&g 53/28)|
gynvwÏQ weØvbMY nv`xQ‡K †h ÔhvbœÕ e‡j‡Qb, Zvi A_© nÕj cÖ_‡gv³
ÔhvbœÕ| Zvi A_© KL‡bvB †k‡lv³ ÔhvbœÕ ev wbQK aviYv I Kíbv bq|
Bmjvgx kixÔAv‡Z cÖ_‡gv³ ÔhvbœÕ-Gi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| Pzwi, g`¨cvb
e¨wfPvi, nZ¨vKvÊ cÖf„wZ Aciv‡ai wePvi I kvw¯— weav‡bi Rb¨
Av`vj‡Zi wePviK wewfbœ mv¶¨-cÖgv‡Yi wfwË‡Z ÔwbðZ aviYvÕq
DcbxZ nIqvi †Póv K‡ib| `xN© I m~² Z`‡š—i ci Avmvgxi e¨vcv‡i
aviYv wbwðZ nÕ‡jB Z‡e Zv‡K `Ê cÖ`vb Kiv nq| d‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q
†h, we‡k¦i me©hy‡Mi Zver wePvi eë¯’vB wbf©i Ki‡Q aviYvi Dc‡i|
wbwðZ aviYvi wfwË‡ZB gvby‡li †Rj-duvm n‡q _v‡K|

Bmjvg D³ iƒc ÔwbwðZ I cÖgvYwm× aviYvÕ-†K ïay mg_©bB †`qwb,
eis ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| †hgb g„Zz¨Kvjxb AwQq‡Zi mgq `yÕRb b¨vqcivqY
mv¶x ivLvi wb‡`©k `v‡bi ci KziAv‡b ejv n‡”Q, Ôhw` †Zvgv‡ì
m‡›`n nq, Z‡e Dfq‡K Qvjv‡Zi c‡i _vK‡Z ej‡e| Zvici Df‡q
Avj−vn&i bv‡g kc_ Ki‡e †h, Avgiv GB mv‡¶ï gva¨‡g †Kvbiƒc ¯^v_©
nvwQj Kie bv, hwÌ Zvi wbKUvZ¥xq nq Ges Zviv ej‡e †h, Avgiv
†Mvbvn Kie bv, (hw` Kwi, ZvnÕ‡j) †m Ae¯’vq Avgiv †MvbvnMvi‡ì
Aš—fy©³ neÕ| ÔAZtci hw` Rvbv hvq †h, D³ `yÕRb mv¶x †Kvb cv‡c
wjß n‡q‡Q (A_v©r wg_¨v mv¶¨ w`‡q‡Q), ZvnÕ‡j Ab¨ `yÕRb Zv‡ì
¯’‡j `vuwo‡q hv‡e Ges `yÕR‡b Avj−vn&i bv‡g kc_ K‡i ej‡e †h,
Avgv‡ì mv¶¨ Aek¨B H `yÕR‡bi mv¶¨ A‡c¶v mZ¨ Ges Avgiv
mxgvjsNbKvix bB| (hw` nB) ZvnÕ‡j †m‡¶‡Î Avgiv wbwðZfv‡e
hv‡jg‡ì Aš—f©y³ nÕ‡q hveÕ (gv‡q`vn 5/106-107)|
D³ Avqv‡Z mv¶¨ wg_¨v nIqvi m¤¢vebv e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g
mv¶¨ ÔhvbœÕ ev aviYv wbf©i cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Z_vwc cybivq mwVK
mv‡¶ï gva¨‡gB welqwU wbwðZ Kivi wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
Abyiƒcfv‡e weev‡ni mv¶x, Pzwii mv¶x, e¨wfPv‡ii mv¶x, nZ¨vKv‡Êi
mv¶x cÖf„wZ mKj †¶‡Î b¨vqwbô mv¶x‡ì mv‡¶ï Dc‡iB wbf©i
Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| hwÌ mv‡¶ï gv‡a¨ mZ¨-wg_¨vi AvksKv we`¨gvb
_v‡K| wePviK P~ovš— cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g wbwðZ mZ¨ D`NvU‡bi †Póv
Ki‡eb, GUvB me©`v Kvg¨ _v‡K Ges ev`x-weev`x mK‡jB D³ ÔivqÕ
†g‡b †bb I †mg‡Z duvwmi `woi bx‡P Avmvgx wb‡Ri Mjv evwo‡q
†`b| GKBfv‡e wPwKrmK Zuvi m‡e©v”P aviYvi wfwË‡ZB †ivM wbY©q
K‡ib I Jla wbe©vPb K‡ib ev †ivMxi A‡¯¿vcPvi K‡ib| †ivMx
wbwe©ev‡` Zv †g‡b †bb Ges g„Zzï m¤¢vebv †R‡bI eÊ wj‡L w`‡q
Wv³v‡ii A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii †Uwe‡j wb‡R‡K mgc©Y K‡i †`b|
nv`x‡Qi weï×Zv cÖgv‡Yi †¶‡ÎI gynvwÏQ weØvbMY wPwKrmK I
wePvi‡Ki b¨vq P~ovš— hvPvB-evQvB‡qi Avkªq wb‡q _v‡Kb| †Kej
eY©bvKvix‡K bq eis mb`, gZb I Avbylw½K mKj welq hvPvB K‡iB
Zvuiv nv`xQwU mZ¨ mZ¨B ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wK-bv †m wel‡q wbwðZ
aviYv jv‡f m‡Pó nb| †hme nv`x‡Qi †¶‡Î Zuviv wbwðZ nb, †m¸wj

ÔQnxnÕ mve¨¯— nq| Avi †h¸wj‡Z wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv, †m¸wj
ÔhCdÕ mve¨¯— nq| eY©bvKvixi msL¨v me©¯—‡i AMwYZ n‡j Ges Zv‡Z
wg_¨vi †Kvb AeKvk bv _vK‡j Ges †m¸wj me©hy‡M AweiZ avivq
ewY©Z I M„nxZ nÕ‡j †m¸wj‡K ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ ejv nq| c¶vš—‡i
eY©bvKvix GKRb ev GKvwaK nÕ‡j Zv‡K ÔAvnv`Õ ejv nq|
Beby nvhg Av›`vjymx (int) e‡jb,
Ôhw` GKRb mZ¨wbô ivex Av‡iKRb mZ¨wbô ivex †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib
Ges Gfv‡e ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) ch©š— Awew”Qbœ mb` ev eY©bvm~Î cvIqv
hvq, Z‡e Zvi Dc‡i Avgj IqvwRe n‡e Ges Zv‡K weï× RvbvI
IqvwRe n‡eÕ| wZwb e‡jb, G wel‡q D¤§‡Zi BRgv ev HK¨gZ i‡q‡Q
Ges Bgvg Avey nvbxdv, gv‡jK, kv‡dC, Avngv`, `vE` cÖgyL weØvbMY
†_‡KI GKB K_v cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡QÕ|
wZwb e‡jb, cieZx© hy‡Mi wKQz †jvK ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ m¤ú‡K©
m‡›`nev` Av‡ivc Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| A_P Zviv e‡j _v‡Kb †h, Bmjvg
c~Y©v½ Øxb, hv m~iv‡q gv‡q`vn 3 AvqvZ Øviv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q Ges
Avj−vn wb‡RB KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi †ndvh‡Zi `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb, hv m~iv
wnR&i 9 I wK¡qvgvn 16-19 AvqvZm~gn Øviv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| G¶‡Y
AvaywbK wPš—vwe`M‡Yi aviYv g‡Z D³ c~Y©v½ Øx‡b hw` m‡›`n m„wó Kiv
nq Ges Zv‡Z mZ¨-wg_¨v wgwkªZ n‡q hvq I Zv cv_©K¨ Kivi my‡hvM bv
_v‡K, ZvnÕ‡j Bmjvg c~Y©v½ I me©‡kl Øxb wKfv‡e n‡e? eis D³
m‡›`nev` Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g Øx‡bi my`„p BgviZ‡K aŸsm Kiv n‡e|
AZGe GUvB wbwðZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ mZ¨ K_v †h, b¨vqwbô ivex‡`i
gva¨‡g ewY©Z nv`xQ AKvÆ I weï× Ges Zvi Dc‡i `„p wek¦vm I
Avgj `yÕwUB IqvwReÕ|40
40. BmgvCj mvjvdx, ûw¾qv‡Z nv`xQ (jv‡nvi 1401 wnt/1981 L„t) c„t 116-117, M„nxZ : Avj-
BnKvg 1/108, 114, 123, 124|

gvIjvbv gI`~`x ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ nv`xQ¸wj‡K ÔBqvK¡xbxÕ ev wbwðZ
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e‡j‡Qb| wKš‘ ÔAvnv`Õ nv`xQ¸wj‡K wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e‡jbwb|
GLv‡b wM‡q wZwb gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ivq I Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ i“wP‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q‡Qb| A_P Aí msL¨K ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ nv`xQ e¨ZxZ
Bmjvgx kixÔAv‡Zi wekvj fvÊv‡ii cÖvq meUzKzB wbf©i K‡i ÔAvnv`Õ
ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~‡ni Dc‡i| d‡j ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ch©v‡qi
nv`xQmg~n‡K m‡›`n ev Awek¦vm Kivi A_© cy‡iv Bmjvgx kixÔAvZ‡K
Awek¦vm Kiv| Rvwbbv mybœvn‡K ev` w`‡q Guiv Bmjv‡gi bv‡g †`‡k
wK‡mi ûKzgZ cÖwZôv Ki‡eb!
g~jZt ÔAvnv`Õ ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~‡n hw` mZ¨Zv I wbðqZvi cÖgvYvw`
gIR~` _v‡K, weØvbMY Zv Keyj K‡i _v‡Kb Ges †Lv` msKjK hw`
nv`x‡Qi weï×Zvi Acwinvh©Zv‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ kZ© K‡i _v‡Kb, Z‡e H
nv`xQ wbtm‡›`‡n Keyj‡hvM¨| PvB †mUv AvK¡x`v wel‡q †nŠK ev
AvnKvg wel‡q †nŠK| †hgb eyLvix-gymwjg msKwjZ I nhiZ Igi
dviƒK (ivt) ewY©Z weL¨vZ nv`xQ ÔwbðqB mKj
KvR wbq‡Zi Dc‡i wbf©ikxjÕ(gymwjg)| nv`xQwUi GKgvÎ ivex Igi
(ivt) Ges GwU ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ch©v‡qi nv`xQ| nv`xQwU D¤§‡Zi mKj
weØvb Keyj K‡i wb‡q‡Qb Ges Gi weï×Zvi e¨vcv‡i msKjK
gynvwÏQMY wbðqZv w`‡q‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e Qv`vK¡vZzj wdri dih
nIqvi nv`xQ, dih †Mvm‡ji nv`xQ cÖf„wZ Le‡i Iqv‡n‡ì Aš—fy©³|
Beby nvhg (int) e‡jb, g~jZt 1g kZvãx wnRix ch©š— Avnjym mybœvn,
Lv‡iRx, kxÔAv,K¡v`vwiqv mK‡j ÔLe‡i Iqv‡n`Õ ch©v‡qi nv`xQ‡K webv
evK¨ e¨‡q Keyj Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ wØZxq kZvãx‡Z G‡m gyÔZvwhjv
`vk©wbKMY BRgv‡q D¤§‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡i G cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡ib I
weZ‡K© wjß nbÕ|41
cieZ©xKv‡j G‡ì K~UZ‡K© weåvš— n‡q‡Qb eû weØvb Ges †mB my‡hvM
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb cÖvP¨we` wLªóvb cwÊZMY| Avevi Zv‡ìB hyw³ev‡ì
41. ûw¾qv‡Z nv`xQ c„t 112, M„nxZ : Avj-BnKvg 1/114|

a~gªRv‡j AvUKv c‡o‡Qb eû AvaywbK Bmjvgx wPš—vwe`| Avj−vn
Avgv‡ì i¶v Ki“b -Avgxb!
hy‡M hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvixMY )(
Avj−vgv BmgvCj ¸RivbIqvjv (1314-1378/1895-1968) cª`Ë
hy‡M hy‡M nv`xQ A¯^xKviKvix‡ì ZvwjKvwU wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë nÕj :
1. Lv‡iRx )( : Giv cÖavbZt ivm~j cwiev‡ii gh©v`vq ewY©Z
nv`xQmg~n‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| 200 wnRixi c‡i G‡ì Avwef©ve
N‡U|
2. kxÔAv ( ) : Giv QvnvexM‡Yi gh©v`vq ewY©Z nv`xQmg~n‡K
A¯^xKvi K‡i| 200 wnRixi c‡i G‡ì Avwef©ve nq|
3. gyÔZvwhjv I Rvn&wgqv ( ): Giv Avj−vn&i ¸Yvejx ms vš—
nv`xQ mg~n‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i| 221 wnRixi c‡i G‡ì Avwef©ve
nq|
4. K¡vhx Cmv Be‡b Avevb I Zvi AbymvixMY Ges cieZ©x
dK¡xn‡ì g‡a¨ K¡vhx Avey hv‡q` `ve~mx cÖgyL| Zv‡ì `„wó‡Z
Mv‡qi dK¡xn QvnvexM‡Yi ewY©Z nv`xQ‡K Zviv A¯^xKvi K‡ib|
221 wnRixi c‡i G‡ì Avwef©ve N‡U|
5. gyÔZvwhjv I `vk©wbK‡ì mv‡_ dK¡xn‡ì GKwU †QvU `j| Giv
DQ~j I dziƒÔ Z_v g~j I cÖkvLvMZ mKj wel‡q Le‡i Iqv‡n`
ch©v‡qi nv`xQmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb| 400 wnRixi
ci G‡ì Avwef©ve nq|
6. cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvq fxZ Bmjvgx cwÊZMY| †hgb †gŠjex †PivM
Avjx, m¨vi ˆmq` Avngv` Lvb I Zv‡ì Abymvixe„›`| Giv
nv`xQ kv‡¯¿ Avb‡Kviv| Zv‡ì aviYv g‡Z nv`xQ mg~n g~jZt
BwZnv‡mi mgwó gvÎ| AZGe †mLvb †_‡K Pvwn`vgZ Zviv wKQz

MÖnY K‡i‡Qb I wKQz eR©b K‡i‡Qb| 1300 wnRixi KvQvKvwQ
mg‡q G‡ì Avwef©ve N‡U|
7. †gŠjex Avãyj−vn PKovjex, wg¯¿x gynv¤§v` ivgvhvb ¸RivbIqvjv,
†gŠjex nvkgZ Avjx jv‡nvix, †gŠjex idxDÏxb gyjZvbx|
1300 wnRixi cieZ©x GB mKj weØvb nv`xQ‡K cy‡ivcywi
A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
8. †gŠjex Avngv` Øxb Ag„Zmix, wgóvi †Mvjvg Avngv` cvi‡fh|
Giv m¨vi ˆmq` Avngv‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ| Z‡e Giv Rvwnj I
jvMvgnxb| 14k kZvãxi GB e¨w³M‡Yi wbK‡U KziAvb, nv`xQ
I cyiv ØxbUvB GKUv †Ljv gvÎ| Zv‡ì g‡Z †ekxi †ekx
GUv‡K GKUv ivR‰bwZK `k©b g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hv‡K
hLb-ZLb e`jv‡bvi AwaKvi Avgv‡ì Av‡Q| Z‡e †gŠjex
Avngv` Øxb †Kvb †Kvb ÔgyZvIqvwZiÕ Avgj‡K G¸wj †_‡K
c„_K g‡b Ki‡Zb|
9. gvIjvbv wkejx †bvÔgvbx (1857-1914), nvgx`yÏxb dvivnx,
Aveyj AvÔjv gI`~`x (1903-1979), Avgxb Avnmvb BQjvnx
Ges bvÌqvZzj Ijvgv jv‡¶èŠ-Gi weØvbgÊjx| Z‡e mvBwq`
myjvqgvb bv`fx (1884-1955) e¨ZxZ| 13k I 14k kZvãx
wnRixi GB †k‡lv³ weØvbMY nv`x‡Qi A¯^xKviKvix bb| Z‡e
Gu‡ì wPš—vavivq nv`x‡Qi cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡nxbZv I Zvw”Qj¨fve
cÖKvk cvq Ges Zuv‡ì Av‡jvPbvq nv`xQ
A¯^xKv‡ii †Pvivc_ mg~n Ly‡j hvq|42
2. gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` hvKvwiqv (1317-1402 wnt/1898-1982 L„t)
ZvejxM RvgvÔAv‡Zi cªwZôvZv gvIjvbv Bwjqvm (1303-
1363/1885-1944 L„t)-Gi wb‡`©kÎ“‡g Ab¨Zg †bZv gvIjvbv
gynv¤§v` hvKvwiqv KvÜjfx mvnvivbcyix ÔZvejxMx †bQveÕ cÖYqb
K‡ib| hv‡Z †nKvqv‡Z Qvnvev Ges dvhv‡q‡j bvgvh, ZvejxM, whKi,
42. ûw¾qv‡Z nv`xQ c„t 113-114|

KziAvb, ivgvhvb, ìƒ`, Qv`vK¡vZ I n¾mn †gvU 9wU wel‡q `yÕL‡Ê
mgvß we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q|
D‡j−L¨ †h, 1921 mv‡j fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv iv‡Rï Ô†gIqvZÕ
GjvKvi Ôdx‡ivhcyi wbgKÕ MÖv‡g cÖPwjZ ZvejxM
RvgvÔAvZ Aw¯—Z¡ jvf K‡i| †hLv‡b gvIjvbv Bwjqvm (1885-1944
L„t Rb¥¯’vb : †gIqvZ, nwiqvbv, fviZ) Zuvi wkl¨‡ì wbKU cÖvqB
†h‡Zb| GK`v †mLv‡b _vKv Ae¯’vq Zuvi wKQz wkl¨ G‡m ejj †h,
Zviv Kv‡jgv wkLv‡bvi Rb¨ I gmwR‡` Qvjv‡Z Avmvi Rb¨ evox evox
wM‡q †jvK‡ì `vIqvZ w`‡q _v‡K| Zv‡ì GKvRwU Zuvi Lye cm›` nq
Ges Ab¨vb¨ MÖv‡gI `vIqvZ Qwo‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ wZwb Zv‡ì Drmvn
†`b| Gfv‡eB cÖPwjZ ZvejxM RvgvÔAv‡Zi m~Pbv nq|43
ZvejxMx †bQve )( :
Avn‡jnv`x‡Qi wbK‡U ÔQnxnv‡qbÕ-Gi †h gh©v`v, ZvejxMx fvB‡ì
wbK‡U ÔZvejxMx †bQveÕ-Gi †mB gh©v`v ej‡jI AZz¨w³ n‡e bv| G
wKZvewUB Zv‡ì wbK‡U me©vwaK gh©v`vgwÊZ Ges N‡i-evB‡i, md‡i-
Aem‡i me©`v AwZ h‡Zœi mv‡_ cwVZ| ZvejxMx †bQv‡ei †jLK
ÔkvqLyj nv`xQÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| A_P nv`x‡Qi wc‡V wgwógy‡L †h QzwiKvNvZ
wZwb K‡i‡Qb, Zv Ab¨ Kvi“ c‡¶ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q wK-bv m‡›`n|
KziAv‡bi AvqvZ I nv`x‡Qi Ace¨vL¨vi mv‡_ mv‡_ wZwb †hme D™¢U
I KvíwbK gvÔ‡idZx Mímg~n Ry‡o w`‡q‡Qb, Zv GKRb my¯’ gw¯—‡®‹i
gvbyl‡K weåvš— Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó| `yfv©M¨ †h, GB wKZvewU wewfbœ
gmwR‡` RvgvÔAvZ †k‡l Bgvg A_ev Zvejx‡Mi †jv‡Kiv gyQj−x‡ì‡K
AwZ webq I bgªZvi mv‡_ c‡o ïwb‡q _v‡Kb I †k‡l `je×fv‡e
gybvRvZ (cÖv_©bv) K‡i _v‡Kb|
A_P G¸wj co‡j Avj−vnfw³i ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq Z_vKw_Z gyieŸx
I eyhM© fw³| KziAvb-nv`x‡Qi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq wewfbœ ZixKvi
Q~dx I Zv‡ì Kvk&d I Kvivg‡Zi wg_¨v I AjxK Kvwnbxmg~n| gyQj−xi
43. w`j−x : cvw¶K gvRvj−v Avn‡jnv`xQ c„t 7. 21†k Ryb 1986 Bs/13B kvIqvj 1406 wnt
m¤úv`K I †jLK : nvKxg gynv¤§v` AvRgj Luv|

gv_vi g‡a¨ ZLb Hme wfwËnxb KíK_v NyicvK †L‡Z _v‡K| Avi
fv‡e †h, KLb wPj−vq wM‡q Hme Q~dx eyh‡M©i b¨vq D”P gh©v`v jv‡f
ab¨ ne| Avð‡h©i welq, `vi“j Dj~g †`De‡›ì gmwR‡Ì bvwK G
wKZvewU c‡o gyQj−x‡ì ïbv‡bv nq Ges G hveZ Zvi GB eBwUi
cÖwZev‡` †KD †Kvb eB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb e‡j Rvbv hvqwb|
Dcgnv‡`‡ki wekvj nvbvdx RvgvÔAv‡Zi nvhvi nvhvi nvbvdx Av‡jg
G eBwU‡K wKfv‡e bxi‡e mg©_b w`‡q P‡j‡Qb|
†f‡e Avðh© nÕ‡Z nq †h, ÔBmivC‡jÕ Bmjvgx eBcÎ wbwl×, †mLv‡bI
G wKZv‡ei i‡q‡Q Aeva cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Ges G wKZv‡ei cÖPviK
ZvejxMx fvB‡ì i‡q‡Q †m‡`‡k wbwe©‡Nœ c`PviYvi XvjvI AbygwZ|
GKBfv‡e AbygwZ i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b Kvw`qvbx‡ì e¨vcK cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii|
Kvw`qvbx‡ì †nW Awdm jÊ‡b I BmivC‡ji nvBdv bMix‡Z| `yÕwU
Av‡›`vj‡biB Drm¯’j fviZ Dcgnv‡`k Ges `yÕwUiB Rb¥ e„wUk
Avg‡j| Kvw`qvbxiv ag©‡`ªvnx Kv‡di| wKš‘ Zviv Bmjv‡gi bv‡gB
†`‡k I we‡`‡k weK…Z Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi K‡i _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i
ZvejxMxiv Bmjv‡gi MÊxi g‡a¨ †_‡KB Bmjv‡gi weK…Z e¨vL¨v †`k-
we‡`‡k cÖPvi K‡i| Av‡Liv‡Z gyw³i mÜvbx ûuwkqvi gywgbMY mveav‡b
cv †dj‡eb, GUvB Kvg¨|
ZvejxMx †bQv‡ei Ab¨ welq ev` w`‡q †Kej Zv‡ì nv`xQ cÖPv‡ii
K‡qKwU bgybv D`vniY ¯îƒc Zz‡j aiv nÕj :
1. Igi (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb, Av`g (Avt) Aciva
Kivi ci Avj−vn&i Avi‡ki w`‡K ZvwK‡q †`‡Lb †mLv‡b †jLv Av‡Q,
Ôjv Bjvnv Bj−vj−vû gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyj−vnÕ| ZLb wZwb gynv¤§v‡ì
Amxjvq Avj−vn&i wbK‡U ¶gv cÖv_©bv K‡ib Ges Avj−vn Zv‡K ¶gv
K‡ib| AZtci Avj−vn Av`g‡K e‡jb, hw` gynv¤§v` bv nÕ‡Zb,
ZvnÕ‡j Avwg †Zvgv‡K m„wó KiZvg bvÕ| Ab¨ GKwU cÖwm× Rvj nv`xQ
D³ g‡g© cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, ÔjvIjv-Kv jvgv LvjvK¡Zzj Avdjv-KvÕ (hw`
Avcwb bv nÕ‡Zb, ZvnÕ‡j Avmgvb-hgxb wKQzB m„wó KiZvg bv)|44
44. wmjwmjv hCdvn Iqvj gIh~ÔAvn nv/25, 282; dvhv‡q‡j whKi (g~j D`~©, w`j−x : D`~© evhvi,
g`xbv eyK wW‡cv, 1395wnt/1975 L„t) c„t 95|

Ab¨Î Ôdvhv‡q‡j ìƒ` kix‡dÕ (c„t 85, Mí bs 14) wZwb e‡j‡Qb,
ÔkvqL Avãyj nK gynvwÏQ †`njfx ¯^xq Ôgv`v‡iRyb beyAZÕ eB‡q
wj‡L‡Qb †h, hLb nhiZ nvIqv-i Rb¥ nÕj, ZLb nhiZ Av`g (Avt)
Zvi w`‡K nvZ evov‡Z PvB‡jb| †d‡ikZviv ej‡jb, Qei Ki,
hZ¶Y bv we‡q n‡e Ges †gvni bv †Ìqv n‡e| Av`g (Avt) ej‡jb,
†gvni wK? †d‡ikZviv ej‡jb, Ôgynv¤§v`-Gi Dci wZbevi ìƒ`
kixd cvV Ki“bÕ| GK †iIqvqv‡Z wek ev‡ii K_v G‡m‡Q|Õ A_P
cweÎ KziAv‡b Av`g m„wói I Zuvi ZIev Kivi †h eY©bv i‡q‡Q
(evK¡vivn 30-39; AvÔivd 24), †mLv‡b Gm‡ei wKQzB †bB|
cxi-AvDwjqv‡ì ÔAmxjvÕ a‡i ciKv‡j gyw³ cvIqvi êaZv cÖgv‡Yi
Rb¨ Gme Rvj nv`xQ I wg_¨v eY©bv †ck Kiv n‡q‡Q| Giv cxi ai‡Z
e‡jb bv, eis ÔgyieŸxÕ ai‡Z e‡jb| †hgb kvqLyj nv`xQ Ôdvhv‡q‡j
Zvejx‡MÕ (c„t 3) e‡j‡Qb, hy‡Mi Ijvgv-gvkv‡qL nhiZM‡Yi †ihvgw›`
I mš‘wó ciKvjxb bvRv‡Zi Amxjv I †Mvbv‡ni Kvddviv n‡q
_v‡K...|Õ A_P KziAvb I nv`x‡Qi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
AbymiY e¨ZxZ ciKv‡j gyw³ cvevi †Kvb Dcvq †bB (eyLvix, wgkKvZ
nv/143)|
2. nhiZ Av`g (Avt) wn›`y¯—vb †_‡K cv‡q †nu‡U GK nvhvi evi n¾
K‡i‡Qb| Beby AveŸvm (ivt) e‡jb, bex‡ì mvaviY ixwZ wQj cv‡q
†nu‡U n¾ Kiv|45
ev¯—eZv GB †h, †klbex gynv¤§v` (Qvt) g`xbv †_‡K g°vq mIqvix‡Z
G‡m we`vq n¾ K‡iwQ‡jb| A_P Beby AveŸvm (ivt)-Gi b¨vq GKRb
cÖL¨vZ Qvnvexi bv‡g Ggb wg_¨v eY©bv Pvwj‡q †Ìqv nÕj| GKBfv‡e
Av`g (Avt) m¤úwK©Z eY©bvwU G‡Kev‡iB wfwËnxb| †Kbbv Zuvi †gvU
eqm wQj 940 A_ev 960 eQi|46
ZvQvov wZwb wn›`y¯—v‡b emevm
K‡i‡Qb e‡j KziAvb I Qnxn nv`x‡Q †Kvb cÖgvY †bB|
45. dvhv‡q‡j n¾ c„t 35|
46. wZiwghx, wgkKvZ nv/4662, ÔwkóvPviÕ Aa¨vq, ÔmvjvgÕ Aby‡”Q`; H, nv/118, ÔCgvbÕ Aa¨vq,
ÔZvK¡`x‡i wek¦vmÕ Aby‡”Q`; ZzndvZzj AvnIqvhx nv/5072, 8/459 c„t|

3. Beby Igi (ivt) †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) e‡jb, †h e¨w³
Avgvi Kei whqviZ Ki‡e, Zvi Rb¨ Avgvi kvdvÔAvZ IqvwRe n‡eÕ|
Ab¨ eY©bvq Ô†h e¨w³ Avgvi g„Zzï c‡i Avgv‡K whqviZ Ki‡e, †m
e¨w³ †hb Avgvi RxeÏkvq Avgvi mv‡_ mv¶vZ KijÕ| Ab¨ eY©bvq
Ô†h e¨w³ n¾ Kij, A_P Avgvi Kei whqviZ Kij bv, †m Avgvi
Dci hyjyg KijÕ|47
nv`xQ¸wj gIh~ ev Rvj|48
Avi GUv ¯úó †h,
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Kei †hqviZ n‡¾i †Kvb Ask bq|
4. ivm~jyj−vn (Qvt) †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, †h e¨w³ QvjvZ K¡vhv Ki‡e,
hwÌ †m Zv c‡i Av`vq K‡i, Z_vwc mgq gZ QvjvZ Av`vq bv Kivi
Kvi‡Y H e¨w³ GK †nvK¡ev Rvnvbœv‡g _vK‡e| GK Ô†nvK¡evÕ nÕj 2
†KvwU 88 j¶ eQi|49
cvVK ¯§iY ivLyb, L›`‡Ki hy‡× ivm~j (Qvt)-
Gi ci ci K‡qK Iqv³ QvjvZ Ges Lvqevi hy‡× dR‡ii QvjvZ
K¡vhv n‡qwQj| GZØ¨ZxZ Qvnvev‡q †Kivg †_‡KI QvjvZ K¡vhv Kivi
eû cÖgvY †`Lv hvq| ZvnÕ‡j Zuv‡ì Ae¯’v Kx n‡e?
5. (K) gymjgvb‡ì wRnv`x Rvhev LZg Kivi Rb¨ wZwb webv mb‡`
†j‡Lb, GK`v ivm~j (Qvt) bvR‡` ˆmb¨ cvVvb| Zviv `ª“Z hy× Rq K‡i
MYxg‡Zi gvjvgvj mn wd‡i Av‡mb| GZ `ª“Z wd‡i Avmvq †jv‡Kiv
we¯§q cÖKvk Ki‡j ivm~j (Qvt) e‡jb, Avwg wK †Zvgv‡ì‡K Gi
PvB‡ZI Kg mg‡q Gi PvB‡ZI †ekx MYxgZ jvfKvix `j m¤ú‡K©
msev` wè bv? Zviv nÕj Hme †jvK, hviv dR‡ii QvjvZ RvgvÔAv‡Zi
mv‡_ Av`vq K‡i| AZtci m~‡h©v`‡qi c‡i `yÕivKÔAvZ Bkiv‡K¡i
QvjvZ Av`vq K‡iÕ|50
wZwb Bkviv‡K¡i `yÕivKÔAvZ QvjvZ‡K wRnv‡ì
weR‡qi PvB‡ZI DËg e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
(L) Avey ûivqiv (ivt) e‡jb, KzhvÔAvn )( †Mv‡Îi `yÕRb e¨w³
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Kv‡Q G‡m GK‡Î gymjgvb nÕ‡jb| c‡i Zv‡ì
GKRb knx` n‡q †M‡jb| Av‡iKRb GKeQi c‡i ¯^vfvweKfv‡e gviv
47. dvhv‡q‡j n¾ 96, 97, 98 c„t|
48. `vivKzrbx, BiIqvDj Mvjxj nv/1127-28|
49. dvhv‡q‡j bvgvh, c„t 39|
50. dvhv‡q‡j bvgvh, c„t 20|

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