2. INTRODUCTION
Any research cannot be a successful one,
without publishing the findings to the community.
This is the last step in the research process which
helps to share the results.
Dissemination is a planned process that
involves consideration of target audiences and the
settings in which research findings are to be
received and, where appropriate, communicating
and interacting with wider policy and health
service audiences in ways that will facilitate
research uptake in decision‐making processes.
3. • Communication of the research findings is carried out
through the dissemination of the empirical research
evidences generated through the research study.
• The process of dissemination is achieved through
either in a written or oral form, In research, if a
researcher narrates a detailed information about the
whole process of research is as theses, dissserations,
research articles, scientific papers ,etc; known as
written form of communication, whereas oral
communication of the research findings is achieved
through the presentation of the final results and effects
through either oral scientific paper or poster
presentation.
4. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY:
• The findings of the study are the presentation of the
results in the form of data or facts. The reporting of
the data is an objective process – no opinions. (Data
are plural. Datum is singular.)
• Findings are written in the past tense and are the
results of data analysis. They also include a
description of the study sample and whether any
subjects have dropped out.
• Descriptive statistics are always used, but inferential
statistics are only used where hypotheses are tested
or research questions are posed.
5. CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATING THE
RESEARCH:
• Selecting Proper Channel for communicating
• Knowing the consumers
• Developing an effective plan for writing
research report:
- Decide an authorship
-Deciding about the content
- Preparing outline of report
• Careful selection of journal for publication of a
report
• Careful review of the author’s manuscript
guidelines
6. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
OF RESEARCH
• Communication of research findings must be
carried out through methods that are fast and
have a wide range of coverage to
disseminate the research evidences among
Professionals. Generally, research findings
are disseminated through following methods:
• Written Reports
• Oral Reports / verbal reports
• Poster Presentation
7. • A research report is a well-crafted
document that outlines the processes,
data, and findings of a systematic
investigation. It is an important document
that serves as a first-hand account of
the research process, and it is typically
considered as an objective and accurate
source of information
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH REPORT
• Conciseness, Clarity, Honesty,
completeness and accuracy.
• Long enough to cover the subject content
and short enough to maintain interest.
• It must be written and presented logically.
• Terminologies should be avoided.
• Should be lucid and visually attractive.
• originality
9.
10. Ways to Communication
outlet - Oral presentation
• An oral presentation should give the most
important information first, leaving the
details for last (in case the audience is
asleep by then).
• A presentation should tell a story, keeping
in mind the check-list - "Who? What?
When? Where? and Why?"
11. • There are three key ingredients for making a
good presentation: preparation, preparation,
preparation.
• For starters, one must know the material
thoroughly, which means knowing a lot more
than they actually present.
• Think of the presentation as the tip of an
iceberg: the submerged part of the iceberg,
which is the much larger part, as everything
the person leave out.
• If know the material better , the more relaxed
and confident one will feel in front of the
audience
12. • a 15-minute presentation is equivalent to
about six typed pages and doubled
spaced;
• a 10-minute presentation is equivalent to
about four pages.
13. Preparing the audiovisuals
• For a 15-minute presentation of research, the
slides might be as follows:
1. (1) title/author
2. (2-3) key points (equivalent to an abstract; putting
the most important information first);
3. (4-5) background and importance of problem
(introduction),
4. (6-9) what the author did (methods and
materials),
5. (10-13) what the author found out (results ) and
6. (14-15) importance of the findings (discussion).
14. Tips for good slides.
1. Same type fonts, same spacing, same use of
color.
2. Text should be at least 28 points in size (one-half
cm high).
3. Titles should be larger.
4. Follow the 6 x 6 rule: a maximum of six lines per
overhead and six words per line.
5. Think in terms of a title followed by a bulleted list.
6. Use short, active phrases only, not complete
sentences
15. Chart or Table
• Each chart should make one simple point.
• Use a maximum of four lines per line chart
(three is better), six bars per bar chart (four is
better).
• Keep labels to the minimum necessary, and
keep all the charts in two dimensions (no
cute, but misleading, perspective effects).
• Charts are better than tables
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. WRITTEN REPORT
A common and affordable way to share the
research findings.
Particularly useful when aiming to increase
awareness or knowledge about new
information.
Researchers typically publish their findings in
peer-reviewed journals, but should also
produce reports for different target audiences
(e.g., funding agencies, participants, service
providers, and policy makers) or in formats
that are more “reader” friendly (e.g.: project
report, in brief )
25. Skills can be developed informally by
– Reading and carefully analyzing current
literature
– Writing papers and submitting them for peer
review and critique.
26. WRITE SCIENTIFIC
ARTICLES.....
Researchers should :
1. Determine the present state-of-affairs and/or
problems
2. Formulate relevant questions
3. Design methods to answer the questions
4. Use the methods to collect data
5. Look for relationships among the data
6. Used the relationships to answer the
questions
7. Determine the next relevant questions
8. Communicate it all to others
27. • Writing the research report
- Writing thesis/dissertation
- Writing the scientific paper for journal
28.
29. Scientific Writing Made Easy
The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, Volume: 97, Issue: 4, Pages: 417-426, First
published: 03 October 2016, DOI: (10.1002/bes2.1258)
30. THE IMRAD FORMAT FOR SCIENTIFIC PAPERS
• Introduction: What was the question?
• Methods: How did you try to answer it?
• Results: What did you find?
And
• Discussion: What does it mean?
31. • Most scientific writing is divided into distinct
sections:
1. Title
2. Abstract ,key words
3. Introduction
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. References
8. Tables and figures
32. TITLE
• A good title is defined as the fewest possible
words that adequately describe the contents of
the paper.
• The title is extremely important and must be
chosen with great care as it will be read by
thousands, whereas few will read the entire
paper
• Indexing and abstracting of the paper depends on
the accuracy of the title. An improperly titled
paper will get lost and will never be read.
33. • Titles should neither be too short nor too
long as to be meaningless
• It should contain the keywords that reflect
the contents of the paper.
• It should be meaningful and not general
• It should be concise, specific and
informative
• It should capture the fundamental nature
of the experiments and findings
34. How to Prepare the Title
• Make a list of the most important keywords
• Think of a title that contains these words
• The title could state the conclusion of the paper
• The title NEVER contains abbreviations, chemical
formulas, proprietary names or jargon
• Think, rethink of the title before submitting the
paper
• Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to
faulty word order
35. THE ABSTRACT
• Defined as a summary of the information in a
document
• Written clearly and simply, as it is the first and
sometimes the only part of the manuscript read.
• Provide a brief summary of each of the main
sections (IMRAD) of the paper:
1. State the principal objective and scope of the
investigation
2. Describe the methods used
3. Summarize the results, and
4. State the principal conclusions
• It is easier to write the abstract after completion of
the paper
36. CRITERIA OF THE ABSTRACT
• It should not exceed 200 words
• It should be written in one paragraph.
• It should be written in the past tense as it
refers to work done.
• It should not cite any references (except in
rare cases)
• It should never give any information or
conclusion that is not stated in the paper
• Must be accurate with respect to figures
quoted in the main text.
37. IMRAD
• I = Introduction, what question (problem)
was studied
• M = Methods, how was the problem
studied
• R = Results, what are the findings
• A = and
• D = Discussion, what do these findings
mean
38. INTRODUCTION
Content outline
• Research problem
• Significance of the problem
• Research purpose / objectives,
hypothesis if applicable
• Brief literature review, frame work
• Any underlying assumptions
39. INTRODUCTION
The introduction should answer the following
questions:
1. What was I studying?
2. Why was this an important question?
3. What did I know about this topic before I
did this study?
4. What model was I testing? and
5. What approach did I take in this study?
40. General rules
• Use the present tense when referring to work
that has already been published, but past
tense when referring to your own study.
• Use the active voice as much as possible
• Avoid lengthy or unfocused reviews of
previous research.
• Cite peer-reviewed scientific literature or
scholarly reviews. Avoid general reference
works such as textbooks.
• Define any specialized terms or abbreviations
41. • Introduction is written in a funnel shaped structure
(Broad to specific)
• End point of introduction should be concise
delineation of the research question / hypothesis
• Extensive literature review in thesis / dissertation
• Concise for journal articles (10 – 15 sources, 2 – 3
paras)
• Framework - Major concepts
- Relationships described
- A map or a model to clarify the logic
42. METHODS SECTION
• Describe how the study was conducted
• Description of research methods used
– Detailed in dissertation / thesis
– Concise in scientific papers
• Content outline
– Research design
– Sample & setting
– Data collection instruments
– Procedures
– Data analysis
43. How to write the Materials
and Methods section
• Provide full details so that the experiments
are reproducible
• Organize the methods under subheadings,
with related methods described together (e.g.
subjects, experimental design, Measurement
of…, Hormonal assays etc…).
• Describe the experimental design in detail
• Do not mix some of the Results in this section
• Write in the past tense
44. MATERIAL
• Must identify accurately experimental animals, plants,
and microorganisms used by genus, species and
strain
• The source of subjects studied, number of individuals
in each group used, their sex, age, and weight must
be clearly stated
• If human subjects are used, the criteria for selection
should be described, and consent
• For chemicals used, include exact technical
specifications and source or method of preparation.
• Avoid the use of trade names of chemicals, generic or
chemical names are preferred.
45. METHODS
• This part of the manuscript must be clear, precise
and concise so that it can be reproducible
• If the method is new, all details must be provided
• If the method has been previously published in a
scientific journal, only the reference should be
given with some identification:
e.g. “cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as
previously described by …”. Preferable than “cells
were broken as previously described by …. “
• Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be
answered and not left to be puzzled over
• Methods used for statistical analyses must be
mentioned; ordinary ones without comments, but
advanced or unusual ones require literature
citation
46. Data collection & instruments
• Describe the study instruments & rationale for use
• If developed by the researcher, describe process
of development, methods used, pre testing,
revisions made, scoring procedure
• Information regarding validity and reliability
47. Pilot study
• Explain the planning and implementation briefly
• Specify any modifications made
48. Procedures – Data collection process
• Steps used to collect data
• In observational study – explain the process, who
conducted, where was it conducted, and what
duration.
• In Experimental study – Explain intervention, how
and by whom was it carried out
• Specify steps taken to protect human subjects
50. Methods of presenting the
data
1. Directly in the text
2. In a table
3. In a figure
• All figures and tables must be
accompanied by a textual presentation of
the key findings
• Never have a table or figure that is not
mentioned in the text
51. Tables and figures
• Tables are appropriate for large or complicated
data sets that would be difficult to explain clearly in
text.
• Figures are appropriate for data sets that exhibit
trends, patterns, or relationships that are best
conveyed visually.
• Any table or figure must be sufficiently described
by its title and caption or legend, to be
understandable without reading the main text of
the results section.
• Do not include both a table and a figure showing
the same information
53. • Numerical
variables
contains MST
(mean, median,
modus) and
distribution SD,
range, IQR, etc)
Notes
• Data with normal
distribution use
mean and SD
• Data with not
normal distribution
use median and IQR
table
60. RESULTS
• Results section is written in the past tense
• It is the core or heart of the paper
• It needs to be clearly and simply stated since
it constitutes the new knowledge contributed
to the world
• The purpose of this section is to summarize
and illustrate the findings in an orderly and
logical sequence, without interpretation
• The text should guide the reader through the
findings, stressing the major points
• Do not describe methods that have already
been described in the M&M section or that
have been inadvertently omitted
61. DISCUSSION
• It is the hardest section to write.
• Its primary purpose is to show the
relationships among observed facts
• It should end with a short summary or
conclusion regarding the significance of
the work.
62. Components of the
discussion
• Try to present the principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the Results
• Point out any exceptions or any lack of
correlation and define unsettled points
• Show how the results and interpretations agree
or contrast with previously published work
• Discuss the theoretical implications of the work,
and any possible practical applications.
• State the conclusions as clearly as possible
• Summarize the evidence for each conclusion
63. Ethics, Rights and
Permissions
• Beware of originality and copyrights of
others.
• Do not copy anything without giving the
credit to the owner by referencing it.
• In some cases permissions are needed
• Repetitive publication of the same data is
considered plagiarism
64. Major Findings
• Findings related to research problem, objectives
or hypotheses
• Comparison of findings with relevant research
and with existing theoretical base
• Never conclude saying data proved, confirmed or
hypothesis correct or incorrect
• Correct way of stating : hypothesis supported or
not supported, accepted or rejected
65. Limitations
• Include factors such as the inherent weakness
• Acknowledging limitations strengthen the
presentation of the findings
• Generalizability of findings is influenced by the
limitations
66. CONCLUSION
• Highlights the value of the work
• The contribution that have made toward
solving the problem mentioned at the
beginning of the introduction
• Should correlate with the research
objective
• New directions for further research
• New research question?
67. IMPLICATIONS
• This gives the researcher the opportunity
to be creative – give the meaning of the
conclusions for the body of knowledge, for
theory and for practice. It contains
suggestions for making changes, for
implementing findings, for further studies,
and for incorporation into the body of
knowledge of nursing and other
disciplines.
68. RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation should be put forward to
implement the results of the study toward
the beneficiary of the study.
Logical extensions of the study – answers
the question “What comes next?”
Replication of the study – maybe a
different sampling or setting. If these are
not done, implementation of research
findings are seriously hampered.
69. Ways to Communication
outlet - poster presentation
• Poster is attractive in terms of design, layout
and neatness. Graphics are easily viewed and
related to the topic, making the material easy
to understand. Fonts are easy-to-read and
vary appropriately for headings and text. ...
Text is appropriate in length for audience and
to the point of the project.
70. Good poster should have
• 1) A catchy title.
• 2) An introduction.
• 3) An overview of the methods..
• 4) Results/discussion.
• 5) A strong conclusion..
• 6) A references section.
• 7) Acknowledgements.
71. Tips for making your poster stand out
1. Less is more
• The text of a poster should have its own visual
appeal.
• The text must be neatly arranged in 2 to 4
columns on a poster that's about 91 cm by 122
cm.
• The font should be consistent throughout, and
must be clear and easy to read (not something like
Comic Sans), and should be at least 24 points.
72. Tips for making your poster stand out
• The poster should be printed to the maximum size
allowed by the conference, and
– the title should be large and legible from a
distance.
– The subheadings — which should also be clear
and visible — should say something more
dynamic
– Results- The heading for the results section
should hint at that finding.
• Visually attractive posters tend to have substantial
borders and significant gaps between text blocks.
73. Tips for making your poster stand out
(cont.…)
2. The right tool for the job
• Use vector-based graphics programs such as
Inkscape or Adobe Illustrator.
• Images and text can thus be scaled up without
loss of clarity.
• These programs can also smoothly align text
and captions.
74. Tips for making your poster stand out
3. Presenting the Poster
• Prepare several different versions of one's
talking points
• Involve the audience by being open and
enthusiastic.
• The combination of a clear poster and
passionate presentation works best, because
people will understand your work and get
excited.
75. 4. Know your audience and the context
▪ Peers
▪ Colleagues familiar with your work
▪ Experts in your field
▪ Experts in a separate but related field
▪ Non-scientific or non-medical community
76. Someone stops at your poster:
Introduce yourself
Proceed with the “stairwell”
conversation
If they appear interested:
Offer to walk them through the key results
Proceed with the “tea time” conversation
If they are still listening, asking questions:
Emphasize the conclusions/implications
Proceed with the “thesis dissertation”
77. COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC
POSTER
A descriptive title in large font, often
referencing the study design
Authors names and institutions
Abstract
Optional to
include
Background
Methods
Results
0
5
10
Results
Data x y
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
Results Conclusions
Implications
Support/
Contact
Photo
People read here
78. Choose the right color font/
background
Or else you will lose your audience
(this font is too small)
Black font / white background
Yellow font/ blue background
Black font/ yellow background
24 point font is the smallest to use
(practice projecting presentation with a colleague
before)
80. APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION)STYLE
Eg:Book
• Morales, L. (1987). The history of Cuba. New York: Franklin Watts.
• Ellington, W., Jr., & Henrickson, E.B. (1995). The elements of dance
(3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book Chapter
• Tizol, W.P. (1976). Brain function and memory. In J.M.O. Corney &
H.L. Center (Eds.), An inside look at what we think we know. (pp.
154-184). Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press.
Journal Article
• Bauza,R.H. (1982).Manitobanematodes. Journal of Cool Nematodes,
10, 252-264.
• Gillespie, R.C., & Tupac, R.M. (1976). How confident people dance.
American Dancing, 225, 82-90.
Magazine Article
• Pozo, E. R. (2008, November 19). The way she loved me. Personal
Literature, 290, 1113- 1120.
81. VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING
Books :
• Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first).
Vol. (if a multivolume work). Place of publication:
Publishers; Year. Page number(s).
Parts of a Book:
• Author of part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A,
Editor B, Title: subtitle of Book. Edition (if not the first).
Place of publication: Publishers; Year. Page number(s).
Journal Articles:
• Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of
article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal.
Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s).
E – Books
• Author A, Author B. Title of e-book (format). Place:
Publisher; Date of original publication (cited year
abbreviated day). Available from: Source. URL.
82. Book:
• Cronon, William. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago
and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton.
Edited Book:
• Fainstein, Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996.
Readings in Urban Theory. Cambridge, MA and
Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Chapter in an Edited Book:
• Fishman, Robert. 1996. Bourgeois Utopias: Visions of
Utopia. In Readings in Urban Theory, edited by S. S.
Fainstein and S. Campbell. Cambridge, MA and
Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
CAMPBELL STYLE
83. Harvard style of referencing…
• Author’s name followed by its initials.
• Year of publication.
• Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop.
• Name of Journal in italic form.
• Volume followed by a comma
• Issue no. in bracket.
• Page no.
Example
1. Padda, J. (2003) ‘creative writing in coventry'.
Journal of writing studies 3 (2), 44-59.
2. Lennernas, H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of
the effective unstirred water layer thickness in the
human jejunum & its importance in oral drug
absorption’. Eur. J. pharm sci (3), 247-253.
85. INTRODUCTION
• Begins with statement of the problem
• If ethnographic – explain study’s cultural context
• If critical or feminist - explain sociopolitical
context
• If phenomenological or grounded – explain
philosophical context
• Information on personal experiences relevant to
study
• Research purposes and questions – concluding
paragraph
86. METHODOLOGY
• Type of design
• Design features
• Research setting – for transferability
• Selection of participants
• Characteristics of participants
• Researcher’s connection to participants
• Sample questions, description of data collection
method, who collected data, how data collectors
were trained &methods to record data
• Trustworthiness of data
87. RESULTS
• Summarize themes, categories, taxonomic
structure or theory that emerged.
• Develop a story line before beginning to write
the findings, they should know how much and
what to tell.
• Experiences, voices and actions of the
participant should considered important – direct
quotes.
• Diagrams and word tables are used to organize
and summarize.
88. DISCUSSION
• Findings and interpretation are interwoven.
• The discussion should link other research
results with the present study.
• Should suggest implications for theory practice
and future research
89. • Once the research report is written it is ready for
dissemination in the form of
Thesis or dissertation
Journal publication
Electronic publication
Presentation at conferences
90. Thesis / Dissertation
• In-depth research report
• Lengthy document
• To demonstrate students’ understanding of
research (problem & process)
91. Organization of Dissertation
• Front Matter: Title page; Abstract; Copyright
page; Approval page; acknowledgement page;
table of contents; list of tables; list of figure; list of
appendices.
• Main Body:
• Chapter I – Introduction;
• Chapter II – Review of Literature;
• Chapter III – Methods;
• Chapter IV – Results;
• Chapter V – Discussion and Summary;
• Chapter VI -Summary, conclusion, implications,
recommendations and limitations.
• Supplementary pages: Bibliography, Appendix
92. • Traditional journals
• Professional journals :
Often a good option if you want the paper to be read
Less prestige that those focused on science & research
List the key journals in your field:
What types of paper are included?
How wide is the subject area?
Is there an abstracting ‘news’ section?
Are papers peer reviewed?
Is it an indexed journal? (e.g. in Medline)
Is it learned or commercial?
Who reads it?
(www.iccrjnr.com)
Organization for a Journal Publication
