As indicated in many studies, a modern agriculture posts several problems. It tends to not environmentally friendly due to chemical usage, produced more waste, and the land is forced to produced exceeding its capacity. Beside that in the modern agricultural supply chain, farmers (producers) always in a weaker position as compare to distributors (intermediaries) and costumers. Lack of access to updated information leads to a poor judgment on what to plant, when to plant, how much to plant, and where to sale. This imbalanced of agricultural supply chain reduced the farm profitability. Furthermore, it creates a structured poverty in the farming communities due to weakened processes of farming resources ability to fulfill sufficient needs. ICTs could help small and medium farmers increase their revenues (which is related to farm profitability), improve their farming practices (which is related to environmental stewardship), and making it possible for them to access information on agricultural know-how through knowledge sharing among them (which is related to prosperous farming communities), and through research center. ICT can help to increase transparency, prevent corruption, optimal price discovery, information dissemination, usability, preservation and management of documents and content. However, it requires network and information security, interoperability, standardization of business processes and for localization and internationalization of content. All these components need to be structured in such a way into an Indonesian E-Agriculture Strategic Framework (IESF). IESF aims at deploying ICTs for sustainable development in agriculture area targeting ultimate beneficiaries (i.e. farmers) by providing direct-link among farmers, merchants, consumers, local governments with global markets, research center, banks, and so forth.

1. Workshop
ICT Adoption in Agriculture and
Agribusiness

2. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
Indone
esian E-Ag
griculture Strategic Framewoork: A Dir
rection of I
ICT Usage as
Enabler in Agricu
ulture
Zainal A. Hasibuan
H Albaar Rubhas
A sy
National I
ICT Council, Republic of Ind
R donesia National ICT Council, Republ of Indonesia
N lic
Faculty of Com
mputer Science, University o Indonesia
of Depar
rtment of Commputer Systems, STMIK-Indo
onesia
Depok, Indonesia Ja
akarta, Indonesia
zhasibua@c cs.ui.ac.id albaar.rubhasy@gma ail.com
Abstract— As in
A ndicated in man studies, a modern agricultu
ny ure number of workers and it ha been reco
r s as orded that
posts several problems. It tends to not environmenta
p ally approximately 41% o the total wo
of orkforce in Ind donesia are
friendly due to chemical usage produced mo waste, and t
f e, ore the workin in agricultur field (agricu
ng ral ulture, livestock forestry,
k,
la is forced to produced exce
and o eeding its capac city. Beside that in
t and fishhery). In spite of this, several problems still remain in
l
the modern ag gricultural supp chain, farm
ply mers (produce ers)
always in a w
a weaker position as compare to distributo
e ors
Indonesian agricultur sector.
ral
(intermediaries) and costume
) ers. Lack of access to updat ted One of the most common proble in modern agriculture
e ems
in
nformation leads to a poor ju udgment on wh to plant, wh
hat hen is conccerning the “su ustainable agric culture”. Althoough many
to plant, how much to pla ant, and wher to sale. This
re people may have d different mean nings, there e exist three
im
mbalanced of agricultural su upply chain reduced the far rm ions in relation to the sustai
definiti ns inability: sustai
inability as
profitability. Fu
p urthermore, it creates a struc ctured poverty in food sufficiency; sustainability as stewards ship; and
the farming c communities due to weaken ned processes of sustainaability as comm munity [1] (se Fig. 1). But in modern
ee
farming resourc ability to fu
f ces ulfill sufficient n
needs. ICTs cou uld agricultture, sustainab bility is most likely negle
t ected, i.e.,
help small and m
h medium farmer increase their revenues (whi
rs r ich overusi chemical o non-organic substance to in
ing or ncrease the
is related to farm profitab
s bility), improv their farmi
ve ing agriculttural productio By using s
on. such substance there are
e,
practices (which is related to environmental s
p h e stewardship), aand two sid effects: the land is forced to produce exceeding its
de
making it pos
m ssible for theem to access information on capacity due to the overproductio (which pos
y on ssibly will
agricultural kn
a now-how throu ugh knowledge sharing amo
e ong create e
economic prob blems) and the production of waste that
f
them (which is related to pro osperous farmi ing communitie es), could ppollute the wat and soil (w
ter which possibly will create
and through r
a research cente ICT can h
er. help to increa ase ecologiical problems) [2]. This kind of problems occurs in
s
transparency, p prevent corrupption, optimal price discove ery, most farming com mmunities, an nd positioned farmers
d
in
nformation d dissemination, usability, pr reservation a and (produccers) in a wea aker position c compared to d distributors
management of documents an content. How
m f nd wever, it requir res
(interm
mediaries) and costumers as a result of th lack of
he
network
n and information
n security, interoperabiliity,
standardization of business pr
s rocesses and for localization a
r and
updated information n
d needed by farm mers.
in
nternationalizaation of content All these com
t. mponents need to
be
b structured in such a way in an Indonesi E-Agricultu
n nto ian ure
Strategic Frame
S ework (IESF). IESF aims at de
I eploying ICTs f for
sustainable deve
s elopment in agrriculture area t targeting ultimate
beneficiaries (i. farmers) by providing d
b .e. direct-link amo ong
farmers, merchants, consumer local governm
f rs, ments with glob bal
markets, researc center, bank and so forth.
m ch ks, .
Keywords- agricultural supply chain; E-Agriculture
K c
I. INT
TRODUCTION
Indonesia is well known by its rich n
s natural resources,
such as petrole
s eum and gas, sea products, and many mo ore,
which produce a great eco
w e onomic value. In past yea
. ars,
Indonesian Gr ross Domestic Product (G
c GDP) has be een Figu 1. Scheme of su
ure ustainable agricult development [
ture [3]
dominated by i
d industrial secto According to BPS-Statist
or. tics
Indonesia 1 , m
manufacturing industries conntributed arouund Lack of access to updated info
o ormation leads to a poor
26.4% of the total GDP in 2009. Howe
2 n ever, agricultu
ural judgme on what to plant, when to plant, how much to
ent o w
sector continue to be the leading sector in terms of t
s es l the plant, a where to sale. This im
and mbalanced of a agricultural
supply chain reduced the farm prof
d fitability. Furth
hermore, it
creates a structured p
poverty in the f
farming commu unities due
1
www.bps.go.id to weakkened processe of farming r
es resources abilit to fulfill
ty

3. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
sufficient needs. Information Communication Technologies Some other frameworks were built upon other framework,
(ICTs) could help small and medium farmers increase their for example, EAP were influenced the other frameworks
revenues (which is related to farm profitability), improve such as Zachman Framework, Federal Enterprise
their farming practices (which is related to environmental Architecture Framework (FEAF), Treasury Information
stewardship), and making it possible for them to access Systems Architecture Framework (TISAF), and Integrated
information on agricultural know-how through knowledge Architecture Framework (IAF). Figure 2 illustrates the
sharing among them (which is related to prosperous farming evolution of EA frameworks since 1987. In these various
communities), and through research center. ICT can help to approach in EA, TOGAF may consider as one of the most
increase transparency, prevent corruption, optimal price distinguished approach and widely used.
discovery, information dissemination, usability, preservation
and management of documents and content. However, it
requires network and information security, interoperability,
standardization of business processes and for localization
and internationalization of content. All these components
need to be structured in such a way into an Indonesian E-
Agriculture Strategic Framework (IESF). IESF aims at
deploying ICTs for sustainable development in agriculture
area targeting ultimate beneficiaries (i.e. farmers) by
providing direct-link among farmers, merchants, consumers,
local governments with global markets, research center,
banks, and so forth.
This paper organized in several parts: Section II reviews
the Enterprise Architecture approach in developing E-
Agriculture Framework; Section III outlines the domains of
the framework; Section IV describes the IESF’s building
blocks; and conclusion and recommendation are discussed in
the final section. The following section provides an overview Figure 2. Evolution of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks [6]
of the approach used in developing E-Agriculture
Framework. TOGAF was developed by the Open Group in 1995. This
EAF was influenced by the Technical Architecture
II. THE ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE APPROACH Framework for Information Management (TAFIM),
Enterprise has various definitions, depending on the developed by the US Department of Defense. The latest
context. In business context, an enterprise is the entire version, TOGAF 9 was released in February 2009. TOGAF
business group or corporation comprising of all local and is based on four pillars:
international main and sub offices, divisions, subsidiaries, • Business Architecture – defines the business strategy,
and departments. In computer industry, an enterprise is an governance, organization, and key business process of the
organization that uses computers. The Open Group provides organization.
a broader definition which defines an enterprise as any • Application Architecture – provides a blueprint of the
collections that has a common set of goals. For example, an application systems, the interaction between systems, and
enterprise could be a government agency, a whole their relationships to the core business process.
corporation, a single division, and so on. Architecture in • Data Architecture – describes the structure of an
other hand is the fundamental organization of a system organization’s logical and physical data assets and the
embodied in its components, their relationships to each other associated data management resources.
and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design • Technology Architecture – describes the hardware,
and evolution [4]. This concludes that Enterprise software, and network infrastructure needed to support
Architecture (EA) is a structure of components (IT services, the deployment of core application.
processes and infrastructure), their interrelationships, and the
principles and guidelines governing their design and These pillars are used throughout the development process of
evolution over time to achieve a common set of goals. an EA. To develop the framework, TOGAF uses the
Research shows that Enterprise Architecture (EA) is Architecture Development Method (ADM) which has
crucial for the business sustainability [5]. In order to survive iterative and cyclic process (see Fig. 3).
and compete in global scale competition, many large scale Another main part of TOGAF is the enterprise
enterprises established their EA. There are several EA continuum. The Enterprise Architecture Continuum is the
approaches, for instance, the Zachman Framework, the Open taxonomy for all the architecture assets, both within the
Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), the Enterprise enterprise and in the IT industry at large, that the enterprise
Architecture Planning (EAP), and so forth. The earliest may consider when developing architecture. To develop the
framework was initially developed by Zachman 2 in 1987. Enterprise’s Continuum, TOGAF provide two references:
The TOGAF Foundation Architecture and TOGAF Resource
2
www.zachmaninternational.com Base. Because TOGAF is a generic framework, the content
12

4. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
framework cou be adapted in many
f uld ways and in differe
s ent These q questions must be answered in order to de
t efine all of
kind of organ
k nizations, inclu
uding in agric
cultural indust
try. the BA deliverables. First we must identify the st
A takeholders
Thus, we prop
T pose TOGAF as the geneeric approach in in the IESF to describ the business domains and fu
be functions.
developing Ind
d donesia E-Agr riculture Strategic Framewo ork
(IESF). Busines Domains & Functions
ss
The stakeholders in IESF co
e s omprises of the actors
involve in agricultur supply cha events. The are two
ed ral ain ere
types o stakeholder involvemen in the sup
of rs’ nt pply chain,
direct a indirect inv
and volvement.
Actors who have direct involvemment in the su
upply chain
comprises of:
• Farm mers/producers s;
• Dist tributors/interm
mediaries;
• Foo industries;
od
• Mer rchants/traders; and
• Con nsumers.
quently, actors who are ind
Subseq directly involv
ved in the
supply chain include:
• Go overnment agen ncies;
• Ag gricultural asso
ociations;
• Re esearch and devvelopment instiitutes;
• No Government Organizatio (NGOs); an
on tal ons nd
• Un nited Nations OOrganizations (W
WHO, WTO, U UNDP).
These stakeholders c collaborate to achieve the a agricultural
sustainaability (soci ial, environm ment, and economic
sustainaability). IESF aims at deploy ying ICTs for sustainable
Figure 3. TO
OGAF architecture development meth (ADM) [4]
hod developpment in agric culture area. In national scal the key
n le,
III. IN
NDONESIAN E-AGRICULTURE STRATEGIC
A decision maker is the Government A
n Agencies (i.e. M
Ministry of
Agricul lture). The mi inistry covers all of the organization’s
FRAMEWO (IESF)
ORK
function through t
ns the Directorat Generals b setting
te by
There are fo architectur domains tha are common
four re at nly agriculttural policies a standards. But they are lacking in
and
accepted as su
a ubsets of an overall enterpr
o rise architectu
ure: agriculttural data. The are limited resources tha could be
ere d at
Business, Appl
B lication, Data, and Technolo Architectu
ogy ure. used to make strategic and day to day decision m
o making. In
These four dom
T mains make up the initial arc
p chitecture for t
the the futu
ture, IESF mu have the a
ust ability to provi all the
ide
IESF and must be aligned wit each domain
th n. informa ation needed by the minist so that th decision
try he
makers could answer even the sim
s r mplest question, such as
A.
A Business Ar rchitecture “How i the rice prod
is duction quantit for this mon
ty nth?”. This
Business A Architecture (BA) defines the busine
s ess problem could be solved by provid
m ding the neede updated
ed
domains, busi
d iness functionns, business processes, a and agriculttural information. To identify the needed in
y nformation,
governance, po
g olicy, and resou
urces of the orgganization. Theere first w must break down the bu
we usiness processses in the
are
a few represe entative questions that could be addressed in
d agriculttural supply ch
hain.
BA:
B
• Who are the key decision makers, what a their roles a
e m are and
$
$
$
behaviors innsofar as decisi making is c
ion concerned? 1 2b 4
• What are th essential qu
he uestions that a users must be
as Farmers/Produ
ucers Distributor/Intermediaries Merchants Consumer
able to ans swer for strateegic and day to day decisi ion
making? 2a
• What core business proce esses are neceessary to support
decision ma aking?
3
• What policie and laws are necessary to s
es e support the init
tial
developmen and impleme
nt entation of the I
IESF?
• Who will b responsible for the main
be ntenance and t the Manufacturer
M
integrity of t IESF?
the
Figure 4. Agricultural su
e upply chain
13

5. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
Business Processes
B distribuutors and merc chants which hhave similar rol buying
les:
Fig.4 illustr
rates the agriccultural supply chain. Farme
y ers and sel lling agricultu
ural products. To improve d distribution
hold the key role in the agricultural suppl chain since in
h ly process distributors n
s, need informatio like “What, when, and
on
view of the fac that they ar the producer of agricultu
v ct re rs ural where to buy”; .and “Where to sa ale?”. The man nufacturers
products. The main characte
p eristic of the p
producers is thhey also n need the info ormation to improve the production
reliance on the weather condit
r tions. Good haarvest comes on nly efficienncy which comprises of th hree business processes:
with a great w
w weather that meets the crop requiremen
m ps’ nts. buying, processing, a selling pr
, and roducts. The in nformation
Distributors as the other stakeholder th
D s hen collect a and needed by manufact
d turers covers ffrom “What, w when, and
distribute the p
d products. Thei profit depen on the pri
ir nds ice where to buy?”; “Ho much to pr
ow rocess?”; and “Where to
margin between producers an food industr
m n nd ries/merchants. In sale?”. The last busi iness domain is the consum mers. As a
many cases, far
m rmers always in a weaker po
i osition and forc
ced buyer, their role is to buy agricultu products an the only
o ure nd
to sell their pro
o oducts to distributors at any pprice because tthe informa ation they need is concerning what and wh
d g here to buy.
la
ack of the n needed inform mation that le eads to lack of This co oncludes all of the IESF information needs. Next step
f
ju
udgment. This condition adv vantages the inttermediaries w
who is to ide
entify the goveernance, policy and resources needed to
y, s
sell
s the product to food indu
ts ustries or mercchants. Both foood develop IESF.
p
in
ndustries and m merchants deppend on distribu utors to run th
heir
business though they hav different purposes. Fo
b ve ood Govern nance, Policy & Resources
in
ndustries proce the agricul
ess ltural products as raw materials The governance o the IESF ha to be aligne with the
e of as ed
before they dis
b stribute the en products to their food cha
nd ain nationa ICT governa
al ance policy. Th
herefore, IESF m adopt
must
(supermarkets, restaurants, etc.). On the other hand, t
e the the Nat tional ICT Gov vernance Mode which endor
el rsed by the
merchants resel the products straight the en consumer in a
m ll nd n Nationa ICT Counci Republic of Indonesia3 (see Fig. 5).
al il, f
specific place (i.e. the mark
s ket). Consume who buy t
ers the The mo odel is focused on the manag
d gement of ICT processes
T
products are th last stakeho
p he older in the aggricultural suppply through policy and m
h monitoring & evaluation mechanisms.
chain. Howeve the consum
c er, mers are the d driver the overrall There a two main co
are omponents in t model:
this
agricultural pro
a oducts demand. The next step is to identify t
. p the • Stru ucture and role – describes t structure an roles in
e the nd
key
k process bu usiness in each business dom
h main exist in t the mannaging ICT pro ocesses;
agricultural sup
a pply chain. • Processes – des scribes the pr rocesses to e
ensure the
govvernance’s mai goal could be achieved, especially
in
Table 1. Key business process in agricult
e p ture area whiich related w with organizat tion goal achhievement,
Business Domain
n Business Pr rocesses Infformation Needs
reso
ources managem ment, and risk management.
Producers
P • Seeding • Wh to plant?
hat
• Planting • Wh to plant?
hen
• Fertilizing • Wh to buy the seed
here d,
• Harvestingg fert
tilizer, and other
• Selling farm
ming materials?
• How much to plant?
w
• Wh to sale?
here
Distributors
D • Buying prooducts • Wh to buy?
hat
• Selling pro
oducts • Wh to buy?
hen
• Wh to buy?
here
• Wh to sale?
here
Manufacturers
M • Buying prooducts • Wh to buy?
hat
• Processingg • Wh to buy?
hen
• Selling pro
oducts • Wh to buy?
here
• How much to process
w s?
• Wh to sale?
here
Merchants
M • Buying prooducts • Wh to buy?
hat
• Selling pro
oducts • Wh to buy?
hen
• Wh to buy?
here
• Wh to sale?
here
Consumers
C • Buying pro
oducts • Wh to buy?
hat
• Wh to buy?
here
Figure 5. Na
ational ICT Gover
rnance Model [7]
Table 1 sho the key bu
ows usiness process in agricultu
ses ure
area which cate
a egorized by bu usiness domain There are fi
n. five In the p
process componnent, there are five processes: :
key
k business p processes in the producers/
t /farmers doma
ain: • Syst tems planning –identifies the organization needs and
e
seeding, planti
s ing, fertilizing harvesting, and selling. To
g, form
mulates ICT ini
itiatives in orde to fulfill them
er m;
im
mprove the f farming proce ess, producers needs vario
s ous • Inve estment managgement – manag ging the ICT in nvestment;
in
nformation, su as, “What and when to plant?”; “Ho
uch t o ow
much to plant?” “Where to buy the farming resources?” a
m ”; b g and
“Where to sa
“ ale?”. The next business domain is t the
3
www.detiknas
s.org
14

6. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
• Systems realization – deals with selection and aquisition • AgricultureDB – a database in agriculture area
of ICT systems and the project management; containing information about company list, agriculture
• Systems operation – handles ICT operation which ensure product price list, etc.;
the service level and security of the system; • Farming Website – a website contains important
• Systems maintenance – maintain ICT assets to support agricultural knowledge;
optimal systems operation. • Simulator – simulation tools to forecast farming
productivity.
There are two process mechanisms to ensure the alignment
between the processes and organization needs: Table 2. Key business process in agriculture area
• Policy – to give limitation to ICT processes;
Business Information Key Applications
• Monitoring and evaluation – to ensure the feedback of Domain Needs
ICT management represented with certain performance Producers • What to plant? • E-MarketPlace (KO)
indicators. • When to plant? • E-Consultation (KO)
• Where to buy • AgricultureDB (KO)
the seed, • Farming Website (KO)
Using the National ICT Governance Model could ensure the fertilizer, and • Simulator (S)
governance, policy, and resource management of the IESF. other farming
The National ICT Council has made E-Agriculture as one of materials?
the Strategic Programs. However, in order to develop the • How much to
IESF, policies and regulations related to IESF establishment plant?
• Where to sale?
must be formulated and public-private partnerships must be Distributors • What to buy? • E-MarketPlace (KO)
built. This concludes the IESF’s Business Architecture. Next • When to buy? • AgricultureDB (KO)
section describes the Application Architecture. • Where to buy?
• Where to sale?
Manufacturers • What to buy? • E-MarketPlace (KO)
B. Application Architecture • When to buy? • AgricultureDB (KO)
Application Architecture (AA) provides a blueprint of the • Where to buy?
• How much to
application systems (software applications), the interaction process?
between systems (interfaces between applications), and the • Where to sale?
user interfaces. There are few representative questions that Merchants • What to buy? • E-MarketPlace (KO)
could be addressed in AA: • When to buy?
• What are the initial key applications a minimal IESF • Where to buy?
• Where to sale?
must be able to deliver? Consumers • What to buy? • E-MarketPlace (KO)
• How will applications that have a requirement to be • Where to buy?
linked be able to do so?
• How should the user interface work? The context diagram of the system is illustrated in Fig. 6
below.
These questions must be answered in order to define all of
the AA deliverables. First we define the key applications that
must be deliver to support decision making in the IESF.
Software Applications
The initial key applications in the IESF could be
categorized as the “Key Operational” in McFarlan Strategic
Grid [8]. Key operational applications aim to sustain the
existing business operations and play important role for
survival in the industry. In agriculture context, the key
software application deals with the transactional data. But in
order to sustain the future business strategy, “Strategic”
applications are mandatory. Table 2 describes several key
applications related with the corresponding information
needs.
There are four web-based key applications that could be
used by the stakeholders:
• E-MarketPlace –an agribusiness portal to buy and sell Figure 6. IESF context diagram
products;
• E-Consultation – an application to discuss with experts The external entities represent all of the stakeholders in
about farming techniques; agriculture area. All of them could share common
information, which is product information. Some of them
share selling information, like Producers, Distributors,
15

7. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
Merchants, and Manufacturer. To improve farmer’s position, has
knowledge about the product and farming techniques are
provided by the R&D institutes and Government Agencies. N 1
Rest of the entities (NGOs, Associations, and UN
PRODUCT
LOCATION PRODUCER
CATEGORIES
Organizations) only capable to view and monitor the product N M 1
information. Next part describes how to link between the have produce
applications. 1 N
1 AGRICULTURAL 1 1 PRODUCT
located in have
Interfaces between Applications
PRODUCTS INFO
1
Since all of the application developed in web-based, the USERS
interface that could be used is web application programming
browse ACTIVITIES
CATEGORIES
interface (API). An API is typically a defined set of 1 1 N
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request messages, along have
1
USERS have
with a definition of the structure of response messages,
which is usually in an Extensible Markup Language (XML) Figure 7. IESF logical data model
as an open architecture to ensure the interoperability between
applications. API could be used to share content such as, Data Sources
photos, embedded content (i.e. pdf), video, and so forth. The only official data sources are provided by
Government Agencies either the BPS-Statistics or the
User Interfaces Ministry of Agriculture. Nevertheless, NGOs and
User interface is the system which users interacts with the agricultural associations may provide the additional
applications. Type of user interface used in the IESF is web- information to enrich the Indonesian agricultural profile. All
based user interfaces (WUI). The interfaces accept input and of the data should be standardized in order to ensure the
provide output generating web pages which transmitted via accuracy and interoperability between applications. This data
the internet and viewed by users using web browser should be an accurate reference for all stakeholders,
program, for example, Internet Explorer, Mozilla, etc. This especially for international organizations like UN.
concludes the IESF’s Application Architectre. Next section
describes the Data Architecture. Link with Global Programme
C. Data Architecture The data used in the IESF could be linked with other
global programme, for instance the Millennium
Data Architecture (DA) describes the structure of an Development Goals (MDGs). Several MDGs target is
organization’s logical and physical data assets and the improve the sustainability of environment, which is one of
associated data management resources. There are few sustainable agriculture components. Many other MDGs
representative questions that could be addressed in DA: indicators may also be referred to IESF data bank to provide
• What are the essential core and common data necessary an accurate profile about Indonesia. This concludes the
to support information and evidence for decision makers? IESF’s Data Architectre. Next section describes the
• What data sources contain these data and what can be Technology Architecture.
linked for use form existing operational systems?
• What is the link between essential minimum data sets and D. Technology Architecture
global programme? Technology Architecture (TA) describes the hardware,
software, and network infrastructure needed to support the
These questions must be answered in order to define all of deployment of core application. There are few representative
the DA deliverables. First we define the core and common questions that could be addressed in TA:
data in the IESF. • What are the requirements for information to be captured,
data entered, tagged, communicated, managed, and
Core and Common Data disseminated?
Below is the core and common data that the IESF have: • What is the minimum ICT capacity needed across the
• Agricultural products; country to support access to the applications and
• Product categories; disseminations of information?
• Producers; • How will new classes of electronic devices,
• Location; communication networks, and related ICT be leveraged
• Users; over the next 5 to 7 years?
• Product info;
• User categories; and These questions must be answered in order to define all of
• Activities. the TA deliverables. In this section, we define the
technological component (hardware, software, and network
The logical data model is illustrated in Fig. 7. Next, we infrastructure) to support the IESF.
describe the data sources for the IESF.
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8. AFITA 2010 International Conference, The Quality Information for Competitive Agricultural Based Production System and Commerce
Hardware, Software, and Network Infrastructure systems (interfaces between applications), and the user
The technological solutions that are used to implement interfaces. DA describes the structure of an organization’s
the IESF must have the capability to link with other logical and physical data assets and the associated data
applications (web-based). Therefore, these following management resources. Finally, TA describes the hardware,
principles are mandatory in IESF technological software, and network infrastructure needed to support the
implementation: deployment of core application. This IESF provide
• Using open standards (hardware, software, and network) guidelines for deploying ICTs for sustainable development in
• Standardize common data (i.e. formats) agriculture area.
• Ensure interoperability There are several important points to be noted before
implementing the IESF technological architecture:
Moreover, the solution must be leveraged over the next 5 to • Formulate ICT governance, policy, and resources for
7 years. Thus, the data should be accessed with other IESF sustainability;
electronic devices other than PCs or laptops (e-Agriculture). • Ensure the interoperability between applications through
In the future, the data should be accessed with mobile phones the usage of standardized data, open standard
(m-Agriculture) and any other electronic devices (u- technologies, etc.;
Agriculture). The architecture of u-Agriculture is illustrated • Formulate Certificate of Authorities (CA) and Public Key
in Fig. 8 below. Infrastructure (PKI) to manage data accessibility;
• Collaboration with Research and Development (R&D)
institutes in IESF is essential for agricultural
sustainability.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Lowrance, et al., "A hierarchical approach to sustainable
agriculture," American Journal of Alternative Agriculture,
vol. 1, pp. 169-173, 2009.
[2] C. Edwards, "The concept of integrated systems in lower
input/sustainable agriculture," American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture, vol. 2, pp. 148-152, 2009.
[3] W. Adams, "The Future of Sustainability: Rethinking
environment and development in the 21st century," 2006.
[4] TheOpenGroup. (2009). TOGAF Version 9. Available:
http://www.opengroup.org/architecture/togaf9-doc/arch/
[5] TheOpenGroup. (2004). Business Executive's Guide to IT
Architecture. Available:
http://www.opengroup.org/bookstore/catalog/w043.htm
[6] J. Schekkerman, How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise
Architecture Frameworks: Creating or Choosing an
Enterprise Architecture Framework: Trafford Publishing,
2003.
[7] DewanTIKNasional, Panduan Umum Tata Kelola Teknologi
Figure 8. u-Agriculture architecture Informasi dan Komunikasi Nasional. Jakarta, 2007.
[8] F. W. McFarlan, "Information Technology Changes the Way
This concludes the IESF’s Technology Architectre. Next we You Compete. Harvard Business Review," vol. 62, pp. 98-
conclude our discussion about IESF. 103, 1984.
IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION
In this paper, we present the Indonesian E-Agriculture
Strategic Framework (IESF) using TOGAF Enterprise
Architecture approach. There are four domains in the
framework: Business (BA), Application (AA), Data (DA),
and Technology Architecture (TA). BA defines the business
domains, business functions, business processes, and
governance, policy, and resources of the organization in
agriculture area. AA provides a blueprint of the application
systems (software applications), the interaction between
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