1. Application of Carbon
Nanotubes in
chromatography
By
Abdollah karim
golan
Instructor:
Dr.yadollah
yamini

2. What are Carbon Nanotubes ?
• Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of
carbon. These cylindrical carbon molecules
have interesting properties that make them
potentially useful in many applications in
nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other
fields of materials science, as well as potential
uses in architectural fields. They exhibit
extraordinary strength and unique electrical
properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
Their final usage, however, may be limited by
their potential toxicity.

3. Discovery
They were discovered in
1991 by the Japanese
electron microscopist
Sumio Iijima who was
studying the material
deposited on the cathode
during the arc-evaporation
synthesis of fullerenes. He
found that the central core
of the cathodic deposit
contained a variety of
closed graphitic structures
including nanoparticles and
nanotubes, of a type which
had never
previously been observed

4. The way to find out how the carbon atoms
are arranged in a molecule can be done by
joining the vector coordinates of the atoms.
By this way it can be identified whether if
the carbon atoms are arranged in a
zig-zag, armchair or in a helical shape.

5. armchair
1

6. Zig zag

7. chiral

8. Nanotubes are
formed by rolling up
a graphene sheet
into a cylinder and
capping each end
with half of a
fullerene molecule.
Shown here is a (5,
5) armchair
nanotube (top), a (9,
0) zigzag nanotube
(middle) and a (10,
5) chiral nanotube.
The diameter of the
nanotubes depends
on the values of n
and m.
armchairzigzagchiral

10. •
Arc discharge method
Connect two graphite rods to a power supply,
place them millimeters apart, and throw
switch. At 100 amps, carbon vaporizes in a
hot plasma.
Can produce SWNT and MWNTs with few
structural defects
Tubes tend to be short with random sizes and
directions

11. Chemical vapor deposition
Place substrate in oven, heat to 600 C, and
slowly add a carbon-bearing gas such as
methane. As gas decomposes it frees up
carbon atoms, which recombine in the form
of NTs
Easiest to scale to industrial
production; long length
NTs are usually MWNTs and often riddled
with defects

12. Laser ablation (vaporization)
Blast graphite with intense laser pulses; use the laser
pulses rather than electricity to generate carbon gas
from which the NTs form; try various conditions until
hit on one that produces prodigious amounts of
SWNTs
Primarily SWNTs, with a large diameter range that
can be controlled by varying the reaction temperature
By far the most costly, because requires expensive
lasers

13. Properties
Electrical
Thermal

14. Strength Properties
• carbon nanotubes have the strongest tensile
strength of any material known.
• it also has the highest modulus of elasticity.
Material
Young's
Modulus (TPa)
Tensile
Strength (GPa)
Elongation at
Break (%)
SWNT ~1 (from 1 to 5) 13-53E
16
Armchair SWNT 0.94T
126.2T
23.1
Zigzag SWNT 0.94T
94.5T
15.6-17.5
Chiral SWNT 0.92
MWNT 0.8-0.9E
150
Stainless Steel ~0.2 ~0.65-1 15-50
Kevlar ~0.15 ~3.5 ~2
KevlarT
0.25 29.6

15. Electrical Properties
• If the nanotube structure is armchair then the
electrical properties are metallic
• If the nanotube structure is chiral then the electrical
properties can be either semiconducting with a very
small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a
moderate semiconductor
• In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical
current density of 4×109
A/cm2
which is more than
1,000 times greater than metals such as copper

16. Thermal Properties
• All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
conductors along the tube, but good insulators laterally to the
tube axis.
• It is predicted that carbon nanotubes will be able to transmit
up to 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at room temperature;
compare this to copper, a metal well-known for its good
thermal conductivity, which transmits 385 watts per meter
per K.
• The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated
to be up to 2800o
C in vacuum and about 750o
C in air.

17. Some applications of Carbon
Nanotubes include the following
• Micro-electronics /
semiconductors
Conducting Composites
Controlled Drug
Delivery/release
Artificial muscles
Supercapacitors
Batteries
Field emission flat panel
displays
Field Effect transistors and
Single electron transistors
Nano lithography
Nano electronics
Doping
Nano balance
Nano tweezers
Data storage
Magnetic nanotube
Nanogear
• Nanotube actuator
Molecular Quantum wires
Hydrogen Storage
Noble radioactive gas storage
Solar storage
Waste recycling
Electromagnetic shielding
Dialysis Filters
Thermal protection
Nanotube reinforced
composites
Reinforcement of armour and
other materials
Reinforcement of polymer
Avionics
Collision-protection materials
Fly wheels"

18. applicationapplication
 In gas chromatographyIn gas chromatography
 In HPLCIn HPLC

19. Gas-Liquid ChromatographyGas-Liquid Chromatography

20. Oven
Detector
Injection
port
Nitrogen
cylinder
Column
Recorder

22. •SWCNTs
with a diluted solution of IL under controlled temperature. In this
way, when IL is immobilized on the inner wall of the SWCNT
capillary column, the nanotubes assist IL forming a network-like
structure. This improves the column chromatographic properties
due to the higher surface area available to analytes

23. application
• Seprate alkyl benzenes from alkane
• analysis of esters and C1–C4 alcoholic
Compounds
• allowing separation of primary and
secondary alcohol isomers

24. MWCNTs-R-NH2 proved to be better performing than nonderivatized
ones also for separation of a number of alcohols
and esters [29], with good reproducibility in retention time (RSDs < 1.5%)

25. SEM images of (a) original steel tubing surface, (b) surface
after air oxidation at 550 ◦C, (c) CNT-coating after ethanol
CVD, and (d) CNT-coating after functionalization.

26. GC chromatograms obtained on a SWCNT-bonded capillary column (A), column
temperature 30 ◦C, linear velocity 15.5 cm s−1; IL capillary column (B), column
temperature 90 ◦C, linear velocity 13.8 cm s−1; IL + SWCNT capillary column (C),
column temperature 110 ◦C, linear velocity 19.2 cm s−1.

29. Separation of test mixtures: naphthalene (1),
fluorene
(2), phenanthrene (3), and fluoranthene (4). Mobile
phase:
acetonitrile/water535:65 v/v. Conditions:
; flow-rate, 1.0 mL/min; temperature,
201C; injection volume, 20 mL, detection, UV at
254 nm.
MWCNTs/SiO2-1 column

30. Separation of test mixtures: naphthalene
(1), fluorene
(2), phenanthrene (3), and fluoranthene
(4). Mobile phase:
acetonitrile/water535:65 v/v
flow-rate, 1.0 mL/min; temperature,
201C; injection volume, 20 mL, detection,
UV at 254 nm.
MWCNTs/SiO2-3 column

31. Separation of test mixtures:
naphthalene (1), fluorene
(2), phenanthrene (3), and fluoranthene
(4). Mobile phase:
acetonitrile/water535:65 v/v.
flow-rate, 1.0 mL/min; temperature,
201C; injection volume, 20 mL,
detection, UV at 254 nm.
MWCNTs/SiO2-5 column

32. Separation of test mixture of sulfanilic
acid (1),
p-amino benzoic acid (2), phenol (3),
benzene (4), benzaldehyde
(5), acetophenone (6), and ethyl
benzenecarboxylate (7). Mobile
phase: water (A); methanol/water560:40
v/v (B). Conditions:
MWCNTs/SiO2-5 (A), commercial
HPLC column (B); other

35. Thank
you
for attention
Thank
you
for attention