1. English Language Unit 1English Language Unit 1
addict (n)
Coming from the Latin addictus,
addicts in Roman times were broke
people given as slaves to the people
they owed money to. Only in the
early 1900s did it come to mean
dependent on morphine and later
other drugs.
2. Learning intention:
Develop knowledge of word classes and
explore syntax and sentences.
Success criteria:
Able to:
- identify and explain closed word classes;
5. Closed class wordsClosed class words
Do not easily admit new members
◦ Pronouns
◦ Conjunctions
◦ Prepositions
◦ Determiners (sometimes called articles)
The grammatical “glue” that sticks the open
class words together.
6. Closed Class - PronounsClosed Class - Pronouns
How to identify pronouns:
◦ pronouns take the place of nouns
Types of pronouns:
◦ personal
◦ possessive
◦ reflexive
◦ demonstrative
◦ indefinite
◦ interrogative
7. Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun Types
Personal pronouns – take the place of
the subject / object in the sentence.
Examples of pronouns to refer to the
subject
Examples of pronouns to refer to the
object - me, him, her
John drove Jackie home.
Subject verb Object noun.
He drove her home.
10. Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun Types
Possessive pronouns show possession
Reflexive pronouns show the object of
the verb is the same as the subject (these
always end in -self or –selves
Demonstrative pronouns give a sense of
something being pointed at:
this, that, these, those
N.B. If any of these words are put in front of a
noun they become a determiner
11. Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun Types
Indefinite pronouns act as limiting words
◦ used to refer to people or things without
saying exactly who or what
somebody someone something
anybody anyone anything
nobody no one nothing
everybody everyone everything
12. Closed Class – Pronoun TypesClosed Class – Pronoun Types
Relative pronouns are who, whose and whom.
◦ it is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause
◦ it is called a "relative" pronoun because it
"relates" to the word that its relative clause
modifies
For example,
◦ The person who phoned me last night is my
teacher.
Interrogative pronouns are who, whose, which,
what
◦ they are used when asking a question
13. Closed Class – ConjunctionsClosed Class – Conjunctions
Conjunctions join together different parts
of a sentence
◦ Coordinating conjunctions join together parts
of a sentence of equal value
I went to the party and met Tony there.
(I went to the party. I met Tony at the party.)
◦ Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate
clause to a main clause
I won’t go to Luna Park unless you can come
too.
FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So
14. Closed Class - PrepositionClosed Class - Preposition
Prepositions
◦ usually show how one thing is related to
something else
◦ show the relationship between the noun that
comes after it and something else in the
sentence
◦ they relate to position, directions and time
I saw the bird fly over the mountain.
The car went past me at high speed.
The children ate lunch before going outside.
15. Closed Class - DeterminersClosed Class - Determiners
Determiners
◦ precede (go before) the noun and refer
directly to the noun
◦ definite determiner = the
◦ indefinite determiner = a / an
◦ can refer to a specific quantity, e.g. one, two,
three, etc.; or
◦ can refer to a vague amount, e.g. some, few,
many, etc.
17. SyntaxSyntax
the way words are arranged in a
sentence, clause or a phrase
word order affects meaning
the two essential parts of any English
sentence are the subject, the person
/thing the sentence is about and, the
predicate, what is written/said about the
subject
sentences are made up of clauses and
phrases
19. Syntax – Clause StructureSyntax – Clause Structure
Two types of clause structures
◦ main / independent
◦ subordinate / dependent
Main clauses can stand on their own as a
sentence.
Subordinate clauses can NOT
Identify the main and subordinate clause in this
sentence.
The girl screamed because she saw a ghost.
20. Syntax – Subordinate ClausesSyntax – Subordinate Clauses
Two types – Relative and Adverbial
◦ Relative clause
describes a noun it relates to
is always introduced by a relative pronoun
(who, which, that)
relates the clause to the noun in the main clause
Can you find the relative clause?
The man who did the painting is over there.
21. Syntax – Subordinate ClauseSyntax – Subordinate Clause
◦ Adverbial clause
answers the questions of how, when, where and
why about the verb
As she entered the room the girl screamed because
she saw the ghost.
the girl screamed – main clause
As she entered the room – subordinate and adverbial
clause – answers when
because she saw the ghost – tells why she
screamed
24. Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence Structure
Simple sentences
(or main / independent clause)
◦ it has only one clause
The dog jumped over the fence.
Compound sentences
◦ made up of two or more simple sentences
◦ joined by a conjunction or separated by a
comma, semi-colon or colon
She had her car serviced and bought new tyres.
25. Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence Structure
Complex sentences
◦ are made up of a main clause + one or more
subordinate clauses
For example,
As she entered the room the girl screamed because
she saw the ghost.
26. Syntax – Sentence StructureSyntax – Sentence Structure
Ellipsis
◦ the omission of words from a sentence
because
they appear elsewhere
they can be worked out from the context
For example,
Got it?
27. Syntax – Sentence TypesSyntax – Sentence Types
Four sentence types
◦ Declarative
sentences that state facts
◦ Imperative
commands or
sentences that give orders or requests
◦ Exclamative
sentences that express a strong feeling or emotion
◦ Interrogative
questions or
sentences that ask for an answer
