Ppl for students unit 4 and 5

Packages

 Let us say you want to use Random class
 java.util.Random rand = new java.util.Random()
 import java.util.Random;
 import java.util.*;
 package mypackage;
 must appear as first non-comment in the file
 naming a library of classes
 convention – use all lower case letters
 “package” and “import” statements work hand-in-hand
 “jar” file
 How does compiler finds the classes?

Multithreading

 What is concurrency?
 Browser loading a page – improve throughput
 Responsive user interface
 Serial execution vs parallel execution
 Each independent subtask is called a “thread”
 contrast with a process
 a quick look under the covers – CPU sharing
 Process – self contained running program with its own
address space
 Multitasking OS
 Thread – single sequential flow of control within a
process
 True concurrency – multi processor machine

Multithreading

 Stepping into an entirely new world
 requires paradigm shift

 Enables you to create scalable programs
 Allows elegant design – like responding to events
 How do you create a Thread?
 inherit from java.lang.Thread
 override run() to define the sub task that you want to be executed
in parallel
 Let us see it in action

Points to Note

 Thread name – constructor
 getName()
 toString()
 start()
 can be called from anywhere
 unless this is called, thread will never be started

 run()
 Order of execution
 Different output every time we run this code
 thread scheduling mechanism is not deterministic

Controlling Thread execution

 yield()
 indicating to the CPU that you have done enough and some
other thread might as well have the CPU
 not guaranteed
 rarely used

 sleep()
 cease execution for given number of milliseconds
 at least that much
 more – depends on when its turn comes next
 less – InterruptedException – somebody called interrupt() on this
thread
 order is still undeterministic

Controlling Thread Execution

 join()
 one thread may call join() on another thread to wait for the
second thread to complete before proceeding
 calling thread is suspended until target thread finishes

 Let us see this in action!

 Blocking call

 Can also be called with a timeout – join(1000)

 Call to join() may be aborted by callling interrupt() on the
calling thread – hence a try catch clause is required here as
well

Priority

 Tells the scheduler how important this thread is
 If there are a number of threads blocked and waiting
to be run, the scheduler will lean towards the one
with highest priority first
 Is it possible that lower priority threads are never run?
 No. Just that they are run less often
 setPriority()
 JDK has 10 priority levels – but what matters is the
support by OS
 Best to use Thread.MAX_PRIORITY,
NORM_PRIORITY and MIN_PRIORITY

Daemon Thread

 To provide some general service in the background as
long as the program is running but is as such not part of
the essence of the program
 When all of the non-daemon threads are complete, the
program is terminated
 daemon threads don’t prevent the program from ending
 setDaemon(true)
 must be called before start()
 A non-daemon thread runs main()
 isDaemon()
 Any thread created by a daemon thread is also by default
daemon

Coding Alternatives

 What if you already need to inherit from some other
class?
 implements Runnable
 So you need to have a run() method defined
 Create thread by using new Thread(runnable) and
then call start() on the newly created Thread object
 getName() is no longer available!
 Thread.currentThread().getName()
 Let us see this in action!
 Task and an object capable of running that task

Lifecycle

 A thread can be in any one of the four states
 New
 Thread object created, but haven’t been started yet
 cannot run
 Runnable
 Can be run when the CPU is available for it next
 May or may not be running at the moment
 Neither dead nor blocked
 Dead
 normal termination of run() method
 Blocked
 could be run, but something prevents it from running
 scheduler will skip over it and give time to next thread
 sleep(), waiting for some I/O to complete, trying to call a synchronized
method on another object and that object’s lock is not available
 wait()

Issues with concurrency

 Two threads trying to use the same shared resource
at the same time
 two people trying to park car at the same slot
 two people trying to go through a door
 See to believe!

Solution?

 Some way to put a lock when somebody is accessing
a shared resource
 Java has built-in support for locks, called monitor
 synchronized keyword
 method
 block

Inter-Thread communication

 Collision among threads
 Cooperation among threads
 Handshaking between threads
 wait() and notify()

 sleep() does not release the lock
 wait() releases the lock
 execution is suspended, lock is released

 You can come out of wait() due to
 notify()
 notifyAll()
 timeout

Inter Thread Communication

 You can call these methods only from within a
synchronized method or block
 Otherwise IllegalMonitorStateException
 “busy wait” is not good for CPU
 testing a condition in an infinite loop and breaking out when
appropriate
 Synchronizing activities between threads
 Consumer has to wait for the Producer to produce
 Consumer calls wait() after aquiring its lock
 Producer calls notify() on that consumer object after
acquiring that guy’s lock

Idiom for wait()

 while (conditionIsNotMet)
 wait();

 Java provides one more level of support for inter-
thread communication
 Java I/O
 PipedWriter
 PipedReader
 Issue of deadlock

Java I/O

 Different sources and sinks
 console, memory, file, network
 Different approach
 sequential, random access, buffered, binary, character, by lines, by
words
 java < 1.0  only byte oriented library
 java > 1.0  also char oriented library
 java 1.4  “new” io, performance and functionality
improvements
 Java I/O heavily depends upon wrapping or chaining
 java.io: about 50 classes, 10 interfaces, 15 exceptions

Streams

 Streams – for sequential reading/writing
 Input vs Output

 Character vs Byte
 CharacterStreams
 ByteStreams

 Data Sink vs processing
 Memory vs File vs Console vs Network

InputStream: different sources

 FileInputStream
 ByteArrayInputStream
 StringBufferInputStream
 PipedInputStream
 SequenceInputStream
 FilterInputStream (base class for
decorator)
 DataInputStream (allows to read different types of
primitive data and Strings)
 Modifies the way InputStream behaves internally
 BufferedInputStream
 LineNumberInputStream
 PushbackInputStream

Copying

protected void copyBytes(InputStream in,
OutputStream out)
throws IOException {
int b;
while (( b = in.read()) != -1)
out.write(b);
}
}

FileStreams

 Open files for reading or writing
 Cannot append - use RandomAccessFile instead

String from, to;
…
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(from);
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(to);
copyBytes(in, out);
out.close();

FilterStreams

 Filter stream classes add features to basic input or
output streams
 Chain streams together to combine features

PrintStream FileOutputStream

DataInputStream BufferedInputStream FileInputStream

BufferedStreams

 By default, most streams are not buffered
 Wrap a stream in a BufferedInputStream or
BufferedOutputStream to improve performance

FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(from);
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(to);
BufferedInputStream bin =
new BufferedInputStream(in, bufferSize);
BufferedOutputStream bout =
new BufferedOutputStream(out, bufferSize);
copyBytes(bin, bout);
in.close(); bin.close();
out.close(); bout.close();

PrintStream

 Can print a text representation of any Java type
 System.out and System.err are PrintStreams

DataStreams

 Provide for input and output of java primitive
types(int, float, etc) and Strings
 Output format is independent of local machine
architecture(endian-ness)
 UTF format provides fir efficient storage of Unicode
strings
 DataInput can read in a line as a String

Typing a File

private void typeFile(String filename, PrintStream out)
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(filename);
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(fin):
String line;
while ((line = din.readLine()) != null)
out.println(line);
fin.close();
}

I/O with Memory

 ByteArrayInputStream,
ByteArrayOuputStream - I/O with arrays of bytes
 StringBufferInputStream - input from a
String

Other Streams

 LineNumberInputStream - keeps track of line
numbers
 PushbackInputStream - allows pushing back one
character
 SequenceInputStream - concatenates two or
more input streams
 PipedInputStream, PipedOutputStream - for
communication between threads

File

 Abstract representation of file and directory path
names
 Isn’t used to actually read/write data
 It is used to work at a higher level

Creating a File

import java.io.*;
class Writer1 {
public static void main(String [] args) {
try { // warning: exceptions possible
boolean newFile = false;
File file = new File // it's only an object
("fileWrite1.txt");
System.out.println(file.exists()); // look for a real file
newFile = file.createNewFile(); // maybe create a file!
System.out.println(newFile); // already there?
System.out.println(file.exists()); // look again
} catch(IOException e) { }
}
}

Appending to a File

static void appendStringToFile(String s, String fName)
RandomAccessFile f =
new RandomAccessFile(fName, “rw”);
f.seek(f.length()); // move to end of file
f.writeBytes(s); //Appends to the end of the file….
f.close();
}

Renaming a File

class RenameCommand implements Command {
public int execute (Shell s, String[] args) {
File f1 = new File(args[1]);
File f2 = new File(args[2]);
if(f1.renameTo(f2))
return OK;
else
s.err.println(“rename failed”);
return -1;
}
}
}

Readers and Writers

 Stream  byte oriented
 Reader/Writer  unicode compliant char oriented
 Adapter classes like
 InputStreamReader: converts IS to Reader

 OutputStreamWriter: converts OutputStream to Writer

FileReader

 Convenience class for reading character files.
 read()
 single character
 whole stream of characters
 fixed number of characters
 Usually wrapped by higher level objects like
BufferedReader
 improved performance
 convenient methods
 The constructors of this class assume that the default
character encoding and the default byte-buffer size are
appropriate. To specify these values yourself, construct
an InputStreamReader on a FileInputStream

FileWriter

 Convenience class for writing character files.
 write()
 write character(s) or Strings to file

 Usually wrapped by high level Writer objects like
BufferedWriter or PrintWriter
 The constructors of this class assume that the default
character encoding and the default byte-buffer size
are acceptable. To specify these values yourself,
construct an OutputStreamWriter on a
FileOutputStream

Using FileReader and FileWriter

import java.io.*;
public class Copy {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
File inputFile = new File(”Source.txt");
File outputFile = new File(”Target.txt");
FileReader in = new FileReader(inputFile);
FileWriter out = new FileWriter(outputFile);
int c;
while ((c = in.read()) != -1)
out.write(c);
in.close();`
out.close();
}
}

BufferedReader

 To make lower level classes more efficient and easier
to use
 use of buffer
 readLine()
 Read text from a character-input stream, buffering
characters so as to provide for the efficient reading of
characters, arrays, and lines.
 The buffer size may be specified, or the default size
may be used. The default is large enough for most
purposes.

Note

 As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to read lines of text is
via the BufferedReader.readLine() method.
 Programs that use the DataInputStream class to read
lines can be converted to use the BufferedReader
class by replacing code of the form
 DataInputStream d =
 new DataInputStream(in);
 with
 BufferedReader d
 = new BufferedReader(new
InputStreamReader(in));

BufferedReader

 Reads the next line of text from this data input
stream. This method successively reads bytes from
the underlying input stream until it reaches the end
of a line of text.
 This method blocks until a newline character is read,
a carriage return and the byte following it are read
(to see if it is a newline), the end of the stream is
detected, or an exception is thrown.

Another way of accessing BufferedReader

 FileReader fr = new FileReader(“inFile”);
 BufferedReader br =
 new BufferedReader( fr);

 ………….
 fr.close();
 br.close();

BufferedWriter

 Makes lower level classes more efficient and easier to
use
 newLine() method
 Write text to a character-output stream, buffering
characters so as to provide for the efficient writing of
single characters, arrays, and strings.
 The buffer size may be specified, or the default size
may be accepted. The default is large enough for
most purposes.

Using BufferedWriter

 FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(“outFile”);
 BufferedWriter bw =
 new BufferedWriter( fw );

 …………..
 fw.close();
 bw.close();

PrintWriter

 Enhanced significantly in java 5
 You can build a PrintWriter with a File or a String
 Can use in places where you previously needed a
Writer wrapped with FileWrite and/or
BufferedWriter
 New methods make it very flexible and powerful
 format()
 printf()
 append()

Write to a File: which classes to use?

 Some class that takes File in constructor
 Best sounding method
 File  PrintWriter
 File  FileWriter  PrintWriter  println

Reading from a file: which classes to use?

 File  FileReader  BufferedReader  readLine()

Typical Cases

 Reading input by lines
 File name  FileReader  BufferedReader  readLine()

 Reading standard input
 System.in  InputStreamReader  BufferedReader 
readLine()
 Alternative:
 Scanner s = new Scanner(System.in);

 s.nextLine()

Serializing Objects

 How to Write to an ObjectOutputStream
 Writing objects to a stream is a straight-forward process. For
example, the following gets the current time in milliseconds by
constructing a Date object and then serializes that object:

FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("theTime");
ObjectOutputStream s = new ObjectOutputStream(out);
s.writeObject("Today");
s.writeObject(new Date());
s.flush();

Your class must implement Serializable

De-serializing objects

 How to Read from an ObjectOutputStream
 Once you've written objects and primitive data types to a
stream, you'll likely want to read them out again and
reconstruct the objects.

FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("theTime");
ObjectInputStream s = new ObjectInputStream(in);
String today = (String)s.readObject();
Date date = (Date)s.readObject();

Self Study

 Concurrent issues with thread programming
 Deadlock

HTML

 Hyper text Markup Language
 Not a programming language
 Does not act on external data
 Both the data and markup tags are part of the same
document
 Mark Up Tags
 special instructions for specific display
 case in-sensitive

Basic Structure

 <html>
 <head>
 <title>My First Web Page</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 Hi, How are you?
 </body>
 </html

Some useful tags

 <br>
 <p>
 <blockquote/>
 <center/>
 
 Heading levels <h1> … <h6>
 <B>, <I>, <U>, <SMALL>, <BIG>
 <UL> <LI> <LI> </UL>
 <OL> <LI> <LI> </OL>
 <HR>

More

 Hyperlinks
 < a href=“index.html> Home Page </a>

 Images
 <img src=“mailbox.jpg”>

 width, height, border attributes

 Tables
 <table></table>

 <tr></tr>

 <td></td>

CSS

 Original intent of HTMl was not to define the format of
the content but to define the content itself
 Later tags like font etc. got added
 Became a nightmare
 Separating design and content
 Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define HOW to display HTML elements
 Created by Hakon Wium Lie of MIT in 1994
 Has become the W3C standard for controlling visual
presentation of web pages
 HTML 4.0 onwards – style in a separate CSS file
 Separates design elements from structural logic
 Lets see it in action!

Demo

 http://www.w3schools.com/css/demo_default.htm

CSS Syntax

 A set of rules
 Each rule has two main parts
 selector
 one or more declarations

 Comments: /* … */

Two Additional Selectors

 id
 if you want to apply style to a single, unique element

 uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with
a "#“
 Lets see it in action

 class
 to specify style for a group of elements

 allows you to set a particular style for many HTML elements
with the same class
 uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a ".“

 Lets see it in action

Three Ways to Insert a CSS

 External Style Sheet
 <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>
 Internal Style Sheet
 <head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>
 Inline Style Sheet
 <p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

“Cascading”

 What style will be used when there is more than one
style specified for an HTML element?
 all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style
sheet by the following rules, where number four has
the highest priority
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)

Useful Properties

 background
 background-color, image, repeat

 text
 color, text-align, text-transform, text-indent

 font
 font-family, font-style, font-size

 links, lists, tables …

Advantages of CSS

 Faster downloads
 Better site maintenance
 Reduced bandwidth costs
 one style sheet called and cached

 Higher search engine rankings
 cleaner code
 greater density of indexable content

 Not all CSS properties may be supported by all
browsers

JavaScript

 THE scripting language of the web
 Used in billions of Web pages to add functionality,
validate forms, communicate with the server, and
much more
 Let us first see a demo

What is JavaScript

 was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages
 lightweight programming language
 usually embedded directly into HTML pages
 interpreted language (means that scripts execute
without preliminary compilation)
 implementation of ECMAScript language standard

 JavScript has NOTHING TO DO with Java

What can JavaScript do?

 gives HTML designers a programming tool
 can react to events
 page finished loading, user clicked on an element

 can read and write HTML elements
 change content of a HTML element

 can be used to validate data
 can be used to detect the visitor's browser
 and hence show browser specific stuff

 can be used to create cookies

JavaScript and HTML

 HTML <script> tag is used to insert a JavaScript into an
HTML page – either in body or in head
 Example of writing HTML
 Example of changing HTML
 Hiding JavaScript
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
</body>
</html>

Functions and Events

 JavaScripts in an HTML page will be executed when the
page loads
 This is not always what we want
 Sometimes we want to execute a JavaScript when
an event occurs, such as when a user clicks a button
 When this is the case we can put the script inside
a function
 Events are normally used in combination with functions
(like calling a function when an event occurs)
 Example!

External JavaScript

 JavaScript can also be placed in external files
 cane be used on several different web pages

 File extension .js
 External script cannot contain the <script></script>
tags!
 To use an external script, point to the .js file in the
"src" attribute of the <script> tag
 <script type="text/javascript" src="xxx.js"></script>

 Comments: // or /* .. */

About JavaScript Syntax

 JavaScript is a sequence of statements to be executed
by the browser
 Case sensitive
 ; at the end of each statement is optional
 <script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another
paragraph.</p>");
</script>
 statements can be grouped in blocks {}

Variables

 Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two
different variables)
 Variable names must begin with a letter, the $ character,
or the underscore character
 var x;
 var x=5;
 var name=“Vishal”;
 If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its
value
 local (inside and function) and global variables
 Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables
 makes them implicitly global

Operators

 Arithmetic
 +, -, *, /, %, ++, --
 Assignment
 =, += etc.
 + is also used for concatenation
 If you add a number and a string, the result will be a
string!
 Comparison Operators
 Logical Operators
 If .. Else statement
 Switch statement

GUI

 JavaScript has three kind of popup boxes
 Alert box
 user will have to click “OK” to proceed
 alert("sometext");

 Confirm box
 user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed
 If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel",
the box returns false
 confirm("sometext");

 Prompt box
 user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering
an input value
 If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks
"Cancel" the box returns null
 prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");

Functions

 A function will be executed by an event or by a call to
the function
 to assure that a function is read/loaded by the
browser before it is called, it could be wise to put
functions in the <head> section
 function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}

Loops

 for
 while
 break
 continue
 var person={fname:"John",lname:"Doe",age:25};
var x;

for (x in person)
{
document.write(person[x] + " ");
}

Events

 Every element on a web page has certain events
which can trigger a JavaScript
 A mouse click
 A web page or an image loading
 Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
 Selecting an input field in an HTML form
 Submitting an HTML form
 A keystroke
 onLoad, onUnload, onSubmit, onMouseOver

Objects

 JavaScript is Object based programming language
 Allows you to define your own objects and make your
own variable types
 Object is just a special kind of data. An object has
properties and methods
 Objects have attributes and methods.
 Many pre-defined objects and object types.
 Using objects follows the syntax of C++/Java
 objectname.attributename
 objectname.methodname()

Pre-defined Objects

 document
 attributes of current document like title, URL, forms, images
etc.
 write()

 navigator
 contains information about the browser

 screen
 contains info about visitor’s screen

 window
 represents an open window in the browser

Document Object Model

 Naming hierarchy used to access individual elements of a
HTML document
<FORM ID=myform ACTION=…
Please Enter Your Age:
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT ID=age NAME=age><BR>
And your weight:
<INPUT TYPE=TEXT ID=weight
NAME=weight><BR>
</FORM>
 From javascript you can get at the age input field as:
document.myform.age.value

Validation Example

function checkform() {
if (document.myform.age.value == "") {
alert("You need to specify an age");
return(false);
} else {
return(true);
}
}

Validation Example

<FORM METHOD=GET ACTION=foo.cgi
NAME=myform
onSubmit="return(checkform())">

AGE: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT NAME=Age>
<INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT>
</FORM>

Java Vs JavaScript

• JavaScript • J ava
• Interpreted (not • Compiled on server
compiled) by client. before execution on
• Object-based. Code client.
uses built-in, • Object-oriented.
extensible objects, but Applets cons of object
no classes or classes with
inheritance. inheritance.
• Code integrated with, • Applets distinct from
and embedded in, HTML (accessed from
JAVA

HTML. HTML pages)

83

PHP

 Powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive web
pages
 Counterpart of MS ASP
 Server-side scripting language
 PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC, etc.)
 PHP is an open source software
 PHP is free to download and use

Why is PHP used?
1. Easy to Use
Code is embedded into HTML. The PHP code is enclosed in special start and end tags
that allow you to jump into and out of "PHP mode".

<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<?php
echo "Hi, I'm a PHP script!";
?>

</body>
</html>

Why is PHP used?
1. Cross Platform
Runs on almost any Web server on several operating systems.
One of the strongest features is the wide range of supported databases

Web Servers: Apache, Microsoft IIS, Caudium, Netscape Enterprise
Server

Operating Systems: UNIX (HP-UX,OpenBSD,Solaris,Linux), Mac
OSX, Windows NT/98/2000/XP/2003

Supported Databases: Adabas D, dBase,Empress, FilePro (read-
only), Hyperwave,IBM DB2, Informix, Ingres, InterBase, FrontBase,
mSQL, Direct MS-SQL, MySQL, ODBC, Oracle (OCI7 and OCI8),
Ovrimos, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Solid, Sybase, Velocis,Unix dbm

Why is PHP used?
1. Cost Benefits
PHP is free. Open source code means that the entire PHP community will contribute
towards bug fixes. There are several add-on technologies (libraries) for PHP that are
also free.

PHP
Software Free

Platform Free (Linux)

Development Tools Free
PHP Coder, jEdit

More about PHP

 PHP files can contain text, HTML tags and scripts
 PHP files are returned to the browser as plain HTML
 PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or
".phtml"
 PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix,
etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today
(Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP is FREE to download from the official PHP
resource: www.php.net
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server
side

How Does It Work?

 The PHP script is executed on the server, and the
plain HTML result is sent back to the browser
 A PHP script always starts with <?php and ends
with ?>. A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the
document.
 <? .. ?>
 A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some
PHP scripting code.
 Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon

Sample PHP

<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
</body>
</html>

echo or print
Comments: // or /*…*/

Other Features

 Variables
 Operators
 Control Statements
 Loop Statements
 Functions

Another Example

<?php
$today_dayofweek = date(“w”);
if ($today_dayofweek == 4){
echo “Today is Thursday!”;
}
else{
echo “Today is not Thursday.”;
}
?>

Very Good Use

<html><head>
<title>UCR Webmaster Support Group</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href=“mycssfile.css">
</head>
<body>
<table width=80% height=30>
<tr><td>
<div align=center> Page Title </div>
</td></tr></table>

Very Good Use

<table width=80% height=30>
<tr><td>
<div align=center> UC Riverside
Department<BR>
<a
href=mailto:someuser@ucr.edu>someuser@ucr.
edu</a>
</div>
</td></tr></table>
</body>
</html>

Very Good Use

<?php
// header
include(“header.php”);
?>

Insert content here!

<?php
// footer
include(“footer.php”);
?>

Additional Resources

• PHP Manual http://docs.php.net/

• PHP Tutorial http://academ.hvcc.edu/~kantopet/php/index.php

• PHP Coder http://www.phpide.de/

• JEdit http://www.jedit.org/

• PHP's creator offers his thoughts on the PHP phenomenon, what has
shaped and motivated the language, and where the PHP movement is
heading
http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/php_experts/rasmus
_php.html

• Hotscripts – A large number of PHP scripts can be found at:
http://hotscripts.com/PHP/Scripts_and_Programs/index.html

MATLAB

 MATLAB is a program for doing numerical
computation. It was originally designed for solving
linear algebra type problems using matrices. It’s
name is derived from MATrix LABoratory

 Plotting functions ..
 Image Processing Basics ..
 Robotics Applications ..
 GUI Design and Programming

MATLAB

 The MATLAB environment is command oriented
somewhat like UNIX. A prompt appears on the
screen and a MATLAB statement can be entered.
When the <ENTER> key is pressed, the statement
is executed, and another prompt appears.

 If a statement is terminated with a semicolon ( ; ),
no results will be displayed. Otherwise results will
appear before the next prompt

MATLAB

 MATLAB has since been expanded and now has
built-in functions for solving problems requiring
data analysis, signal processing, optimization, and
several other types of scientific computations. It
also contains functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics
and animation
 Everything in MATLAB is a matrix !

MATLAB

To get started, type one of these commands: helpwin,
helpdesk, or demo

» a=5;
» b=a/2

b=

2.5000

»

Other Features

 Variables
 Math and Assignment Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Matrices
 first level support for matrix operations

 Selection Structures
 Repetition Structures

MATLAB Matrices

 MATLAB treats all variables as matrices. For our purposes
a matrix can be thought of as an array, in fact, that is how
it is stored.

 Vectors are special forms of matrices and contain only one
row OR one column.

 Scalars are matrices with only one row AND one column

MATLAB Matrices

 A matrix can be created in MATLAB as follows (note the
commas AND semicolons):

» matrix = [1 , 2 , 3 ; 4 , 5 ,6 ; 7 , 8 , 9]

matrix =

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Use of M-File

 There are two kinds of M-files:
Scripts, which do not accept input
arguments or return output arguments. They
operate on data in the workspace.
Functions, which can accept input
arguments and return output arguments.
Internal variables are local to the function.

Click to create
a new M-File

M-File as script file

Save file as filename.m

Type what you want to
do, eg. Create matrices

If you include “;” at the
end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately

Run the file by typing the filename in the command window

Some Useful MATLAB commands

 who List known variables
 whos List known variables plus their size
 help >> help sqrt Help on using sqrt
 lookfor >> lookfor sqrt Search for
keyword sqrt in m-files
 what >> what a: List MATLAB files in a:
 clear Clear all variables from work space
 clear x y Clear variables x and y from work space
 clc Clear the command window

Some Useful MATLAB commands
 what List all m-files in current directory
 dir List all files in current directory
 ls Same as dir
 type test Display test.m in command window
 delete test Delete test.m
 cd a: Change directory to a:
 chdir a: Same as cd
 pwd Show current directory
 which test Display directory path to ‘closest’
test.m

MATLAB Toolboxes
109

 MATLAB has a number of add-on software modules, called
toolbox , that perform more specialized computations.

 Signal Processing
 Image Processing
 Communications
 System Identification
 Wavelet Filter Design
 Control System
 Fuzzy Logic
 Robust Control
 µ-Analysis and Synthesis
 LMI Control
 Model Predictive Control
 …

PROLOG

 Logic based language
 With a few simple rules, information can be analyzed
 .pl files contain lists of clauses
 Clauses can be either facts or rules
Predicate, arity 1 (male/1)

Terminates a clause
male(bob).
Argument to predicate
male(harry).
child(bob,harry).
son(X,Y):- Indicates a rule
male(X),child(X,Y).

“and”

Rules

 Rules combine facts to increase knowledge of the
system
son(X,Y):-
male(X),child(X,Y).
 X is a son of Y if X is male and X is a child of Y

Questions

Ask the Prolog virtual machine questions
Composed at the ?- prompt
Returns values of bound variables and yes or no

?- son(bob, harry).
yes
?- king(bob, france).
no

Questions

Can bind answers to questions to variables
Who is bob the son of? (X=harry)
?- son(bob, X).
Who is male? (X=bob, harry)
?- male(X).
Is bob the son of someone? (yes)
?- son(bob, _).
No variables bound in this case!

Backtracking

How are questions resolved?
?- son(X,harry).

Recall the rule:
son(X,Y):-
male(X),child(X,Y).

Backtracking

Y is bound to the atom “harry” by the question.

male(X) child(X,Y)

X=harry child(harry,harry)?
Y=harry no

X=bob
Y=harry child(bob,harry)?
yes - succeeds

Applications

Intelligent systems
Complicated knowledge databases
Natural language processing
Logic data analysis

Strengths:
Strong ties to formal logic
Many algorithms become trivially simple to implement

Weaknesses:
Complicated syntax
Difficult to understand programs at first sight

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