Enviar pesquisa
Carregar
Unit One Slides
•
2 gostaram
•
1,138 visualizações
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Seguir
Educação
Negócios
Denunciar
Compartilhar
Denunciar
Compartilhar
1 de 199
Recomendados
3303 Week 01
3303 Week 01
ajr121
Ch02 slides
Ch02 slides
SUNY Ulster
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - A review of possibilities
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - A review of possibilities
NicolasCasa
Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
Mark Jhon Oxillo
The Power of Participation Marketing, Daina Middleton, Social Fresh Conferenc...
The Power of Participation Marketing, Daina Middleton, Social Fresh Conferenc...
Social Fresh Conference
SMM 01
SMM 01
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Social Media Marketing Week 3
Social Media Marketing Week 3
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Social Media: Chapter 1 (horizontal revolution)
Social Media: Chapter 1 (horizontal revolution)
Jawad Chaudhry
Recomendados
3303 Week 01
3303 Week 01
ajr121
Ch02 slides
Ch02 slides
SUNY Ulster
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - A review of possibilities
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) - A review of possibilities
NicolasCasa
Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
Ethics for IT Workers and IT Users
Mark Jhon Oxillo
The Power of Participation Marketing, Daina Middleton, Social Fresh Conferenc...
The Power of Participation Marketing, Daina Middleton, Social Fresh Conferenc...
Social Fresh Conference
SMM 01
SMM 01
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Social Media Marketing Week 3
Social Media Marketing Week 3
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Social Media: Chapter 1 (horizontal revolution)
Social Media: Chapter 1 (horizontal revolution)
Jawad Chaudhry
Intro
Intro
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Progress reports
Progress reports
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Ch01 slides
Ch01 slides
SUNY Ulster
Bogdan fidic trainings
Bogdan fidic trainings
bogdan66
Working to a brief lo1
Working to a brief lo1
JoeHeadford
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
HarishKumar538861
Ch16 slides
Ch16 slides
SUNY Ulster
Ch03 slides
Ch03 slides
SUNY Ulster
Ch20 slides
Ch20 slides
SUNY Ulster
ch04.ppt
ch04.ppt
Jose Paulo
Cm brief understanding revised
Cm brief understanding revised
phele1512
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
Week 3
Week 3
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
SugarCRM
Project Management Presentation.pptx
Project Management Presentation.pptx
SyedaFizzaBatool
Ch17 slides
Ch17 slides
SUNY Ulster
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
samuel77172
Ch13 slides
Ch13 slides
SUNY Ulster
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
AllyMorris
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
keturahhazelhurst
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
6331 Module 1
6331 Module 1
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Mais conteúdo relacionado
Semelhante a Unit One Slides
Intro
Intro
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Progress reports
Progress reports
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Ch01 slides
Ch01 slides
SUNY Ulster
Bogdan fidic trainings
Bogdan fidic trainings
bogdan66
Working to a brief lo1
Working to a brief lo1
JoeHeadford
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
HarishKumar538861
Ch16 slides
Ch16 slides
SUNY Ulster
Ch03 slides
Ch03 slides
SUNY Ulster
Ch20 slides
Ch20 slides
SUNY Ulster
ch04.ppt
ch04.ppt
Jose Paulo
Cm brief understanding revised
Cm brief understanding revised
phele1512
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA
Week 3
Week 3
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
SugarCRM
Project Management Presentation.pptx
Project Management Presentation.pptx
SyedaFizzaBatool
Ch17 slides
Ch17 slides
SUNY Ulster
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
samuel77172
Ch13 slides
Ch13 slides
SUNY Ulster
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
AllyMorris
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
keturahhazelhurst
Semelhante a Unit One Slides
(20)
Intro
Intro
Progress reports
Progress reports
Ch01 slides
Ch01 slides
Bogdan fidic trainings
Bogdan fidic trainings
Working to a brief lo1
Working to a brief lo1
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
AGC_STP_PPT_Unit 4_Refresh_0.pptx
Ch16 slides
Ch16 slides
Ch03 slides
Ch03 slides
Ch20 slides
Ch20 slides
ch04.ppt
ch04.ppt
Cm brief understanding revised
Cm brief understanding revised
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
Chapter 2_dp-pertemuan 2&3
Week 3
Week 3
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
Cloud: Session 6: Take Advantage of the Cloud Connectors in Sugar
Project Management Presentation.pptx
Project Management Presentation.pptx
Ch17 slides
Ch17 slides
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
BSBMKG552-PPT-F-Chapter 2-v1.0 (1).pptx
Ch13 slides
Ch13 slides
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
Media trust workshop brand partnerships
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
1. Ethics for IT Professionals and IT Users2. PrivacyE.docx
Mais de Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
6331 Module 1
6331 Module 1
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 4340 Weeks 13 and 14
ENG 4340 Weeks 13 and 14
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
4340 week-12
4340 week-12
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 4340 Week 11
ENG 4340 Week 11
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 4340 Week 10
ENG 4340 Week 10
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 6324 Slide Presentation Week 9
ENG 6324 Slide Presentation Week 9
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Slide Presentation Week 9
Slide Presentation Week 9
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
4340 week-8
4340 week-8
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 4340 Week 7
ENG 4340 Week 7
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Week 5 4340
Week 5 4340
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
SMM Week 4
SMM Week 4
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 13
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 13
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 11 and 12
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 11 and 12
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Dennis & Defleur Chapter 9
Dennis & Defleur Chapter 9
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Dennis & Defleur Ch. 5
Dennis & Defleur Ch. 5
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
ENG 6328 Week 1
ENG 6328 Week 1
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Unit 4 Grantwriting
Unit 4 Grantwriting
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Unit 3 Grantwriting
Unit 3 Grantwriting
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Unit 2 Grantwriting
Unit 2 Grantwriting
Aimee Kendall Roundtree
Mais de Aimee Kendall Roundtree
(20)
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
Eng 6331 Geevers 5 8
6331 Module 1
6331 Module 1
ENG 4340 Weeks 13 and 14
ENG 4340 Weeks 13 and 14
4340 week-12
4340 week-12
ENG 4340 Week 11
ENG 4340 Week 11
ENG 4340 Week 10
ENG 4340 Week 10
ENG 6324 Slide Presentation Week 9
ENG 6324 Slide Presentation Week 9
Slide Presentation Week 9
Slide Presentation Week 9
4340 week-8
4340 week-8
ENG 4340 Week 7
ENG 4340 Week 7
Week 5 4340
Week 5 4340
SMM Week 4
SMM Week 4
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 13
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 13
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 11 and 12
Dennis and Defleur Ch. 11 and 12
Dennis & Defleur Chapter 9
Dennis & Defleur Chapter 9
Dennis & Defleur Ch. 5
Dennis & Defleur Ch. 5
ENG 6328 Week 1
ENG 6328 Week 1
Unit 4 Grantwriting
Unit 4 Grantwriting
Unit 3 Grantwriting
Unit 3 Grantwriting
Unit 2 Grantwriting
Unit 2 Grantwriting
Último
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
jbellavia9
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
David Douglas School District
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
VishalSingh1417
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
MaryamAhmad92
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
Mebane Rash
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
VishalSingh1417
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Ramakrishna Reddy Bijjam
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Poonam Aher Patil
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
AyushMahapatra5
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
MaritesTamaniVerdade
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
TechSoup
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Denish Jangid
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
PoojaSen20
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
misteraugie
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
Maksud Ahmed
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
kauryashika82
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
RAM LAL ANAND COLLEGE, DELHI UNIVERSITY.
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Thiyagu K
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
PECB
Último
(20)
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Asian American Pacific Islander Month DDSD 2024.pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
Unit-IV; Professional Sales Representative (PSR).pptx
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
2024-NATIONAL-LEARNING-CAMP-AND-OTHER.pptx
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
psychiatric nursing HISTORY COLLECTION .docx
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
Nutritional Needs Presentation - HLTH 104
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
INDIA QUIZ 2024 RLAC DELHI UNIVERSITY.pptx
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Unit One Slides
1.
UNIT 1 ENG 3302
2.
Chapter 1 Chapter 1.
Introduction to Technical Communication ©
3.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 Technical communication has two meanings: • the process of making and sharing technical information in the workplace • a set of applications—the documents you write and the presentations you deliver
4.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 You have three roles as a communicator: • the writer of a document • a member of a project team • an information resource for others
5.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 Technical communication affects your career: • Companies say communication skills are important. • Strong communication skills make you a more valuable employee.
6.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Technical communication has six main characteristics: • It addresses particular readers. • It helps readers solve problems. • It reflects the organization’s goals and culture. • It is produced collaboratively. • It uses design to increase readability. • It consists of words or images or both.
7.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Communicators use design features to accomplish three basic purposes: • to make the document look attractive and professional • to help readers navigate the document • to help readers understand the document
8.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 Images help the writer perform five main functions: • to make the document more interesting and appealing • to communicate and reinforce difficult concepts • to communicate instructions and descriptions of objects and processes • to communicate large amounts of quantifiable data • to communicate with nonnative speakers
9.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 An example of technical communication Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005 <www.mypyramid.gov/downloads/sp-MiniPoster.pdf>.
10.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 An example of technical communication Source: Sage Software, 2009 <http://download.act.com/act2010/ docs/act_usability_and_productivit y_whitepaper.pdf>.
11.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 An example of technical communication Source: Marathon Technologies, 2010 <www.marathon1.co m/why_marathon_vi deo.html>.
12.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 There are eight measures of excellence in technical communication: • honesty • clarity • accuracy • comprehensiveness • accessibility • conciseness • professional appearance • correctness
13.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 You must communicate honestly for three reasons: • It is the right thing to do. • If you are dishonest, readers can get hurt. • If you are dishonest, you and your organization could face serious legal charges.
14.
Chapter 1. Introduction
to Technical Communication © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Technical communication must be clear for two reasons: • Unclear technical communication can be dangerous. • Unclear technical communication is expensive.
15.
Chapter 2 Chapter 2.
Understanding Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
16.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 What is ethics? Ethics is the study of the principles of conduct that apply to an individual or a group.
17.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 In thinking about ethical dilemmas, four standards are useful: • Rights—individuals’ basic needs and welfare. • Justice—how the costs and benefits of an action or a policy are distributed among a group. • Utility—the positive and negative effects that an action or a policy has on others. • Care—the relationships we have with other individuals.
18.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 You have three sets of ethical obligations: • to your employer • to the public • to the environment
19.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 You have five obligations to your employer: • competence and diligence • generosity • honesty and candor • confidentiality • loyalty
20.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Four bodies of law are relevant to technical communication: • copyright law • trademark law • contract law • liability law
21.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Courts consider four factors in disputes over “fair use”: • the purpose and character of the use, especially whether the use is for profit • the nature and purpose of the copyrighted work • the amount and substantiality of the portion of the work used • the effect of the use on the potential market for the copyrighted work
22.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 Adhere to these four guidelines when you use material from another source: • Abide by the fair-use concept. • Seek permission. • Cite your sources accurately. • Consult legal counsel if you have questions.
23.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 There are two kinds of trademarks: • Trademark—a word, phrase, name, or symbol that is identified with a company. • Registered trademark—a word, phrase, name, or symbol that the company has registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
24.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Use four techniques to protect trademarks: • Distinguish trademarks from other material. • Use the trademark symbol (TM or ®). • Use the trademarked item as an adjective, not as a noun or a verb. • Do not use the plural form or the possessive form of the term.
25.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Contract law recognizes two kinds of warranties: • Express warranty—a written or oral statement that the product has a particular feature or can perform a particular function. • Implied warranty—a warranty that is not written or spoken explicitly but inferred by the purchaser.
26.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Follow these ten guidelines for abiding by liability laws: • Understand the product and its likely users. • Describe the product’s functions and limitations. • Instruct users on all aspects of ownership. • Use appropriate words and graphics. • Warn users about the risks of using or misusing the product.
27.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Follow these ten guidelines for abiding by liability laws (cont.): • Include warnings along with assertions of safety. • Make directions and warnings conspicuous. • Make sure that the instructions comply with applicable company standards and local, state, or federal statutes. • Perform usability testing on the product and on the instructions. • Make sure users receive the information.
28.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Four elements of an organization’s culture encourage ethical and legal behavior: • ethical leadership • supervisor reinforcement • peer support • reinforced and embedded ethical values
29.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 An effective code of conduct has three characteristics: • It protects the public rather than members of the organization or profession. • It is specific and comprehensive. • It is enforceable.
30.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 16 Companies have obligations when communicating across cultures: • They must not reinforce patterns of discrimination in product information. • They are not obligated to challenge the prevailing prejudice directly. • They must adhere to other countries’ federal and regional laws when exporting goods and services.
31.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 Follow these ten principles for ethical communication: • Abide by relevant laws. • Abide by the appropriate professional code of conduct. • Abide by your organization’s policy on social media. • Take advantage of your employer’s ethics resources. • Tell the truth.
32.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 18 Follow these ten principles for ethical communication (cont.): Don’t mislead your readers. Use design to highlight important ethical and legal information. • Be clear. • Avoid discriminatory language. • Acknowledge assistance from others.
33.
Chapter 2. Understanding
Ethical and Legal Considerations © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 19 Avoid four common types of misleading technical communication: • false implications • exaggerations • legalistic constructions • euphemisms
34.
Chapter 3 Chapter 3.
Writing Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
35.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 The writing process consists of five steps: • planning • drafting • revising • editing • proofreading
36.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 Planning involves seven steps: • analyzing your audience • analyzing your purpose • generating ideas about your subject • researching additional information • organizing and outlining your document • selecting an application, a design, and a delivery method • devising a schedule and a budget
37.
When you draft, follow
these six suggestions: • Get comfortable. • Start with the easiest topics. • Draft quickly. • Don’t stop to get more information or to revise. • Try invisible writing. • Stop in the middle of a section. Chapter 3. Writing Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4
38.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 Commercial templates can lead to three problems: • They do not always reflect the best design principles. • They bore readers. • They cannot help you answer the important questions about your document.
39.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Identify the strengths and weaknesses of a commercial template.
40.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Revising entails reconsidering three items: • your audience • your purpose • your subject
41.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 There are two ways to study your draft: • studying the draft by yourself • seeking help from others
42.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 When revising documents, ask for help from two kinds of people: • subject-matter experts • current and prospective users of the document
43.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 What is editing? Editing is the process of checking the draft to improve its grammar, punctuation, style, usage, diction (word choice), and mechanics (such as use of numbers and abbreviations).
44.
Chapter 3. Writing
Technical Documents © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 What is proofreading? Proofreading is the process of checking to make sure you have typed what you meant to type.
45.
Chapter 4 Chapter 4.
Writing Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
46.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 You can collaborate with others in three basic ways: • collaborating face to face • collaborating electronically • collaborating with a combination of face-to-face meetings and electronic tools
47.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 Collaboration has six advantages: • It draws on a greater knowledge base. • It draws on a greater skills base. • It provides a better idea of how the audience will read the document. • It improves communication among employees. • It helps acclimate new employees to an organization. • It motivates employees to help an organization grow.
48.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 Collaboration has six disadvantages: • It takes more time than individual writing. • It can lead to groupthink. • It can yield a disjointed document. • It can lead to inequitable workloads. • It can reduce a person’s motivation to work hard on the document. • It can lead to interpersonal conflict.
49.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 Follow these seven suggestions for managing your projects: • Break down a large project into several smaller tasks. • Plan your project. • Create and maintain an accurate schedule. • Put your decisions in writing. • Monitor the project. • Distribute and act on information quickly. • Be flexible regarding schedule and responsibilities.
50.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Conducting meetings involves five skills: • listening effectively • setting your team’s agenda • conducting efficient meetings • communicating diplomatically • critiquing a team member's work
51.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Follow these five steps to improve your effectiveness as a listener: • Pay attention to the speaker. • Listen for main ideas. • Don’t get emotionally involved with the speaker's ideas. • Ask questions to clarify what the speaker said. • Provide appropriate feedback.
52.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 There are eight steps in setting your team's agenda: • Define the team’s task. • Choose a team leader. • Define tasks for each team member. • Establish working procedures.
53.
There are eight
steps in setting your agenda (cont.): • Establish a procedure for resolving conflict productively. • Create a style sheet. • Establish a work schedule. • Create evaluation materials. Chapter 4. Writing Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
54.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Communicating diplomatically requires seven skills: • Listen carefully, without interrupting. • Give everyone a chance to speak. • Avoid personal remarks and insults. • Don’t overstate your position. • Don’t get emotionally attached to your own ideas. • Ask pertinent questions. • Pay attention to nonverbal communication.
55.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Critiquing a group member’s work involves three steps: • Start with a positive comment. • Discuss the larger issues first. • Talk about the document, not the writer.
56.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Critique a draft clearly and diplomatically.
57.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Three powerful word-processor features can be useful in collaborative work: • the comment feature • the revision feature • the highlighting feature
58.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Electronic media are useful collaborative tools for three reasons: • Face-to-face meetings are not always possible or convenient. • Organizations can benefit when more people can participate and share their ideas. • Electronic communication is convenient and often instantaneous.
59.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 Besides a word processor, there are four main types of collaboration technologies: • Messaging technologies • Videoconferencing • Wikis and shared document workspaces • Virtual worlds
60.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 16 Follow these six suggestions for conducting effective videoconferences: • Practice using videoconferencing technology. • Arrange for technical support at each site. • Organize the room to encourage participation. • Make eye contact with the camera. • Dress as you would for a face-to-face meeting. • Minimize distracting noises and movements.
61.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 If you use social media, maintain a professional online presence: • Don’t use it for nonbusiness purposes. • Don’t divulge secure information. • Don’t divulge private information about anyone. • Don’t make racist or sexist comments or post pictures of people drinking.
62.
Chapter 4. Writing
Collaboratively © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 18 When collaborating across cultures, consider that people from other cultures: • might find it difficult to assert themselves in collaborative teams • might be unwilling to respond with a definite “no” • might be reluctant to admit when they are confused or to ask for clarification • might avoid criticizing others • might avoid initiating new tasks or performing creatively
63.
Chapter 11 Chapter 11.
Designing Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
64.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 Document and Web design has five goals: • to make a good impression on readers • to help readers understand the structure and hierarchy of the information • to help readers find the information they need • to help readers understand the information • to help readers remember the information
65.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 There are four principles of design: • proximity • alignment • repetition • contrast
66.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 Proximity organizes this image: Source: U.S. Department of State, 2011 <http://future.state.gov>.
67.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 Alignment organizes this image: Source: Carnegie Science Center, n.d.
68.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Repetition organizes this image: Source: Myers, 2007, p. 362.
69.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Contrast clarifies this image: Source: Lambert Coffin, 2010 <www.lambertcoffin.com/index.php?sid=2>.
70.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 To plan a design, take these two steps: • Analyze your audience and purpose. • Determine your resources.
71.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 For multicultural readers, consider four cultural preferences: • paper size • typeface preferences • color preferences • text direction
72.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Determine your resources: • Time. What is your schedule? • Money. Can you afford professional designers, print shops, and Web developers? • Equipment. Do you have graphics software, desktop-publishing programs, and a printer?
73.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Consider these four elements when designing documents: • size (page size and page count) • paper • bindings • accessing aids
74.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Select one of four common types of binding: • loose-leaf binders • ring or spiral binders • saddle binding • perfect binding
75.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Consider using six typical accessing aids: • icons • color • dividers and tabs • cross-reference tables • headers and footers • page numbering
76.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Understand how learning theory relates to page design: • chunking • queuing • filtering
77.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 Use two elements to create your page layout: • page grids • white space
78.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 16 Margins have four purposes: • to limit the amount of information on the page, making the document easier to read and use • to provide space for binding and allow readers to hold the page without covering up the text • to provide a neat frame around the type • to provide space for marginal glosses
79.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 A document bound like a book has these margins:
80.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 18 A multicolumn design offers three advantages: • Text is easier to read because the lines are shorter. • Columns allow you to fit more information on the page. • Columns let you use the principle of repetition to create a visual pattern.
81.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 19 Typography includes seven topics: • typefaces • type families • case • type size • line length • line spacing • justification
82.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 20 Different typefaces make different impressions: This paragraph is typed in Monotype Corsiva typeface. You are unlikely to see this style of font in a technical document because it is too ornate and too hard to read. This paragraph is Times Roman, an effective typeface for text in the body of technical documents. This paragraph is Tahoma, which has a modern, high- tech look. It is best suited for headings and titles in technical documents.
83.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 21 Two main categories of typefaces are serif and sans serif: N N serif sans serif
84.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 22 A type family includes many variations: Some of the members of the Helvetica family: Helvetica Helvetica Bold Helvetica Bold Italic Helvetica Narrow Helvetica Narrow Bold Helvetica Narrow Bold Italic
85.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 23 Case affects readability: Lowercase letters are easier to read: Individual variations are greater in lowercase words THAN THEY ARE IN UPPERCASE WORDS.
86.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 24 Different functions call for different type sizes: footnotes 8- or 9-point type body text 10-, 11-, or 12-point type headings 2 to 4 points larger than body text indexes 2 points smaller than body text titles 18 or 24 points slides 24- to 36-point type
87.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 25 Use line spacing carefully when designing headings: Summary In this example, the writer has skipped a line between the heading and the text that follows it. Summary In this example, the writer has not skipped a line. The heading stands out, but not as emphatically. Summary. This run-in style makes the heading stand out the least.
88.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 26 Use other design features for clarity and emphasis: • rules • boxes • screens • marginal glosses • pull quotes
89.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 27 These six principles will help you design effective Web sites and pages: • Create informative headers and footers. • Help readers navigate the site. • Include extra features readers might need. • Help readers connect with others. • Design for readers with disabilities. • Design for multicultural readers.
90.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 28 Follow these five guidelines for making your site easy to navigate: • Include a site map or index. • Use a table of contents at the top of long pages. • Help readers get back to the top of long pages. • Include a link to the home page on every page. • Include textual navigational links at the bottom of the page.
91.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 29 This is a typical site map: Source: National Institutes of Health, 2010 <www.genome.gov/sitemap.cfm>.
92.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 30 This is a typical table of contents: Source: U.S. Copyright Office, 2010 <www.copyright.gov/help/faq>.
93.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 31 Include extra features your readers might need: • an FAQ • a search page or engine • resource links • a printable version of your site • a text-only version of your site
94.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 32 Consider these three types of disabilities: • vision impairment • hearing impairment • mobility impairment
95.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 33 Follow these three suggestions when designing for multicultural audiences: • Use common words and short sentences and paragraphs. • Avoid idioms, both verbal and visual, that might be confusing. • If a large percentage of your readers speak a language other than English, consider creating a version of your site in that language.
96.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 34 Follow these four guidelines for designing a simple site: • Use simple backgrounds. • Use conservative color combinations to increase text legibility. • Avoid decorative graphics. • Use thumbnail graphics.
97.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 35 Follow these three suggestions to make text easy to read: • Keep the text short. • Chunk information. • Make the text as simple as possible.
98.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 36 Follow these three suggestions to write clear, informative links: • Structure your sentences as if there were no links in your text. • Indicate what information the linked page contains. • Use standard colors for text links.
99.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 37 This is an effective page design: Source: Gorzalka, 2011 <http://clearideaz.com>.
100.
Chapter 11. Designing
Documents and Web Sites © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 38 This is an effective page design: Source: Tumblr, 2011 <www.tumblr.com/about>.
101.
Chapter 14 Chapter 14.
Writing Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
102.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 The process of writing correspondence includes eight steps: • Analyze your audience. • Analyze your purpose. • Gather information about your subject. • Choose a type of correspondence. • Draft the correspondence. • Format the correspondence. • Revise, edit, and proofread the correspondence. • Send the correspondence.
103.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 Select the appropriate application: • Letters are the most formal and most appropriate for communicating with people outside your organization. • Memos are moderately formal and appropriate for people in your organization. • E-mail is best for quick, relatively informal communication. • Microblog posts (Twitter tweets, Facebook status updates) can be useful for informal questions or statements addressed to a group.
104.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 Use these five principles to present yourself effectively: • Use the appropriate level of formality. • Communicate correctly. • Project the “you attitude.” • Avoid correspondence clichés. • Communicate honestly.
105.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 Most letters include six elements: • heading • inside address • salutation • body • complimentary close • signature
106.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 • attention line • subject line • header for second and subsequent pages • enclosure line • copy line Some letters include additional elements:
107.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 • modified block • full block Most letters use one of two formats:
108.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 • inquiry • response to inquiry • claim • adjustment Four types of letters are common:
109.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 • Explain who you are and why you are writing. • Make your questions precise and clear. • Indicate your schedule. • Politely request a response. • Offer something in return. • Always write a thank-you note to the person who has responded to your inquiry letter. Use this strategy when writing an inquiry letter:
110.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Use this strategy when responding to an inquiry letter: • Answer the questions if you can. • If you cannot answer the questions, explain the reasons and offer to assist with other requests. • Include additional information, if appropriate.
111.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Use this strategy when writing a claim letter: • Use a professional tone. • Clearly identify the product or service you are writing about. • Explain the problem and include persuasive details. • Propose a solution.
112.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 • Meet the customer on neutral ground. • Summarize the facts as you see them. • Explain why you are unable to fulfill the request. • Create goodwill. Use this strategy when writing a bad-news adjustment letter:
113.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Use these five elements to organize most memos: • a specific subject line • a clear statement of purpose • a brief summary • informative headings • a prominent recommendation
114.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Follow these eight netiquette guidelines when writing e-mail: • Stick to business. • Don’t waste bandwidth. • Use appropriate formality. • Write correctly. • Don’t flame.
115.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 Follow these eight netiquette guidelines when writing e-mail (cont.): • Make your message easy on the eyes. • Don’t forward a message to an online discussion forum without the writer’s permission. • Don’t send a message unless you have something to say.
116.
Remember three things when
writing microblogs: • You are creating an archived communication that reflects on you and your organization. • Anything you write is subject to the same laws and regulations that pertain to all other kinds of documents. • The best way to understand your responsibilities is to study your organization’s guidelines. Chapter 14. Writing Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15
117.
Chapter 14. Writing
Correspondence © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 Consider three factors when writing to intercultural readers: • the cultural practices of your readers • the language use and tone preferred by your readers • the application choice and use preferred by your readers
118.
Chapter 15 Chapter 15.
Preparing Job-Application
119.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 • Plan the job search. • Decide how to look for a position. • Learn as much as you can about the organizations to which you will apply. • Draft the résumé and application letter. • Revise, edit, and proofread the résumé and letter. • Prepare for job interviews. • Write appropriate follow-up letters. The process for preparing job-application materials includes seven steps:
120.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 In planning a job search, carry out these four tasks: • Do a self-inventory. • Learn about the employers. • Prepare a résumé and job-application letter. • Prepare a portfolio.
121.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 • through a college or university placement office • through a professional placement bureau • through a published job ad • through an organization's Web site • through a job board on the Internet • through your connections on social media • through personal connections • through an unsolicited letter to an organization You can look for a job eight ways:
122.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 • Who has access to your résumé? • How will you know if an employer requests your résumé? • Can your current employer see your résumé? • Can you update your résumé at no cost? Ask these four questions before posting to a job board:
123.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 • Periodically check Internet content about yourself. • Use accounts on social-media sites to make a good first impression. • Create a profile tailored to the type of job you seek. • Project a professional persona. • Follow through with what you say you will do. • Help others make career connections. Assume that employers will search the Internet while screening job applicants:
124.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 • You know yourself better than anyone else does. • Employment officers know the style of the local agencies. • If you write your own résumé, you will be more likely to adapt it to different situations. There are three reasons to write your own résumé:
125.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 • generous margins • clear type • balanced appearance • clear organization An attractive résumé has four characteristics:
126.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 • It must provide clear, specific information, without generalizations or self-congratulation. • It must be free of errors. • It must be honest. The résumé must meet three standards:
127.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 A chronological résumé has six elements: • identifying information • objectives or summary of qualifications • education • employment history • interests and activities • references
128.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 • State only the goals or duties explicitly mentioned, or clearly implied, in the job advertisement. • Focus on the reader’s needs, not on your goals. • Be specific. Follow these three suggestions when drafting a statement of objectives:
129.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Include these five elements in the education section: • the degree • the institution • the location of the institution • the date of graduation • information about other schools you attended
130.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Follow these four guidelines when elaborating on your education: • List your grade-point average. • Compile a list of courses. • Describe a special accomplishment. • List honors and awards you received.
131.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Present these details about your employment history: • skills • equipment • money • documents • personnel • clients
132.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 • participation in community-service organizations • hobbies related to your career • sports, especially those that might be socially useful in your professional career • university-sanctioned activities Include information about your interests and activities:
133.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 16 • Decide whether and how you want to present the references. • Choose your references carefully. • Give the potential reference an opportunity to decline gracefully. Follow these three suggestions when providing references:
134.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 Some résumés contain additional information: • computer skills • military experience • language ability • willingness to relocate
135.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 18 A skills résumé includes seven sections: • identifying information • objective or summary of qualifications • skills • education • employment history • interests and activities • references
136.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 19 • a formatted résumé attached to an e-mail message • a text résumé • a scannable résumé—one that will be scanned into an organization's database • a Web-based résumé Electronic résumés can take four forms:
137.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 20 • Use ASCII text only. • Left-align the information. • Send yourself a test version of the résumé. Follow these three guidelines when preparing a text résumé:
138.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 21 • Use a good-quality laser printer. • Use white paper. • Do not fold the résumé. • Use a simple sans-serif typeface. • Use a single-column format. • Use wide margins. • Use the space bar instead of the tab key. Follow these seven guidelines when preparing a scannable résumé:
139.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 22 Follow two principles when drafting a job-application letter: • Selectivity. Select two or three points of greatest interest to the potential employer. • Development. Develop those points into paragraphs emphasizing results.
140.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 23 • It identifies your source of information. • It identifies the position you are interested in. • It states that you wish to be considered for the position. • It forecasts the rest of the letter. The introductory paragraph has four functions:
141.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 24 • a reference to your résumé • a polite but confident request for an interview • your phone number and e-mail address The concluding paragraph includes three elements:
142.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 25 • Study job interviews. • Study the organization to which you applied. • Think about what you can offer the organization. • Study lists of common interview questions. • Compile a list of questions you wish to ask. • Rehearse the interview. Follow these six guidelines when preparing for a job interview:
143.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 26 Consider these seven questions before a job interview: • When should you arrive for the interview? • What should you wear? • How do interviewers interpret your body language? • What questions are you likely to be asked? • How long should your answers be? • How do you know when the interviewer wishes to end the interview? • How can you get the interviewer’s contact information to write a follow-up letter?
144.
Chapter 15. Writing
Job-Application Materials © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 27 • letter of appreciation after an interview • letter accepting a job offer • letter rejecting a job offer • letter acknowledging a rejection Write one of these four follow-up letters or e-mails after the interview:
145.
Chapter 17 Chapter 17.
Writing Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
146.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 • e-mails • memos • forms • reports • Web pages Informational reports can take many forms:
147.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 The writing process for informational reports includes six steps: • Analyze your audience. • Analyze your purpose. • Research the subject and compile your information. • Choose an appropriate format. • Draft the report. • Revise, edit, and proofread the report.
148.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 • How might your readers react to your informational report? • Will your readers be comfortable with your choice of application? • Do you need to adjust your writing style? Consider three questions when writing reports for multicultural readers:
149.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 • directives • field reports • progress and status reports • incident reports • meeting minutes You likely will have to write five types of informational reports:
150.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Use this strategy when writing directives: • Explain why the new policy is desirable or at least necessary. • Present clear, compelling evidence. • Consider opposing arguments effectively. • Present yourself as cooperative, moderate, fair-minded, and modest. • If appropriate, include arguments that appeal to readers’ broader goals of security, recogni- tion, professional growth, and connectedness.
151.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Use this strategy when writing field reports: • Describe inspections, maintenance, and site studies. • Explain the problem, methods, results, and conclusions. • Deemphasize methods. • Include recommendations if needed.
152.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 • What is the purpose of the report? • What are the main points covered in the report? • What were the problems leading to the decision to perform the procedure? • What methods were used? • What were the results? • What do the results mean? Answer these six questions in a field report:
153.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 Understand the difference between a progress report and a status report: • A progress report describes an ongoing project. • A status report, or activity report, describes the entire range of operations of a department or division.
154.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Report your progress honestly when responding to three common problems: • The deliverable won’t be what you thought it would be. • You won’t meet your schedule. • You won’t meet the budget.
155.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Two organizational patterns are typical in progress and status reports: Time Pattern Task Pattern Discussion Discussion A. Past Work A. Task 1 B. Future Work 1. Past Work 2. Future Work B. Task 2 1. Past Work 2. Future Work
156.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Project an appropriate tone in a progress or status report: • If the news is good, convey your optimism but avoid overstatement. • Don’t panic if the preliminary results are not as promising as you had planned or if the project is behind schedule.
157.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Use this strategy when writing incident reports: • Explain what happened. • Explain why it happened. • Explain what the organization did or will do to follow up on the incident.
158.
Chapter 17. Writing
Informational Reports © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Use this strategy when writing meeting minutes: • Be clear, comprehensive, objective, and diplomatic. • Report the events of the meeting accurately. • Do not record emotional exchanges between participants; the minutes should reflect positively on participants and the organization.
159.
Chapter 20 Chapter 20.
Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
160.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 What are definitions, descriptions, and instructions? • A definition is typically a brief explanation of an item or concept using words and (sometimes) graphics. • A description is typically a longer explanation, usually accompanied by graphics, of an object, mechanism, or process. • A set of instructions is a kind of process description intended to enable a person to carry out a task.
161.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 Definitions have two main uses: • Definitions clarify a description of a new development or a new technology in a technical field. • Definitions help specialists communicate with less knowledgeable readers.
162.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 Use these four strategies when defining terms for readers from another culture: • Add a glossary (a list of definitions). • Use Simplified English and easily recognizable terms in definitions. • Pay close attention to key terms. • Use graphics to help readers understand a term or concept.
163.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 There are three types of definitions: • parenthetical • sentence • extended
164.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 Sentence definitions follow a typical pattern: Item = category + distinguishing characteristics
165.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Follow these four guidelines to write effective sentence definitions: • Be specific in stating the category and the distinguishing characteristics. • Don’t describe a specific item if you are defining a general class of items. • Avoid writing circular definitions. • Be sure the category contains a noun or a noun phrase rather than a phrase beginning with when, what, or where.
166.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 Eight techniques are used in extended definitions: • graphics • examples • partition • principle of operation • comparison and contrast • analogy • negation • etymology
167.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 Decide where to place the definition: • in the text • in a marginal gloss • in a hyperlink • in a footnote • in a glossary • in an appendix
168.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 Descriptions are verbal and visual representations of three items: • objects • mechanisms • processes
169.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Follow these four principles when writing descriptions: • Clearly indicate the nature and scope of the description. • Introduce the description clearly. • Provide appropriate detail. • Conclude the description.
170.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 Answer these five questions to introduce object or mechanism descriptions: • What is the item? • What is the function of the item? • What does the item look like? • How does the item work? • What are the principal parts of the item?
171.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 Answer these six questions to introduce process descriptions: • What is the process? • What is the function of the process? • Where and when does the process take place? • Who or what performs the process? • How does the process work? • What are the principal steps of the process?
172.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 14 Provide appropriate detail in mechanism and object descriptions: • Choose an appropriate organizational principle: functional spatial • Use graphics.
173.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 15 Provide appropriate detail in process descriptions: • Structure the step-by-step description chronologically. • Explain causal relationships among steps. • Use the present tense. • Use graphics.
174.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 16 An example of a process description based on a graphic
175.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 17 Consider five questions when designing a set of instructions: • What are your reader’s expectations? • Do you need to create more than one set of instructions for different audiences? • What languages should you use? • Will readers be anxious about the information? • Will the environment in which the instructions are read affect the document design?
176.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 18 Follow these two guidelines to design clear, attractive pages: • Create an open, airy design. • Clearly relate the graphics to the text.
177.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 19 Examples of cluttered and attractive page designs Source: Anthro, 2005 <www.anthro.com/ assemblyinstructio ns/300-5237- 00.pdf>. Source: Slide- Lok, 2005 <www.slide- lok.com/ assembly/P246 8/P2468.pdf>.
178.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 20 • Danger indicates an immediate and serious hazard that will likely be fatal. • Warning indicates the potential for serious injury or death or serious damage to equipment. • Caution indicates the potential for anything from moderate injury to serious equipment damage or destruction. • Note indicates a tip or suggestion to help readers carry out the procedure successfully Understand the four signal words used in manuals and instructions:
179.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 21 An example of a safety label
180.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 22 • title • general introduction • step-by-step instructions • conclusion A typical set of instructions includes these four elements:
181.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 23 Write effective titles for instructions: Effective titles: • How-to. “How to Install the J112 Shock Absorber” • Gerund. “Installing the J112 Shock Absorber” Ineffective titles: Noun strings. “J112 Shock Absorber Installation Instructions”
182.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 24 • Who should carry out this task? • Why should the reader carry out this task? • When should the reader carry out this task? • What safety measures or other concerns should the reader understand? • What items will the reader need? • How long will the task take? Consider answering these six questions when drafting introductions for instructions:
183.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 25 • Number the instructions. • Present the right amount of information in each step. • Use the imperative mood. • Don’t confuse steps and feedback statements. • Include graphics. • Do not omit articles (a, an, the) to save space. Follow these six guidelines when drafting steps in instructions:
184.
Typical elements in
the front matter of a manual: • introduction or preface • overview of the contents • conventions section • “where to get help” section • list of trademarks Chapter 20. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 25
185.
Typical elements in
the back matter of a manual: • set of specifications • list of safety regulations and industry standards • tips on maintenance and servicing • copyright page • index • glossary Chapter 20. Writing Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 26
186.
Chapter 20. Writing
Definitions, Descriptions, and Instructions © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 28 • In what language should the information be written? • Do the text or graphics need to be modified? • What is the reader’s technological infrastructure? Consider these three questions when writing instructions for multicultural readers:
187.
Chapter 22 Chapter 22.
Connecting with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's
188.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 2 • The old philosophy was top down. For example, a company wanting to publicize a new product would issue press releases, write articles for trade magazines, and place ads in magazines and on TV. • The new philosophy is bottom up. Now, a company uses social media to connect with its various stakeholders. Tools and policies for communication have changed:
189.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 3 • newsletters • brochures • white papers • podcasts Here are four one-way applications for presenting information to the public:
190.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 4 • banner • table of contents • headlines • bylines • jump lines and end signs A typical newsletter includes most of these 10 elements:
191.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 5 • continuation headings • photographs • pull quotes • publisher • postal information A typical newsletter includes most of these 10 elements (cont.):
192.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 6 • Decide where and how your brochure will be reproduced. • Design your information to fit appropriately on the panels. • Use the front panel to attract attention. • Avoid design clichés. Follow these four suggestions when creating a brochure:
193.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 7 Follow these seven suggestions for writing an effective white paper: • Communicate useful information. • Use a subtle approach. • Cite your sources. • Make the white paper easy to skim and navigate. • Help readers who don’t know all the jargon. • Make sure the white paper prints well in black and white. • End with a call to action.
194.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 8 Practice these six ethical values when marketing your organization: • honesty • responsibility • fairness • respect • openness • citizenship
195.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 9 • Prepare for your podcast. • Record the podcast. • Edit the podcast. • Publish the podcast. Follow these four steps when creating a podcast:
196.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 10 • discussion boards • blogs • wikis Three social-media applications for connecting with the public:
197.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 11 Follow these six guidelines when posting to discussion boards: • Share your knowledge. • Do your homework before posting a question. • Support your claims with evidence. • Stay on topic. • Avoid personal attacks. • Disclose potential conflicts of interest.
198.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 12 • Know and follow your company’s blogging policies. • Provide good content without saying too much. • Use an authentic voice. • Avoid conflicts of interest. • Manage your time carefully. • Follow up on negative comments. Follow these six guidelines when writing a blog:
199.
Chapter 22. Connecting
with the Public © 2012 by Bedford/St. Martin's 13 • Know your audience. • Keep your wiki up-to-date. • Integrate the wiki with other documentation. • Integrate the wiki within your community. • Make organization a high priority. • Help reluctant users get involved. Follow these six suggestions when using a wiki: