2. Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis is a form of gastric paralysis ;chronic symptoms may
result from abnormal gastric motility associated with delayed
gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical outlet obstruction.
The symptoms that suggest gastroparesis are variable include
nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, early satiety , and
abdominal pain or discomfort
The symptoms may mimic structural disorders
(PUD,intestinalobstruction,pancreatobliary disorders) and there
also overlap between symptoms of gastroparesis and FD
Relationship of symptoms to gastric motor function is poor
Parkman HP ( 2004); Park MI(2006)
4. Epidemiology
Female > Male (~ 4:1)
Delayed gastric emptying were found :
– 20 - 40 % of pts with F D
– 26 - 68% % of pts with Diabetes
Incidence of delayed gastric emptying:
– 4.5% DM 1
– 1% DM 2
– 0.1% Non DM
6. =Parasympatetic ( N Vagus)
=Sympatetic
=Enteric neural system
=Neurotransmitter
(Acetylcholine,dopamin,
serotonin)
=Hormone ( glucose regulating
hormone)
=Food composition
(fat,CHO,solid,fluid)
Regulation of gastric motility
7. Physiology of gastric motility
Motor function of stomach is controlled at three
main levels
Autonomic nervous system
Enteric neuronal system
Interstitial Cell of Cajal
Smooth muscle cell
Several subsystems are involved:
afferent receptors
neurohumoral substances
circulating hormones
ICCs
ICCs
9. Physiology of gastric emptying
Gastric emptying results of :
Tonic contraction of the fundus,
Phasic contraction of the antrum,
Inhibitory forces of pyloric and duodenal
contraction
14. Evaluation of patients suspected
gastroparesis
Gastroparesis is diagnosed by demonstrating
delayed gastric emptying in a symptomatic
individual after exclusion of other etiologies of
symptoms
Gastroparesis is often suspected in patient
subgroup with specific profile
DM
After vagotomy
FD
GERD
Parkman HP ( 2004); Rayner CK (2005)
Park MI(2006)
15. Evaluation of patients suspected
gastroparesis
HT and PE
Laboratory testing
Evaluation for organic disorders
Evaluation for delayed gastric emptying
Evaluation of response to treatment trial
Further evaluation
16. History taking and Physical Examination
HT
Differentiated of vomiting from regurgitation and ruminating
Risk factors
Poor glycaemic controlled
Female
History of medication (GLP-1 agonist/receptor analogue,etc)
PE
Hydration status
Nutrition status
Succussion splash
19. Test to assess gastric motor and myoelectrical function
Assessing gastric emptying
Upper Ba radiography study
Scintigraphy
USG
MRI
Breath test
Assessing gastric contractility
Antroduodenal manometri
Gastric barostat
Satiety test
Assessing electrical activity
EGG
20. Treatment of symptomatic
gastroparesis
Nutrition teraphy
– Hydration and corection of electrolite imbalance
– Liquid or parenteral nutrition
– Micronutrient
– Vitamins ( Cobalamin,vitamin C, etc)
To tighten glicaemic control
Prokinetic agents
Anti emetic agents
Others modality
– Botulinum injection
– Gastric electrical stimulation
– Gastrostomy and jejunostomy placement
– Surgical treatment
21. Treatment of symptomatic
gastroparesis
Dietary modification
– Liquid diet is recommended to patient with
gastroparesis who have delayed solid emptying
– Frequent (4 – 5 x daily) and small size diet
– Minimized fat and fiber intake
– Avoid alcohol and carbonated beverages
To tighten glicaemic control.
23. New and other agents
Motilides
– Mitemcinal
– ABT 229
CCK antagonist
– Loxiglumide
NO donors
– Sidenafil ?
Ghrelin
5 HT1 agonist
– Sumatriptan
– Buspiron
Treatment of symptomatic
gastroparesis
24. Commonly used prokinetic drugs
Rayner CK and Horowitz M (2005) New management approaches for gastroparesis
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2: 454–462 doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0283
25. Treatment of symptomatic gastroparesis
Others therapeutic modalities
Endoscopic treatment
– Botulinum toxin injection
Gastric electric stimulation
Gastrostomy and jejunostomy placement
Ginger, Acupuncture
Surgical treatment
26. Improvement
Presumptive diagnosis of gastroparesis
Assessment of patients to rule out mechanical obstruction or another diseases
Nutrition;glycaemic control
Empiric trial of prokinetic for 4-8 wks
History of symptoms gastroparesis
No improvement
Treatment continue
And Pulse Tx
Perform UG-Endos/ Ba meal
Negative finding Structural lesion
Appropriate Tx
High dose
medical Tx
Test Gastric emptying
Improvement No Improvement
Abnormal Normal
High dose prokinetic
Or other modalities
Re-evaluate the D/
Improvement
27. Conclusion (1)
Gastroparesis is a syndrome characterized
by delayed gastric emptying in the
absence of mechanical obstruction
Diabetic gastroparesis is the main cause of
gastroparesis
Scintigraphy is a gold-standard for
diagnosis
28. Conclusion (2)
Patients with presumptive diagnosis
gastroparesis should be cared for empirical /
trial treatment.
The treatment include ;Nutrition teraphy
(Macro and micro nutrient,vitamins
etc), metabolic control and prokinetic agent
Novel treatment including new
prokinetics, botulinum toxin injection,gastric
electrical stimulation have been tested in
patients with gastroparesis