1. B.TECH PROJECT REPORT PROFORMA
General Instructions:
1. All the students shall strictly follow the given proforma while preparing project
reports.
2. 4 (3+1) Copies (Five (4+1) copies for those doing project in Industries) of
Project Reports in hard copy form and 2 in soft copy form (CDs) shall be
submitted.
3. Black colour with Gold Letters shall be used as wrapper for the bound form of
report.
4. There shall be introduction (without sub-heading) and conclusion (without sub-
heading) for each chapter. Also there shall be link between chapters i.e., there
shall not be abrupt end or abrupt beginning of successive chapters.
5. All figures and tables shall be identified by chapter nos. and not by section or
sub-section nos. They must be labeled properly with proper numbers and shall
be referred in the text. There shall be some explanation regarding each figure
and table.
6. Proper margins must be given for each page.
7. All the paras must be justified on the right side.
8. Any equations must be identified by the chapter no.
9. There shall not be separate page given for each chapter.
10. Page Nos. shall be given in order at the bottom middle of each page.
11. For references, IEEE format shall be followed. For example, text books shall be
referred as author(s) name(s), title of book, publishers name, edition, year of
publication; journal papers as author(s) name(s), title of paper within quotes,
journal name, volume no., month and year, page nos.; URL’s as
http://www......... .
Books, Journals, URL’s must be given in order with separate sub-headings and
in alphabetical order of authors.
12. Name and Roll No. shall be indicated on the cover page, inside cover page, in
certificate and in acknowledgements.
13. There is no need to give the references in the text.

2. Font: Times New Roman
Outer and Inner Cover Page
Item Size (points)
Project Title 18
University Name 14
Degree Name 14
Branch Name 14
Student Name 14
Roll No. 14
Guide(s) Name(s) 16
Department Name 14
College Name 14
College Location & State 14
Year 16
All others 12
Certificate:
Title : 16 Points
All others : 12
Acknowledgement:
Title : 16
All others : 12
Contents
Title : 16
Chapter Titles : 14
All others : 12
List of Figures/ Tables
Title : 16
Column Headings : 14
All others : 12

3. Nomenclature
Title : 16
Others : 12
Abstract
Title : 16
Keywords : 10
Others : 12
Chapters & Appendices:
Chapter Name & No. : 16 Normal
Title : 16 Bold
Sub-heading : 14 Bold
Text : 12 Normal
Tables:
Table No. & Caption : 12 Bold (Table 1.1: Characteristics of Diode)
This shall be given just above the table, centered to the table
Figures:
Figure No. &Caption : 12 Bold (Fig. 1.1: Pin Diagram of 8085)
This shall be given at the bottom of the figure, centered to the figure.
References:
Title : 16 Bold
Others : 12
Page Setup:
A 4, executive bond paper, single side, 1 ½ Line Spacing
Margins: Top: 1.5’ Bottom: 1’ Left: 1.5’ Right: 0.75’

4. IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNAL
CONTROLLER USING VHDL
A Project Report
Submitted to the FACULTY of ENGINEERING of
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA.
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
by
B. Santi Priya (07X41A0410)
N. Jyothirmai (07X41A0424)
Ch. Anusha (07X41A0403)
V. N. Abhishek Kumar (07X41A0401)
Under the Guidance of
Sri B. Ravi
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ENIKEPADU, VIJAYAWADA-521108
ANDHRA PRADESH
2011

5. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Implementation Of Traffic Light Signal
Controller Using VHDL” is a bonafide record of work carried out by Ms. B. Santi Priya
(04481D3802) under our guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.
B. Ravi Dr. S. Sri Gowry
(Project Guide) (Head of the Department)

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are glad to express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. B. Ravi, Assistant Professor,
Electronics and Communication Engineering for his guidance and cooperation in
completing this project. Through this we want to convey our sincere thanks to him for
inspiring assistance during our project.
We express our heartful gratitude and deep indebtedness to Dr. Sri Gowry,
professor, and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for
her great help and encouragement in doing our project successfully.
We also express our gratitude to our principal Dr. S. Sri Gowry, for her
encouragement and facilities provided during the course of project.
We thank one and all who have rendered help to us directly or indirectly in the
completion of this work.
B. Santi Priya (07X41A0410)
N. Jyothirmai (07X41A0424)
Ch. Anusha (07X41A0403)
V. N. Abhishek Kumar (07X41A0401)

7. CONTENTS
Page No.
List of Figures i
List of Tables ii
Nomenclature iii
Abstract iv
Chapter 1: Introduction 01
1.1 Overview of the project 01
1.2 Requirements of the project 01
1.3 Why we are using 89S52 micro controller? 02
Chapter 2: Block & Schematic Diagrams Explanation 03
2.1 Block diagram 03
2.2 Schematic diagram 04
Chapter3: 89S52 Microcontroller 07
3.1 Introduction to Microcontroller 89S52 07
3.2 Features of Microcontroller 89S52 09
3.3 Description of Microcontroller 89S52 09
3.4 Pin Description of Microcontroller 89S52 11
3.5 Registers and Memory 15
3.6 Addressing Modes 15
3.7 Watchdog Timer 17
3.8 Timers and Counters 17
3.9 Interrupts 22
Chapter 4: Programmable Peripheral Interface (82C55A) 23
4.1 Features of 82C55A 24
4.2 Pin diagram 25
4.3 8255 Basic Operation 25
4.4 Pin description 27
4.5 Control word 28

8. Chapter 5: RF Transmitter and Receiver 30
5.1 MICRF102 Transmitter 30
5.2 MICRF007 Receiver 33
Chapter 6: Other Important Components 38
6.1 MAX 232 IC 38
6.2 RS232 Standards 41
6.3 74ABT573 41
6.4 74AC541 44
6.5 74AC245 . 74ACT245 46
6.6 74AC138 . 74ACT138 47
6.7 Thermal Printer 49
6.7.1 Characteristics 50
6.8 Liquid Crystal Display 52
6.9 16C452 UART 53
Chapter 7: Software Section 58
Chapter 8: Results and Conclusion 73
8.1 Results 73
8.2 Conclusion 77
8.3 Applications 77
8.4 Future Scope 77
Appendices: 78
Appendix A: Data Sheets 78
Appendix B: Microcontroller Code 79
References 80

9. LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
2.1 Block Diagram of Online Handheld Billing Terminal 3
2.2 Schematic Diagram of Online Handheld Billing Terminal 4
3.1 Pin Diagram of 89S52 10
3.2 Oscillator Connections 14
4.1 Pin configuration of 8255 25
4.2 Block Diagram of 8255 2
4.3 Control Word of 8255 28
5.1 Pin Diagram of RF Transmitter 31
5.2 Functional Diagram of RF Transmitter 32
6.1 Pin Diagram of MAX232 38
6.2 Connection Diagram of MAX232 40
LIST OF TABLES

10. Table No. Name of the Table Page No.
2.1 Truth table of 8255 selection pins 06
3.1 Port 1 Pin Details 12
3.2 Port 3 Pin Details 13
3.3 Timer 2 operating modes 20
4.1 Operation of 8255 25
4.2 Pin Description of 8255 27
5.1 Pin Description of RF Transmitter 32
NOMENCLATURE

11. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
DS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access
ABSTRACT

12. (Keywords: CDMA, Spread Spectrum, Transmitter, Receiver)
This project work undertaken, aims at developing CDMA receiver base station, which
mainly focuses on wireless communications. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a
multiple access technique supporting a large number of users on the same frequency all the
time.
Direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) employs spread
spectrum technique which converts a narrow band signal in to wide band and so the power
level of the signal falls below the noise and is difficult to jam and interrupt.
In this project the input to the receiver is the modulated signal coming from the
transmitter through a channel and this signal is demodulated .The demodulated signal is
distorted due to noise present in the channel .This noise is eliminated by using a low pass
filter .It is then de-spreaded by the signature sequence like PN sequence.
CHAPTER 1

13. INTRODUCTION
In the present world of automation, handheld billing machine is playing a vital role in the
department of electricity. Present handheld billing machine contains a memory chip where
previous readings are stored. When present reading is entered, subtraction of previous and
present readings takes place and then amount is calculated based upon slab rates. After the
amount is calculated the handheld billing machine is brought to the substation for loading
the details of customer into a server or a data book. Imagine a case if the machine gets
crashed under various circumstances all the previous readings will be lost due to loss of
memory chip, then the department officials have to record all the database from the server
or any database management system into a new handheld billing machine for the previous
readings, or recollect the readings from the customers. It is a very time consuming, needs
extra man power and wastes a lot of money.
Violating the above problems the further version developed is ‘Online handheld
billing terminal’. It does not require any internal memory to store the previous and present
readings. This online terminal will be in direct pace with the database server through
wireless communication. When the present readings are calculated the whole data will be
transmitted to the central database server on this spot. So extra man power or excess money
can be avoided as the total process is being done automatically
1.1 Requirements of Project.
• MICRO CONTROLLER (89S52).
• MAX 232.
• RF TRANSRECEIVER.
• THERMAL PRINTER.
• LCD.
• PPI (8255).
• KEYBOARD