4. 2 drilling goals
to build the well according to its purpose and in a
safe manner
(i.e, avoiding personal injuries
and avoiding technical problems)
to complete it with minimum cost
Thereto the overall costs of the well during its lifetime in
conjunction with the field development aspects shall be
minimized.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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5. Parameters
The overall cost minimization, or optimization, may
influence
the location from where the well is drilled,
(e.g., an extended reach onshore or above reservoir offshore),
the drilling technology applied,
(e.g., conventional or slim–hole drilling, overbalanced or
underbalanced, vertical or horizontal, etc),
and which evaluation procedures are run to gather
subsurface information to optimize future wells.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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6. drilling technologies
To build a hole, different drilling technologies have been invented:
Percussion drilling
Cable drilling
Drillstring
“Pennsylvanian drilling”
• With mud
Quick percussion drilling
• Without mud “Canadian drilling”
Rotating drilling
(Will be discussed exclusively)
Full cross-section drilling
• Surface driven
o Rotary bit
o Rotary nozzle
• Subsurface driven
o Turbine drilling
o Positive displacement motor drilling
o Electro motor drilling
Annular drilling
Diamond coring
Shot drilling
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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11. Marine:
Other Bottom Supported rigs
A cantilever rig on a barge
A Jack–Up rig
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A submersible platform
Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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12. Marine: Floating rigs
A drill–ship
Semi–
submersible
vessel
Caisson vessel
(also called
sparbuoy) and
Diagram of a
spar–buoy
A tension–
leg platform
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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13.
14. Personnels
People directly involved in drilling a well are
employed either by
the operating company,
the drilling contractor,
or one of the service and supply companies
The operating company is the owner of the
lease/block and principal user of the services
provided by the drilling contractor and the different
service companies.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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15. Tasks
Since drilling contractors are companies that
perform the actual drilling of the well, their main
job is to drill a hole to the depth/location and
specifications set by the operator.
Along with hiring a drilling contractor, the operator
usually employs various service and supply
companies to perform
logging,
cementing,
or any other special operations, including maintaining
the drilling fluid in its planed condition.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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16. drilling crews
Most drilling crews consist of
a tool pusher,
a driller,
a derrickman,
a mud logger,
and two or three rotary helpers
(also called floormen or roughnecks).
Along with this basic crew configuration the
operator sends usually a representative, called
company man to the rig.
For offshore operations the crews usually consist of
many more employees.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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17. crew requirements
Tool Pusher:
supervises all drilling operations and is the leading man of the drilling
contractor on location.
Company Man:
The company man is in direct charge of all company’s activities on the
rig site.
He is responsible for the drilling strategy as well as the supplies and
services in need. His decisions directly effect the progress of the well.
Driller:
The driller operates the drilling machinery on the rig floor and is the
overall supervisor of all floormen.
He reports directly to the tool pusher and is the person who is most
closely involved in the drilling process.
He operates, from his position at the control console, the rig floor
brakes, switches, levers, and all other related controls that influence the
drilling parameters.
In case of a kick he is the first person to take action by moving the bit
off bottom and closing the BOP.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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18. crew requirements (Cont.)
Derrick Man:
The derrickman works on the so–called monkeyboard, a small platform
up in the derrick, usually about 90 ft above the rotary table.
When a connection is made or during tripping operations he is handling and
guiding the upper end of the pipe.
During drilling operations the derrickman is responsible for maintaining and
repairing the pumps and other equipment as well as keeping tabs on the drilling
fluid.
Floormen:
During tripping, the rotary helpers are responsible for handling the
lower end of the drill pipe as well as operating tongs and wrenches to
make or break up a connection.
During other times, they also maintain equipment, keep it clean, do
painting and in general help where ever help is needed.
Mud Engineer, Mud Logger:
The service company who provides the mud almost always sends a mud
engineer and a mud logger to the rig site. They are constantly
responsible for logging what is happening in the hole as well as
maintaining the proper mud conditions.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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19. Well Classifications
According to a wells final depth, it can be classified
into:
Shallow well: < 2000m
Conventional well: 2 000m – 3500m
Deep well: 3500m – 5000m
Ultra deep well: > 5 000m
With the help of advanced technologies in
MWD/LWD and extended reach drilling techniques,
horizontal departures of more than10000m are
possible today.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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23. rig systems
For all rigs, the depth of the planned well
determines basic rig requirements. The most
important rig systems are:
Power system,
Hoisting system,
Drilling fluid circulation system,
Rotary system,
Derrick and substructure,
Well control system,
Well monitoring system
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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24. drilling process
In rotary drilling, the rock is destroyed by the action
of rotation and axial force applied to a drilling bit.
The drilling bit is located at the end of a drill string
which is composed of drill pipes (also called joints
or singles), drill collars, and other specialized drilling
tools.
Drill collars are thick walled tubes responsible for
applying the axial force at the bit.
Rotation at the bit is usually obtained by rotating the
whole drill string from the surface.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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25. A simplified drillstring
The lower portion of the drill
string, composed of
drill collars
and specialized drilling tools,
are called bottom hole
assembly (BHA).
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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26. drilling process (Cont.)
A large variety of bit models and designs are available
in industry. The choice of
the right bit, based on the characteristics of the formations to
be drilled,
and the right parameters (weight on bit and rotary speed)
are the two most basic problems the drilling engineer
faces during drilling planning and drilling operation.
The cuttings are lifted to the surface by the drilling
fluid.
At the surface, the cuttings are separated from the
drilling fluid by several solid removal equipment.
Drilling mud is picked up by the system of pumps and
pumped again down the hole.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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27. connection
As drilling
progresses, new
joints are added
to the top of the
drill string
increasing its
length, in an
operation called
connection.
A pipe slips is
used to transfer
the weight of
the drillstring
from the hook to
the master
bushing.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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28. round trip
As the bit gets dull, a round trip is performed to
bring the dull bit to the surface and replace it by a
new one.
A round trip is performed also to change the BHA.
The drillstring is also removed to run a casing
string. The operation is done by removing stands of
two (“doubles”), three (“thribbles”) or even four
(“fourbles”) joints connected, and stacking them
upright in the rig.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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29. Removing one stand of drillstring
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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30. wiper trip
Sometimes the drillstring is not completely run out
of the hole.
It is just lifted up to the top of the open-hole
section and then lowered back again while
continuously circulating with drilling mud.
Such a trip, called wiper trip,
is carried out to clean the hole from remaining cuttings
that may have settled along the open–hole section.
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Drilling Engineering 1 Course (2nd Ed.)
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31. 1. Jorge H.B. Sampaio Jr. “Drilling Engineering
Fundamentals.” Master of Petroleum
Engineering. Curtin University of Technology,
2007. Chapter 1 and 2
32. 1. Power System
2. Hoisting System:
A. Introduction
B. The Block & Tackle
a.
Mechanical advantage and Efficiency