أساسيات الكيمياء الفيزيائية عملي

1. 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FFEE
١٦٧١٦٧

2. ‫א‬ ١٦٧ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE 
 
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬FE ?  ?‫א‬
 ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

3. ‫א‬ ١٦٧ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

4. ‫א‬ ١٦٧ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
 
 

5. ‫א‬ ١٦٧ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW 
١.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢.‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
٤.‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
٥.‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٦. ‫א‬ ‫א‬W ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬       K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

6. ‫א‬ ١٦٧ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬   
‫؟‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫؟‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EZ  
‫א‬W 
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.............................................................................................................................
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‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬W 

8. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FFEE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١

10. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١١٠KE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

11. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
١K‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬KdL٣
(gm/cm3)

W 
v
m
d = 
mv‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KF‫א‬pyknometerEK
٢K١٠٠K
٣K‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬FKE
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢K‫א‬w1K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K 
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٦K‫א‬،w2K 
٧K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
FW‫א‬‫א‬E 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬w3w3 = w2- w1،‫א‬V‫א‬
‫א‬W 
‫א‬Z
V
W3
L٣
 

12. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
 J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KK٢K‫א‬K٣KK 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬wgK 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬W
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v1٣
K
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬v2٣
K
‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬W v =v2-v1K 
‫א‬‫א‬Z
v
wg
L٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

13. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Viscometer
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
١L
‫א‬‫א‬١K 
‫א‬W
vl
fr
t
8
4
π
η ×= 
WtW‫א‬‫א‬،fW‫א‬‫א‬،l :‫א‬،rW‫א‬
‫א‬،vW‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1E‫א‬F2E
21 ,tt 
22
11
2
1
tf
tf
=∴
η
η
 
‫א‬‫א‬vl
r
8
4
π
K‫א‬W 
hdgf ××=
gW‫א‬‫א‬،dW‫א‬،hW‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
22
11
2
1
2
1
2
1
dt
dt
t
t
hdg
hdg
×
×
=×
××
××
=
η
η

22
11
2
1
dt
dt
×
×
=
η
η
∴

14. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣K‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬K
٢KF١٥٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥K‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
٦K‫א‬‫א‬K
٧K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬о
poiseL2η
2010.06
258.93
308.00
357.20
 
W‫א‬poiseK 

15. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
٣K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،W 
RT
M
W
nRTPV == 
W 
PW ‫א‬ 
VW ‫א‬ 
WW‫א‬
MW‫א‬‫א‬
TW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RW‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K٢٥٠K
٢KK
٣KK
٤K‫א‬K
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
٦KK
٧KK
٨K٥٠٠K
٩K‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1K
٢ J‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

16. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
٣ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
٤ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥ J‫א‬‫א‬W2K
٦ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬VK
‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W 
 
( ) ( )
V1
T082.0WW
PV
RTWW
M 2212
×
×−
=
−
= 

17. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨-
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?QW?
TWCQ ∆××= 
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،W،T∆‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
٤K‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥°
K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬T1،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T2K

18. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
( ) ( ) ( )21212 T100100TT100TTWC −=−+−× 
 
cal/k/g
( ) ( )
( ) WTT
TT100T100100
C
12
122
×−
−−−
=∴ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J‫א‬F‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬WK
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩٠°
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T1K
٣ J‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T2K
٤ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T3K
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
Cal/k/g
( ) ( )
( )31pb
2323calcal
pb
TTW
TT100TTWC
C
−
−+−
= 
 
W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
 
 
 

19. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠-
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

nF
ItA
W = 
 I‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬nW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٩٦٥٠٠
LK 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
100
W
W
%I
theo
exp
×= 
 I%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wexp‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Wtheo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KW 
 J‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬KE 
 J‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬KE 
٢KF1M CuSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4EF1M NiSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4KE 
٣KK
٤KFKE
٥KK
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
I = 5, 10, 50, 100 mA/cm2

20. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١١-
٤ J‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٥ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wexp.K 
‫א‬W
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
    ( )
965002
54.636030I
nF
AtI
W
Cu
theo
×
×××
=
××
= 
 J‫א‬‫א‬W 
       
theo
exp
W
W
%I = 

22. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FFEE
‫א‬
٢

24. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٢-
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 

25. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٣-
٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
CH3COOC2H5 + OH-
→ CH3COO-
+ C2H5OH
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FaE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
)xa(a
x
t
1
k
−
×= 
k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬tK 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬F0.05 MKE
٢K‫א‬F0.05 MEK
٣K‫א‬F0.025 MKE
٤K‫א‬F0.025 MKE
٥K‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KK
٢K١٠K
٣K٥٠K
٤KK
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬،
‫א‬٥٠NaOH،‫א‬‫א‬٢٥K
٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K

26. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٤-
٣K‫א‬٥١٠‫א‬١٠٠
١٠HClF0.025 MEF‫א‬E
‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬HClNaOHF0.025MEK
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠E
‫א‬FxEK
‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬aHCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCltFa-xE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
10 ml≡a
xa
x
−
a-xxNaOH /ml t/min 
5
10
15
20
25
30
a = 0.025 MK 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬
xa
x
−
tW
‫א‬ZaK ×K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
1t

aK
1
t
2
1
×
=
 

27. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٥-
٧K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬W 
K2S2O8 + 2KI → 2K2SO4 + I2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Pseduo-first order،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
xa
a
log
t
303.2
K
−
×= 
a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬F0.2 MKE
٢K‫א‬F0.005 MEK
٣K‫א‬F0.01 MKE
٤K‫א‬K
٥KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KFKE
٢KK
٣KK
٤K١٠K
٥KK
٦K‫א‬K
٧K٥٠K
٨KK

28. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٦-
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬F0.2 ME‫א‬٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
٢K٥‫א‬١٠‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F0.01 ME‫א‬
‫א‬Vt‫א‬‫א‬xK
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠E
‫א‬VtK
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠١٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
٦K‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬V∞
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬aK
‫א‬W 
١KVtF‫א‬tE‫א‬‫א‬
xV∞F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬aE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
tVV
V
log
k
303.2
t
−
×=
∞
∞
 
٢K‫א‬W
V∞= mL
tVV
V
−∞
∞
log
tVV
V
−∞
∞V∞-VtVtt/ min 
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

29. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٧-
٣K‫א‬‫א‬
tVV
V
−∞
∞
logF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬tF‫א‬‫א‬KE
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kK 
303.2kslope = 
٥K‫א‬
2
1tW 
    k693.0t
2
1 =
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

30. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٨-
٨K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
H2O2 → H2O + ½O2
‫א‬‫א‬MnO2،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KH2O2F0.125 MKE
٢KKMnO4F0.05 MKE
٣K(1 M)H2SO4K
٤KMnO2F0.05 gKE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K٢٥٠K
٢K١٠K
٣KK
٤KK
٥K٢٥٠K
٦KK
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬٢٥٠K
٢KF٠{٠٥EMnO2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
٣K٣١٠‫א‬‫א‬
١٠H2SO4‫א‬KMnO4
‫א‬K
٤K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K

31. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-١٩-
٥K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
H2SO4 (1 M)K
‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H2O2
Fa-xKE 
٢K‫א‬‫א‬F٥E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(a)K
٣K‫א‬W
a = ml.
( )xa
a
−
log
( )xa
a
−
(a-x)t/ min
٤K‫א‬‫א‬
( )xa
a
−
logFEtFEK 
٥K‫א‬FkE‫א‬Ft1/2EW
303.2
k
slope= 
k
693.0
t
2
1 = 

32. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٠-
٩K‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
CH3COCH3 + I2
H+
CH2ICOCH3 + HI
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K 
x = k t
x‫א‬‫א‬tK 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KK
٢K١٠٪K
٣K١K
٤K٠{١‫א‬K
٥K٠{٥L‫א‬١٠٪‫א‬K
٦K‫א‬K
٧KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K٢٥K
٢KK
٣K٢٥٠K
٤KF‫א‬E٥٠٠K
٥KK
٦KF٢٥،٢٥٠E

33. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢١-
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K‫א‬‫א‬W٢٥١٠‫א‬١٩٠
‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٥K 
٢K‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬K 
٣K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬K 
٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VK 
٥K‫א‬F٤{٣EF٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠EK 
٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FV◦EW 
٥‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ 
‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫א‬V◦K 
‫א‬W 
xVV◦ 
VVx −≡ ° 
‫א‬‫א‬(V◦-V)t‫א‬kK 
 V ≡ a 
/mlxVV ≡−°mlLxaV −≡t/min 
5
10
15
20
25 
30
35
 
 
 
 

34. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٢-
١٠K 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
KBrO3 + 5KBr + 3H2SO4 3Br2 + 3K2SO4 +3H2O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
O H O H
B rB r
B r
+ B r 2
+ 3 H B r
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W 
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
t
1
Rate α 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
RTEa
AeRate /−
= 
A،Ea‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T/K،‫א‬W 
RTEa
eA
t
/1 −
′= 
C+−
RT
Ea
Z⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
t
1
ln 
C 
‫א‬⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
t
1
ln⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
T
1
‫א‬
R
E a

‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١KF0.01 MKE
٢K‫א‬0.16M)E‫א‬F0.08ME
‫א‬K 

35. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٣-
٣K‫א‬F0.3ME 
٤K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١K٥٠١٠KK
٢K‫א‬K
٣KK
٤KK
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١٠H١٠‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬K
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬K
٣ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
٤ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٣٠،٥٠{٤٠KE
٥ J‫א‬‫א‬⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
t
1
ln⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎝
⎛
T
1
‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
T
1( )t
1ln
t
1t/ minKT
20 + 273
30 + 273
40 + 273
50 + 273

37. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FFEE
‫א‬
٣

39. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٤-
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 J‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 

40. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٥-
١١K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬F∆HE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KHXBOH
W 
HX + BOH → H2O + BX + ∆H
H+
+ X-
+ B+
+ OH-
→ H2O + B+
+ X-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J٠{١‫א‬K 
٢ J٠{١‫א‬K 
٣ J٠{١‫א‬K 
٤ J٠{١‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J‫א‬K 
٢ JF‫א‬E٢٥٠K 
٣ J٢٥٠K 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
١ J١٠٠‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FTiKE 
٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FTfKE 
٣ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 

41. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٦-
‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
( ) TWCWCQ solsolcalcal ∆×+×=
Ccal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Csol‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EWcal
‫א‬Wsol‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E∆T‫א‬‫א‬Tf
TiK‫א‬Ti‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
∆H = Q x 100 cal/mol
‫א‬ ‫א‬ TiTf Q ∆H 
HClNaOH    
CH3COOH NaOH    
HCl NH4OH    

42. ‫א‬١٦٧‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
-٢٧-
١٢K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KNO3, NH4Cl, KNO3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Na2SO4, KOH, NaOHK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬W 
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1K
 J٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥K
 J‫א‬٥KNO3NH4ClNa2SO4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠FKE
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2K
‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Q?W 
( ) TWCWCQ solsolcalcal ∆×+×=
 
=1W2-W1),CsolEZWsol,T∆‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∆ΗW 
Cal/mol
( )
( )salt
salt
M
W
Q
×=∆Η
W(salt)M(salt)‫א‬‫א‬K