1. National Association of African American Studies & Affiliates
A Global Look at Failing Democracies
Monica Hayes, Ed.D., MSW, MAT
7-30-2018

2. 1
Abstract
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following.
Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during
World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the
fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all
stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one
group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities
comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many
believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other
cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.

3. 2
.
Introduction
Many in the United States and around the world are struggling to understand some
form of the following question. How did this Era of Trump happen? Others knowingly shake
their heads and affirm that the situation and its ramifications are nothing new. Students of
history understand. In 1959, Elkins asked why slavery in the United States was so much worse
than in other countries. The summary that follows will demonstrate that the planting and
sowing of the seeds of these racist ideas go back to the earliest days of this democratic nation.
The Conclusion will note that the impact of this early and deliberate seeding not only still
exists, but that it has spread to other democratic nations around the world.
The focus of this paper is a discussion of slavery, the racism that sustained the deliberate
seeding, and the current repercussions around the globe. The paper includes an overview of
how those themes brought about the outcome of the 2016 election; and how the ramifications,
trending globally, threaten democracy as people around the world have come to understand it.
A Historical Summary
A review of the literature helps. One must understand and appreciate the etiology of
this longstanding national disgrace. The review explicates how the beliefs and attitudes about
education emanated from slavery. The author looks at the impact of immigration on the United
States, and how the never-ending dilemma of access to education contributed to the
phenomenon of today’s continued manifestations of historical and unending racism.
Renowned educator Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond (2006) noted that
from the time Southern states made it a crime to teach an enslaved person to read,
through decades of separate and
unequal schooling which continue to the present, the right to learn in ways that develop
both individual competence and a democratic community has been a myth rather than a
reality for many Americans (Darling-Hammond, 2006, p. 13).
The Plessy vs Ferguson decision handed down by the U.S. Supreme Court (1856) required
“separate but equal” schools as the law throughout the United States. Lincoln’s signing of the
Emancipation Proclamation seven years later was historically significant, but less so in the
hearts and minds of a confused and frightened public. Countless numbers of slaves could not
read the emancipation document and had to rely on others to read and interpret the content for
them.
Hostility among Whites remained and was a significant barrier to involve freed Blacks
in teacher training programs (Fraser, 2007). Ogden’s research indicated that there was very little
opportunity for Blacks to participate in higher education either (2005). Hayes (2010) noted that
Blacks who were involved in teaching taught what they knew to other Blacks who wanted to
learn.
The American population grew significantly from 1890 through 1930 in large measure
due to immigration. Initially the children from these families- Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Russian
-often suffered social intimidation and isolation, in large measure because they came from

4. 3
different countries and they had pronounced accents. Students then and now struggled due to
language, cultural differences, and from perceptions about them (Hayes, 2010).
Children from these same countries (i.e. from western Europe), are now looked upon
more favorably than immigrants from other countries. Given the influx of immigrants from
more diverse countries over the past sixty years or so, and their reluctance to lose language,
culture, and customs as earlier immigrants had done, to “become American”, the notion of
assimilation has waned in American culture.
Parkinson (2016) in his compelling work entitled Common Cause: Creating Race and Nation
in the American Revolution enlightens with the following insights.
For more than two centuries, we have been reading the Declaration of Independence
wrong. Or rather, we’ve been celebrating the Declaration as people in the 19th and 20th
centuries have told us we should, but not the Declaration as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin
Franklin and John Adams wrote it. To them, separation from Britain was as much, if not
more, about racial fear and exclusion as it was about inalienable rights.
The Declaration’s beautiful preamble distracts us from the heart of the document, the 27
accusations against King George III over which its authors wrangled and debated, trying
to get the wording just right. The very last one — the ultimate deal-breaker — was the
most important for them, and it is for us: “He has excited domestic insurrections
amongst us and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.” In the context of the 18th century,
“domestic insurrections” refers to rebellious slaves. “Merciless Indian savages” doesn’t
need much explanation. (Parkinson, 2016, para 2).
Parkinson, during a 2017 interview further explains his reasons for writing Common
Cause: Creating Race and Nation in the American Revolution. The author notes that he wanted to in
effect connect the dots between race, politics, and the American Revolution (Zelnick, 2017).
Parkinson’s work affirms this researcher’s long held belief that the stain of the nation’s original
sin…slavery…continues unabated. Neither the nation, nor we as its subsequent generations
have healed. This reality , the lack of inclusion in the democratic franchise, which People of
Color have known all along, has become increasingly clear to many White Americans since the
2016 campaign cycle.
What I found in those newspapers was just how much talk about African Americans
and Indians (and, to a lesser extent, German mercenaries) there were in the newspapers
because it was a surprising amount. And so, what I didn’t find in the historiography—
other than people writing about African American or Indian participation—was people
talking about how all these stories got there, who was involved in their sponsorship,
how they spread all over the place, and what that meant (Zelnick, 2017, para1).
The sad truth is that the much-revered Founding Fathers used their various influences
with the newspapers of the day to instill fear in the colonists by depicting very negative images
of Blacks and First Nation people. Reports flamed the colonists’ fears with notions of the British
enticing and manipulating Blacks and First Nation people to side with the British against the
colonists. “Using rhetoric like "domestic insurrectionists" and "merciless savages," the founding

5. 4
fathers rallied the people around a common enemy and made racial prejudice a cornerstone of
the new Republic” (Mc Donnell, 2017, p. 180). Reports of conflicts with Indians over coveted
land and new slave revolts made many patriots fear that a war with Britain would only
exacerbate such divisions (McDonnell, p. 180).
Richardson and Wade (1999) asserted that “beginning with the kidnapping of our
African ancestors…continuing as their descendants suffered through the violence and
humiliation of Jim Crow... and latter-day racism” (p. viii), the consequences of the legacy of
slavery continues. The European immigrants suffered upon arrival (Richardson & Wade, 1999).
In truth, there were two very important differences. The first is that they came to American
shores of their own volition, and perhaps for them, more importantly, they were able to
integrate themselves into White American society (Hayes 2010).
Boyd-Franklin (1989) wrote that the institution of slavery created the cultural norm for
discriminatory treatment of Blacks. The author noted “the process of discrimination does not
disappear or lessen with advances in economic status, education…career, the neighborhood, or
job level” (Boyd-Franklin, 1989, p.100). The blight on American society more than 389 years
after the first slave ships arrived (Woodson, 1945) is that neither the nation nor the condition of
Blacks has recovered (Dyson, 2005; Richardson & Wade, 1999; Williams, 2006).
Data from the U.S. Census Bureau (2014) presented below show projections for the
population under 18 for 2060 showing an increase to 28.6 (from 17.4 in 2014) among
Hispanics/Latinos, and an increase to 9.1. percent (from 5.2) for Asian and Pacific Islanders.
The Black population will continue to hover around 13 percent (from 12.4 in 2014), like the
number during slavery. The White population projects to decrease to 43.6 percent (down from
62.2 in 2014). Similarly, there are other parallels with the present-day tensions regarding the
browning of the country and the culture. Banks & Banks (2007) noted that children from Italian,
Russian, Jewish, and Irish families often suffered similar abuse and discrimination that current
internationals from around the world suffer.

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In response to a general easing of the laws for immigration in the 1960s, the U.S.
experienced a significant increase in the numbers of immigrants seeking to come to America
from diverse parts of the world. Having learned from previous immigrants’ experiences,
today’s immigrant populations are far less interested in assimilating. Banks and Banks noted
that the current populations are more diverse, of varied hues, cultures, and languages.
Despite their efforts, if any to learn English, there is an unmistakable reality that cannot
be avoided. Current immigrants from many countries cannot visibly assimilate. The emphasis
on cultural traditions and language remain intact and so the concept of assimilation is different
from that of previous generations of immigrants (Banks & Banks, 2007).

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Discussion
In his most recent work, Dr. Michael Eric Dyson notes
Long before it was vogue in the academy, Baldwin insisted on seeing whiteness
as a fault line in American race. Baldwin argued that the German refugees “who
have gotten or not gotten preferential treatment were nevertheless looked upon
by the bulk of American people as white people” and never served the same
functions as black folk. They were not, as were Negroes, a source of cheap labor-
which “allowed white people to assume they were rich.” Negroes built railroads
and picked cotton for free (Dyson, 2018., p.148).
Dyson goes on to note from Baldwin what this researcher believes is the crux of this historical
and unending dilemma. “After all, part of the reason there is a battle going on in the Deep
South…is that as the Negro starts voting and becomes economically free, the power of the
Southern oligarchy will obviously be broken” (Dyson, 2018, p. 148).
Baldwin also said:
What I am trying to say is …Until we can deal with the question of why Negroes are
kept in ghettos and why white men move out when Negroes move in; until we can deal
with the question of why precisely in a free country we allow the South to dictate to the
federal government; until we face our responsibilities as citizens of this country quite
apart from the Negro problem, I don’t see that we can begin to talk about the Negro
problem with any hope of clarity (Dyson, 2018, p.149).
Dyson laments the reality we in the early years of the 21st century must recognize and strategize
to overcome. Much has changed, but much remains the same. Following the fight for equity and
equality during the Civil Rights Movement of the “60s, many more underserved groups also
found their voices: Women, Senior Citizens, Lesbians and Gays, Persons with Disabilities, First
Nation People, U.S. Territorial citizens, and the Poor.
The values and the mindset that permitted and promoted the overt racism of slavery
and Jim Crow, the uncontrolled activities of the Ku Klux Klan, and the historic and unending
discrimination and lack of access to quality education, housing and employment remain. The
lives of those deemed to be different still do not matter. Police continue to assault, and murder
often unarmed and/or not yet charged Black men, women, and children with impunity.
The Obama years positively stirred the souls of Americans supportive of the concept of a
multilingual and multicultural America. The lessons laid bare by the 2016 election cycle and the
shocking results made all too clear that another universe was alive and well and smoldering.
American people continue, all these generations later, to be impacted by the evils of slavery, the
mindset of racial inferiority, the original sin of the Founding Fathers that continues unabated.
Aggressive confrontations are increasing since the 2016 election. The current
administration leadership espouses confrontation on display for all the world to see, name-
calling, and disparaging remarks toward all entities that do not wholeheartedly agree with
proffered positions. Alliances, friendships, and traditions in place since the end of the Second
World War are no longer maintained, valued, and respected.
The concept of democracy, as it has been known not only in the United States, but
around the world, is in a perilous situation. Merriam-Webster defines democracy thusly:

8. 7
a: government by the people; especially: rule of the majority
b: a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by
them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically
held free elections
2: a political unit that has a democratic government
3 capitalized: the principles and policies of the Democratic party in the U.S. from
emancipation Republicanism to New Deal Democracy —C. M. Roberts
4: the common people especially when constituting the source of political authority
5: the absence of hereditary or arbitrary class distinctions or privileges
Heer, (2016) writing for The New Republic, opines that White Christian America sees the
handwriting on the wall. Demographics do not lie. They see the numbers and feel doomed.
…this can be seen in moves by Republican governors all over America to make voting
more difficult, through stringent voting ID laws, new hurdles to registration, and the
curtailment of early-voting options. Equally significant has been the gutting of key
provisions of the Voting Rights Act by conservative Supreme Court justices in the 2013
Shelby Country v. Holder ruling (2016, para 5).
The evidence is right there in the election results: Republicans have lost the popular vote
in five of the last six presidential elections, and if current polling trends hold, the GOP
will be batting one for seven when the results come in on November 8. Thanks to
gerrymandering, Republicans may hold on to a U.S. House majority for a while, and
they’ll remain competitive in state capitols in the near future. But a whites-only party can’t
win national elections (para 8). [Emphasis added]
Heer also notes parallels between mounting activities to limit voting not only in terms of
locations, but eligibility as well. The author discusses how dangerously similar such
pronouncements are to the days of Jim Crow laws. David Harsanyi (2014) penned a book The
People Have Spoken (And They Are Wrong): The Case Against Democracy. Heer notes Harsanyi is
one of the most outspoken proponents of limiting what Americans currently enjoy as
democratic rights and freedoms.
At the crux of the matter for many libertarians is the sense that the power of the purse is
diminishing with too much in the way of resources going to women and the poor. Some of the
more die-hard libertarians see a benefit to returning to the days prior to the 1930s and the New
Deal’s welfare policies. Lochner v. New York (1905), was an important case at the time that
threatened the constitutionality of social welfare. “Lochnerism is a fundamentally anti-
democratic legal doctrine rooted in the idea that property rights should override laws made by
democratically elected officials” (Heer, 2014 para 14).
If these laws were to become a reality, workers rights as they are currently known and
practiced would disappear. Prohibitions against discrimination based on race or any other
identifier would cease to exit. In this author’s opinion it would be difficult for most Americans
to even envision a return to those days. However, the prism, the lens if you will, for the landed
gentry, then and now, is vastly different.

9. 8
The current administration consorts with dictators and others who espouse governance
diametrically opposed to a democratic form of government. Turkey, once a strategic bastion of
democracy in a very pivotal part of the world, is led by a dictator who no longer offers Turkish
people a democratic form of government. The people of the Philippines also have experienced a
major shift in the governance of their country.
The leadership in China challenges U.S. superiority on several fronts; the creation of
man-made and possibly armed territories in the South China Sea is but one example. Australia
is perhaps less ominous, but nevertheless, there is a clear move to the right, increasing tensions
between pro-workers (unions) and anti-union groups. There is even representation from a
Communist Party faction (Schepers, 2016).
The far-right populist Freedom Party recently won 26 percent of the vote in the Austrian
elections, and it is likely to join the government with the center-right People’s Party.
Coming on the heels of a high showing for the Alternative for Germany last month,
along with the erosion of democracy in Poland and in Hungary under populist
governments, observers have rung alarms that this is an election which should “terrify
Europeans” as it recalls “Austria’s Nazi past” (Busse, 2017. para 1).
This is not a new phenomenon in Austria. In the aftermath of a burgeoning immigrant
population in recent years, the strength of the Freedom Party and its former Nazi roots are
growing (Busse, 2017).
Anti-immigration sentiments, an anti-cosmopolitan isolationism in the name of
defending traditional values and identities, and a welfare chauvinism that seeks to limit
redistribution to the native-born are the new order of the day. Right-wing populism,
whether in power or not, is the new normal in Europe (Busse, 2017. Para 10).
Colombia, South America has a different story. Having weathered a more than 10-year
war with Marxist FARC guerrillas (Salazar, 2018), the government now seems poised to move
forward. A closer look reveals that a single individual controls political activity in Colombia.
Much like in the United States, there are deep divisions between progressives and conservatives
in Colombia.
Obstruction of justice is an oft-repeated refrain among opponents of the ruling party.
Unlike in the U.S. where the obstruction seems designed to hide pre-election activity that
continues, the obstruction complaint in Colombia seems to focus more specifically on
corruption within the government during the war with the FARC guerrillas. There are also
other unfortunate parallels with the United States. Efforts are underway both in Colombia and
the U.S. to curtail individual liberties and to roll back gains made previously regarding health
care, a more just system of sentencing for drug offenses, issues relating to voting rights and the
like.
Recent elections in Hungary show this former staunchly democratic government
moving instead now, in this author’s opinion, to a more autocratic one-party rule. Sadly, this
resonates with the fears and concerns spreading almost daily in the United States. The
American administration calls immigrants coming into the U.S. “intruders.” Generally, these
are either individuals or families from Central America and in fewer numbers now from
Mexico. They are often seeking asylum, running for their lives from the violence prevalent in
their home countries. In Hungary, they are “migrants”, similarly maligned by the government,
stoking fears amongst the citizenry. Both countries have experienced hate-speech, name calling

10. 9
and seriously negative campaigning reminiscent of the .language used by the Founding Fathers
referenced earlier in this paper.
Italy is in a current state of flux with regional election wins seeming to portend a major
shift in governance. Their campaigns are also beset with negativity and anti-immigrant vitriol.
As mentioned earlier in this piece, Turkey, too has undergone a major shift in governance.
Following the attempted coup in 2016, the Turkish leader, President Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan, at every turn has sought to strengthen his hand and consolidate power. Erdoğan has
already silenced the free press, imprisoned judges, opposition politicians, teachers and
countless others. During a recent 13-hour layover in Istanbul, this writer experienced firsthand
a very pronounced anti-American sentiment from the Turkish people encountered in the large
airport. People seemed to blame my colleague and I (both Americans) for the turn of events in
their country.
The research on democracy in Pakistan was perhaps the most meaningful. To this
author, the parallels and potential for an explanation for the chaotic dysfunction engulfing the
United States since the 2016 election was beyond compelling and instructive. Cheema and
Naseer (2013) have written quite extensively on the concept of dynasticism.
Merriam Webster defines dynasty as
: a succession of rulers of the same line of descent (see descent 1a) a dynasty that ruled
China for nearly 300 years
2: a powerful group or family that maintains its position for a considerable time born
into a powerful political dynasty a baseball dynasty.
Ali Cheema, Hassan Javid, and Muhammad Farooq Naseer (2015, para 2) wrote: “By the
term ‘dynastic politicians’, we refer to those electoral candidates who had multiple family
members contesting national or provincial elections in the Punjab between 1970 and 2008”. The
Merriam Webster definition raised alarms for this author. The current American president and
some members of his administration seem dedicated to enriching themselves while in office.
The current president’s real estate and other holdings have still not been properly
disposed of based on either law or precedent. The Emoluments Clause of Article I Section 9 of
the Constitution treats emoluments “as any ‘profit,’ ‘gain,’ or ‘advantage. It seems entirely
possible that much like at the beginnings of this nation, when the landed gentry deemed
themselves to be those in power, the current effort is to empower the president and his family
and those he chooses to own the seats of power in perpetuity.
It was widely reported in the media that upon learning that China’s president had made
himself President for Life, the U.S. president remarked…I might have to try that.
In his new work What Truth Looks Like, Dr. Dyson (2018) says it quite clearly:
But there is a development with Trump that is unique: he is treating the nation—
which, by default, is white and Christian, though technically it is neither—as white folk
have treated black folk throughout our history. Trump is treating the entire nation as
black (p. 62).
He goes on to say:

11. 10
One of the reasons for the special outrage of many white Americans toward him is that
he has forgotten the rules: that sort of treatment is for blacks not whites. …The reason
his views on immigration can be abided is because those immigrants are “them.”
However, when it comes to insulting folk, spoiling his office in narcissistic displays,
acting vengefully—this is the heart of whiteness, and the force of whiteness against
blackness and other colors (p.63).
Hope springs eternal... in Malaysia.
Amidst the mayhem, there is one bright light. The outlier is Malaysia. They have had a
successful transfer of power filled with positive support and cooperation from many countries
around the world. The election cycle was vigorous, but positive. Malaysia: A land of many
diverse Brown people, multilingual, multicultural, multireligious people. Are they now the
enlightened democracy, the standard bearer the USA once was?
Conclusion
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the
following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese
citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding
Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from
their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The
Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other
races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to
retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or
traditions from other cultures.
Therein lies the absolute hypocrisy of what we are witnessing around the world.
The Judeo-Christian teachings, much like those of Muslim, Hindu and other belief systems,
propose and promote that God loves us all. What are the religious leaders in these countries
saying? More research needs to be done on the role of religion in these times. Can religious
leaders lead the masses to reenergize the cornerstone of their beliefs? Is religion itself a political
instrument complicit with continuing the impact of the original sin.
Power to the People was an oft-repeated battle cry during the 1960s Civil Rights
Movement. The mid-term elections in the United States loom large. The American people will
have an opportunity to either stand for improving on its flawed democratic system or express
clear complicity with the current trend. People of faith learn that things happen for a reason.
The election of 2016 and its almost two-year cycle was no accident. Americans have learned a
great deal about themselves.
Thanks to the Internet and cell phones as recorders of all things, American Whites have
seen the daily tragedies Black and other People of Color suffer daily, not as reports, but with
their own eyes. They have heard the language used to disparage countless numbers of average
Americans. Dyson (2018) is correct. They don’t like how it feels. Perhaps the best
recommendation for Americans is to look to Malaysia.

12. 11

13. 12
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