summer training under cpwd

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at CPWD.
I am extremely grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Training
letter, which made my training possible at CPWD,Durgapur
I would like to expressmy gratitude to Er C.P SHARMA for hisinvaluable
suggestions, motivation,guidance and support through out the training His
methodology to startfrom simple ant then deepen through made me to bring out
this projectreportwithoutanxiety.
Thanksto all other CPWD officials, operatorsand allother members
of CPWD, yetuncounted for their help in completing the projectand see the light
of success.
I am very thankfulto friends, colleaguesand all other personswho rendered
their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this projectwork successfully.
I extended my due thanks to Er. S.P SHARMA who gave mevaluabletime
and suggestions and guide me a lot at various stages of my Summer Training.
AKASH KUMAR

3. PREFACE
The purpose of preparing the report is to give a detailed description of the
site visits that I had done during my summer training in NIT Durgapur
Campus under CPWD (Central Public Works Department) from 10/05/2016
to 03/06/2016. This report is an amalgamation of site inspections,
interactions with engineers at work site, studies of the important principles of
construction including concrete technology, design of concrete structures &
important machines involved and finally the conclusions, lessons and ideas
which are collected during this brief period of practical experience.
The various structural members along with its reinforcement detailing as in
the photos is main content along with descriptionof site laboratory and main
instruments that was being used in the site.

4. ABOUT CPWD
CPWD came into existence in July, 1854 when Lord Dalhousie
established a central agency for execution of public works and set up
Ajmer Provincial Division. It has now grown into a comprehensive
construction management department, which provides services from
project concept to completion, and maintenance management. It is
headed by DG who is also the Principal Technical Advisor to the
Governmentof India. The regions and sub-regions are headed by Special
DGs and Additional DGs respectively,while the zones in all state capitals
(except a few) are headed by Chief Engineers. With country wide
presence,the strength of CPWD is its ability to undertake construction of
complex projects even in difficult terrains and maintenance in post
construction stage.

5. Presentation on
Summer Training
held at Construction
Site of
G+12 Building inside
NIT Campus under
Central Public
Works Department
PROJECT REPORT

6. WELCOME
PRESENTATION SUBMITTED BY:-
AKASH KUMAR
ROLL NO:-13/CE/26
(CE-4th YEAR)
TRAINING PERIOD:-10MAY-03JUNE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY DURGAPUR
GUIDED BY:-Er. C.P. SHARMA
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER

7. INDEX
S.NO
DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROJECT OVERVIEW
3. SITE LOCATION
4. SAFETY UNDER CONSTRUCTION
SITE
5. FRAMWORK
6. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
7. PROJECT MONITORING
8. QUALITY
9. CONCLUSION

8. INTRODUCTION
About CPWD:-
The Central Public Works Department of India is a
Central Government owned authority that is in charge of
public sector works in the Country.
Central Public Works Department
(CPWD) under Ministry of Urban
Development is entrusted with
construction and maintenance of
buildings for most of the Central
Government Departments, Public
undertakings and autonomous bodies.
CPWD, Delhi is the premieragency of Govt. of
India engaged in planning, designing, construction
and maintenance of Government assets in the field
of built environment and infrastructure
development. Assets in built environment include
Hospitals, Schools, Colleges,Technical
Institutes,Buildings, Prisons,Courtsetc.

9. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NIT DURGAPUR PROJECT DIVISION
CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
DURGAPUR:- 713209
NAME OF WORK:- Construction of 1250 Boy’s Hostel
building
AGREEMENT NO. : 06/CE/EE/NITPD/DRG/2013-14
NAME OF CONTRACTOR: NCC LIMITED
NAME OF EXECUTIVE ENGINEER:- Er. C.P. SHARMA
TENDER AMOUNT:- Rs- 93,92,93,120/
DATE OF COMMENCEMENT:- 07/03/2014
COMPLETION DATE AS PER AGGREMENT:-06/03/2016
ACTUAL DATE OF COMPLETION:- Work is Under Progress
(60% work is completed)
TIME ALLOWED:- 24 MONTHS

10. SITE LOCATION
Advantages of this Site
Land
Store
Health Unit
Canteen
Connectivity of the Yard
Ease Of transportation
facilities

11. Site and Safety
Importanceof following safety site
rules
•Accident rates are higher in
Construction sites because people
doesn’t pay much attention to the
surrounding and the warning
signboards that is placed outside of
the construction site.
Personal ProtectiveEquipment(PPE)
 Allrefers to protective clothing, helmet, goggles or other garments or equipment
designedto protect the bearer’s body from injury
 Staffs andworkers must wear and use PPE as appropriate
• Sub-con and their workers must
not wear short pants/slipper to work.

12. Sitesafetyrules:-
Safety helmets must be worn:- Foot protection should be worn in this area:-
•To prevent any injuries on
the head as it is the most
dangerous part.
•Topreventdustparticalsfromthe
construction site todraw on
the head.
•To reduce electrical shock
hazard when near exposed
electrical conductors which
could contact the head.
Highvisibility clothing
must be worn in this area
• So that when to
construction work is
going on’ it will be easier
to be noticed by the
bright color of the
clothing to prevent any
accidents from happening
•To preventdangerof footinjuriesdue
to fallingorrollingobjectsorobjects
piercingthe sole andwhere such
employee’sfeetare exposedtoelectrical
hazards
•No personwhoisunderthe influence of
alcohol or drugsare allowedinthe site
• as a drunkpersonmay notbe
conscious,it maybe dangerous
as theycouldwalktobuildings
whichare not complete which
are full of metal bars therefore
it will be dangerous
First aid box
• Firstaidequipmentis
keptinthe site managers
office asit iseasierandfaster
access incase of emergency
Children must not
play in the site
• When the construction
activity is going on, it will
be dangerous for the
children as any accidents
might happen such as
getting hit by vehicles or
falling object

13. Scaffolding platform
• Helps to minimize the
risk of fall when a
worker is doing the
construction work
high up the building
General Safety Rules & Regulation
Do’s & don’t:
1. No workmen below 18 years and above 58 years of age shall be engaged for a job.
2. All workmen shall be screened before engaging them on the job. Physical fitness of the
person to certain jobs like working at height or other dangerous locations to be
ensured before engaging the person on work. The final decision rests with the site
management to reject any person on the ground of physical fitness.
3. Smoking is strictly prohibited at workplace.
4. Sub-contractors shallensure adequate supervision at workplace. They shallensure that
all persons working under them shall not create any hazards to self or to co-workers.
5. Nobody is allowed to work without wearing safety helmet. Chinstrap of safety helmet
shall be always on.
6. No one is allowed to work at or more than two meters height without wearing safety
belt and anchoring the lanyard of safety belt to firm support preferably at shoulder
level.
7. No one is allowed to enter into workplace and work at site without adequate foot
protection.
8. All PPE like shoes, helmet, safety belt etc. shall be arranged before starting the job as
per recommendation of PROJECT HSE Head.
9. All excavated pits shall be barricaded and barricade to be maintained till the backfilling
is done.
10. Adequate illumination at workplace shall be ensured before starting the job at night.
11. All major, minor accidents and near misses to be reported to PROJECT HSE Head to
enable the management to take necessary steps to avoid the recurrence.
12. All scaffoldings / work-platforms shall be strong enough to take the expected load.
13. Adequate firefighting equipment shallbe made availableat workplace and persons
are to be trained in firefighting techniques with the co-ordination of safety personnel.
Safety googles must be worn.
The dust particlesatthe site
may be harmful tothe eye
therefore bywearinga
safetygoogle itcan prevent
the dust fromenteringthe
eye.Eg flyingparticles,
moltenmetals,liquid
chemicalsoracids.

14. Training for Workers:
The following Safety Training topics as minimum shall be covered with all employees and
work force prior to starting work assignment. Visitors and vendors will be given a short
Safety orientation before being allowed into any construction area.
a. Safety Policy
b. Personal Protective Equipment
c. Emergency evacuation procedure and Alarms
d. Fire and Fire Extinguishers
e. Scaffold Safety
f. Basic Electrical Safety
g. Fall Prevention
h. Ladder Safety
i. Tool Box Talk
j. Welding and Gas cutting Safety
k. Excavation safety
Concreting Safety:
•
Workers doing concreting work, whether inside excavation or above
ground, shall wear proper protective hard hats, Gumboots, PVC gloves
etc.


Concrete transportations shall be carried out through hand trolleys/Tuff rider
(Mini dumper)/Transit Mixer.


Cement /aggregate handling employees must use Dust Mask.


When transporting concrete in the pan, the person should usespecialtype of hard hat.


Use crane /Builder hoist for vertical transportation of the concrete.


Train the employee on safe handling of concrete.


Concrete pump shall be operate by well-trained operator, Its joint should be tightly
braced.


The workmen engaged in this operation shall be trained properly.
Hot Work Safety (Welding & Gas Cutting):
 Only trained & experienced
personnel shall be
authorized for welding & gas
cutting work. 
 Gas cylinderstobe keptaway fromopenflamesand
othersourcesof heat.
 Gas cylindersinuse shouldbe mountedontrolleysfor
ease of movementforease of movement.

15.  When torches are being changed or
welding stopped for a short time,
valves of the cylinders should be
kept closed.

Work @ Height Safety:-
 Whenever in doubt contact Site engineer/Project
manager

 Check the stability & Bracing of Scaffolding

 Keep the planks on scaffolding & tie them with wire

 Barricade the scaffolding

 When you are standing on scaffolding
or its plank always use Safety Belt
 When working 2 meters and above HEIGHTS, Safety
belt
must be worn by employee as well as he
has to anchor another end of safety belt to
a fixed part which can take his load in case
of his fall.
FRAMEWORK:-
SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK:-
1) Formwork constitutes30% of thecost and 60%of the timein concrete
construction.
2) Quality of concretefinish and soundness of concretedepends
verymuch on the formwork system.
3) Desired shapeof concreteis notpossible if formwork notdoneproperly.
4) Formwork should be properlydesigned, fabricatedanderectedtoreceive
concrete.
5) Accidents happen because of thefaultyformwork and scaffoldingor staging.
SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK:-
 Components arelightin weight formanual handling.
 Loose or hanging components areminimal.
 Appropriateuseof tools.
 Minimum operationsareinvolved in each reuse.

Trained & experienced safflowers shall only do erection, dismantling and
modification of scaffold as per approved designed.

Scaffold should be made of sound materials & adequate strength to support the
weight for the work load on it and that it is securely anchored and stable.
Sufficient sills or under pinning shall be provided for all scaffolds erected on filled or
ground.

16. 

Before making use scaffold shall be ensured whether it is safe for the purpose or not by
providing tags (Green for Safe and Red with cross mark to unsafe).

 Check scaffolds periodically and especially after rains and storm to ensure that
locking pins are intact, all nuts-bolts are tightened, footing intact and that there is no
scouring below the footing. A daily visual check will also be carried out by the
supervisor to remove defects, if any. If any defect / unsafe is noticed, the proper
warning (‘NOT SAFE FOR USE’) in local language shall be displayed at the start of
access to the scaffold with Red Cross mark.
PLANT AND MACHINERIES
The plants and machineries to be used at the site are either owned by the company or
hired. They have different fuel and power consumption and different output. So, the
planning section is responsible in maintaining these records. They are enlisted below –
Serial no. Machineries Companyname Capacity
1 Backhoe loader JCB .25 m3
2 Transitmixer TATA,AshokLeyland 6 m3
3 Bar cuttingmachine JAYMAC,JAYPEE -
4 Bar bendingmachine JAYMAC,JAYPEE -
5 Concrete pump SchwingStetter 30 m3
/hr
6 Hydra ACE 11 ton
7 Builderhoist PRIMAX 1000 kg
8 Passengerhoist KANGBO 1500 kg
9 Rope suspendedplatform JAYPEE 800 kg
10 Towercrane JIANGLU 10 ton
11 Multifunctionalhoist SPARTAN 1500 kg

17. Bar bending & Bar cutting Machine: This type of machine is used for bending and
cutting of bars. This machine is powered by electric motor.
Hydra:- It carries load from one place
to another place. Its capacity is 11 ton.
Concrete pump:- A concrete pump isused
for transferringconcrete bypumpingthrough
pipelineto reachitto the properplace.
Tower Crane: A crane
isa type of machine that
can be usedforbothto lift
and lowermaterial and to
move themhorizontally.
It’smainlyusedforlifting
heavythingsand
transportingthemtoother
places.
Builder hoist: A hoistis
a device usedforliftingor
loweringaloadbymeansof
a drum or lift-wheel around
whichrope or chainwraps.
It maybe manually
operated,electricallyor
pneumaticallydrivenand
may use chain,fiberorwire
ropesas itsliftingmedium.
The load isattachedto the
hoistbymeansof a lifting
hook.
Transit mixer: It ismade to transportand
mix concrete upto the constructionsite.They
can be charged withdrymaterialsandwater,
withthe mixingoccurringduringthe
transportation.The concrete mixing transport
truck maintainsthe materials’liquiditystate
throughagitationor turningof the drum,unit
delivery.
Hydraulic pump: These are verycommonpumpsas
we are familiarwithitindayto day work. Generallyitis
usedto sprinklingwaterincuringof concrete work.
Generallyithasa capacity of 1HP.

18. Generator: Itisan electrical instrumentusedforgeneratingpoweranditbringsother
machineries inthe planttoworkwhile there isinsufficiencyof electricity.
Winches: Wincheshelpsinvertical movementof anymachine.e.g.fordrivingpiles,
raising& loweringhoistsorothermaterials.
Backhoe loader:-Backhoe-loader is engineering vehicle, which consist of a tractor, fitted
with a shovel or bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back.
 Uses:- Digging shallow excavations
 Digging trenches
 General grading
 Lifting loads
 Loading and carrying materials
FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE
OBJECT: To determinethe finenessmodulusof aggregate.
THEORY: Sieve analysishelpstofindparticle size distributionof fine aggregates
IS SPECIFICATIONS: As pertable 4 of IS 383-1970
IS SIEVE GRADING GRADING GRADING GRADING
DESIGNATION ZONE I ZONE II ZONE III ZONE IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
.600 mm 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
.300 mm 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
.150 mm 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15

19. PROCEDURE: The testsample ovendriedattemp.100 0
C →Arrange the sieve as10mm,4.75
mm,2.36 mm,1.18 mm,600 micron,300 micron,150 micron,75 micron&Pan→1000 gm. sample
takenand sieved→Take weightretrainedingm.fromeachindividualsieve→Calculationdescribe
below:
The followinglimitsare taken as guidelines:-
Fine Sand : FinenessModulus : 2.2-2.6
MediumSand : FinenessModulus : 2.6-2.9
Coarse Sand : FinenessModulus : 2.9-3.2
EXPWRIMENTA DATA :-
SIEVE SIZE WEIGHT % WEIGHT CUMULATIVE % CUMULATIVE %
(mm) RETAINED(gm.) RETAINED
RETAINED
PASSING
10 0 0 0 100
4.75 4 0.4 0.4 99.6
2.36 18 1.8 2.2 97.8
1.18 157 15.7 17.9 82.1
.600 137 13.7 31.6 68.4
.300 280 28 59.6 40.4
.150 348 34.8 94.4 5.6
.075 53 5.3 99.7 0.3
PAN
Calculation:- Summationof cumulative % retained
=∑ (0.4+2.2+17.9+31.6+59.6+94.4) =206.1
Fineness Modulus= 206.1/100=2.06

20. TESTS FOR CEMENT:
a) Standard Consistency of cement by Vicat’s Apparatus: Thisis a testto estimate the quantity
of mixingwater tofromapaste of normal consistencydefinedasthatpercentage water
requirementof the cementpaste,the viscosityof whichwill be suchthatthe Vicat’splunger
penetratesuptoa point5 to 7 mmfrom the bottomof the Vicat’smould.The waterrequirement
for varioustestsof cementdependsonthe normal consistencyof the cement.
OBJECTIVE: To determinethe amountof wateraddedtothe cementto forma cementpaste.
APPARATUS USED: The mainapparatususedinthisexperimentis Vicat’sApparatus. It
consistof a non-porous plateandaneedle of diameter10mmwhichwill penetrateonthe
mould.
CEMENTSPECIFICATION
Brand name: ULTRATECH CEMENT
Type of cement: Portland pozolana cement
Temperature: 32°C
Humidity: 75%
RESULT SHEET
SERIAL WEIGHT OF % OF WEIGHT OF PENETRATION STANDARD
NO CEMENT WATER WATER READING FROM CONSISTENCY
TAKEN(gm) ADDED ADDED(gm) BOTTOMOF VALUE
MOULD(mm)
1 300 30% 90gm 35mm
2 300 33% 99gm 26mm
37
3 300 36% 108gm 12mm
4 300 37% 111gm 7mm
Therefore,the standardconsistencyof cementis 37%.

21. b) Initial and Final setting time:
These testsshall be conductedata temperature of 27±2°c and65+5% of relative humidityof the
laboratory.A paste of 300 gm. of cementispreparedwith0.85 timesthe waterrequiredtogive a
paste of standardconsistency.The Vicat’smouldisfilledwiththesepaste makingitlevel withthe
top of the mouldand slightlyshake toexpelair.
Setting time of cement: When water is added to cement, the resulting paste starts to stiffen and gain
Strength and lose the consistency simultaneously. The term setting implies Solidification of the plastic
cement paste. Initial and final setting times may be regardedas the two stiffening states of cement. At
the beginning of solidification, called the initial set, marks the point in time when has become
unworkable. Initial setting time may be defined as the time taken by the paste to stiffen to such an
extent that the Vicat’sneedle is not permitted to move down through the paste to within 5±0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould.
The final setting time is the point at which the set cement has acquired a sufficient firmness to resist
a certain defined pressure. In the experiment it is determined as the time elapsed between the time of
adding water to the cement to the time when the ring fails to make any impression on the mould
surface. Most specifications require an initial minimum setting time at ordinary temperatures of about
30 minutes and a final setting time not more than 600 minutes.
Observation value:
Weight of sample taken: 300gm
%of calculated water: (0.85
×37) = 31.45% Water added
to cement on 94.5gm
Initial settingtime:81 min
Final settingtime:190 min
c) FINENESS OF CEMENT:
Finenesswaslongcontrolledbysievetests,butmore sophisticatedmethodsare now largelyused.
The most commonlymethodusedbothforcontrol of the grindingprocessandfor testingthe
finishedcement, measuresatthe surface perunitweightof the cementbya determinationof the
rate of passage of airthrougha bedof the cement.The degree of finenessof cementisthe
measure of the meansize of the grains init.The sieve method-90micronsieve isused.
RESULT:
Sample taken: 100gm
Retained on 90 micron sieve : 6gm
Passing through 90 micron sieve: 94gm
Therefore,finenessof cementis 6%.

22. compressive StrengthTest of Concrete:
Cement,fine aggregate andcoarse aggregate (upto38mm) tobe usedfor makingconcrete are
broughtto fromtemperature (preferably27±3°C) before commencingthe test.The ingredientsare
weighedinthe ratiotobe usedinthe fieldandare mixedbyhandmixingorby machine mixing.
First,the cementandmixedtill these are distributeduniformcolourisachieved.The coarse
aggregate are thenaddedand mixedtill theseare distributedthroughoutthe mix.The wateristhen
addedand the entire batchmixeduntil the concrete appearstobe homogeneousandhasthe
desired.
The test specimens recommended are 150mm × 150mm × 150 mm cubes. The mixed
concrete is filled into the mould in layers of 50mm to achieve full compaction. Each layer
of mix so placed is tamped with bar, 16mm in diameter and 600mm long, 35 times. The
test specimen are stored at a temperature of 27±2°C and at 90% humidity for 24 ± 1⁄2
hour from the time of addition of water to the dry ingredients. After this period the
specimens are removed from the mould and placed in water and kept there until taken
out just prior to test. Normally the recognized age of test of specimens is 7 and 28 days.
The specimen is placed between the platens of the compression testing
machine with the care that the axis of specimen is aligned with the centre of thrust of
the spherically seated platen. The applying load procedure is same as for brick test
)Example:-
Grade of concrete: M40
Date of casting : 29/4/16
Date of testing : 27/5/16
Applied load : 1060 KN
After 28 days, the compressive strength of cube=(applied load on the cube / cube surface
area)
=1060*103 N /150*150 mm2 = 47.1 Mpa
COMPRESSION TESTINGMACHINE

23. BEAMS
Beams are flexural elements which carry the load from the slabs to transfer it to
the columns. The beams were designed using LSM (Limit State Method) for 25
combinations
1. 1.5 (DL + IL)
2. 1.2 (DL + IL + EXTP)
3. 1.2 (DL + IL + EXTN)
4. 1.2 (DL + IL – EXTP)
5. 1.2 (DL + IL – EXTN)
6. 1.2 (DL + IL + EZTP)
7. 1.2 (DL + IL + EZTN)
8. 1.2 (DL + IL – EZTP)
9. 1.2 (DL + IL – EZTN)
10.1.5 (DL + EXTP)
11.1.5 (DL – EXTP)
12.1.5 (DL – EXTN)
13.1.5 (DL + EZTP)
14.1.5 (DL + EZTN)
15.1.5 (DL – EZTP)
16.1.5 (DL – EZTN)
DL Downwards
IL (Imposed/Live load) Downwards
EXTP (+Torsion) +X; Clockwise torsion due to EQ
EXTN (-Torsion) +X; Anti-Clockwise torsion due to EQ
EQ EZTP (+Torsion) +Z; Clockwise torsion due to EQ
EZTN (-Torsion) +Z; Anti-Clockwise torsion due to EQ
EXTP: EQ load in X direction with torsion positive
EXTN: EQ load in X direction with torsion negative
EZTP: EQ load in Z direction with torsion positive
EZTN: EQ load in Z direction with torsion negative
Based on the above combinations moment envelope for a particular beam is
developed. Reinforcements are calculated and then maximum reinforcement out of
all the cases is being used. In the design process of a beam, first we determine the
main tensile bars required to resist the bending moment. Out of these bars, we bent
one or two to resist shear near the supports. The bars at the bottom corners are not
bent. They remain 'straight', and are extended from support to support to anchor the
stirrups properly. It can also be seen that beyond the bottom point of bent, the bent-
up bar is no longer available at the tension zone of the beam. In general, this does
not cause a problem because nearer the supports, the Bending moment (sagging
type) is of a lesser magnitude, and so all the bars will not be required there. However
in every design process, it is important to ensure that the bent-up bars are no longer
required beyond the point of the bent, and that development length requirements are
satisfied.

24. We have to consider another point while using bent-up bars for shear reinforcement.
That is., the design should not be in such a way that all the design load due to
shear is resisted by the bent-up bars. We must provide stirrups also. Cl.40.4 of the
code specifies that “Where bent-up bars are provided, their contribution towards
shear resistance shall not be more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.”
Few notable points that need to be essentially checked in beam reinforcements are: -

The length of the hooks in case of stirrups should be 10d (d=diameter of bar).
This is as per Special Publications (SP 34). 


The hooks must be left in the compression zone otherwise initiation of cracks
due to stress concentrations may take place. 


Proper provision of clear cover must be done using small concrete/stone
pieces. 


For cantilever beams tension reinforcements are often placed at the bottom (a
common mistake due to carelessness of the workers). 


Adequate transverse bars needs to be provided in case the longitudinal bars of
the beam are parallel to the main reinforcements 

in the adjacent one way slab. This is done to ensure the integral action of the
beam and slab. 


Hooks of alternate stirrups on opposite sides is the correct method of placing
stirrups. 
COLUMNS
Columns are the compression members often accompanied by moments about
one or both axes. The column is designed for resisting the compression and
moments. In case of the hostel building the columns are designed as short columns
as effective length to least dimension ratio is less than 12 in all cases & hence does
not requires to be designed for buckling as well. (Refer to clause 25.1.2 of IS
456:2000)
The column section shall be designed just above and just below the beam column
joint and larger of the two reinforcements shall be adopted. This is similar to what is
done for design of continuous beam reinforcements at the support. The end
moments and end shears are available from computer analysis.
All columns are subjected to biaxial moments and biaxial shears. The longitudinal
reinforcements are designed for axial force and biaxial moment as per IS: 456. Since
the analysis is carried out considering centre-line dimensions, it is necessary to
calculate the moments at the top or at the bottom faces of the beam intersecting the
column for economy.

25. Detailing:
Detailing of reinforcement as obtained is discussed in SP 34. The reinforcement area
obtained above at various column-floor joints for lower and upper column length. The
area required at the beam-column joint shall have the larger of the two values, viz., for
upper length and lower length. Since laps can be provided only in the central half of
the column, the column length for the purpose of detailing will be from the Centre of
the lower column to the Centre of the upper column. This length will be known by the
designation of the lower column. It may be noted that analysis results may be such
that the column may require larger amounts of reinforcement in an upper storey as
compared to the lower storey. This may appear odd but should be acceptable.
Few notable points that must be remembered in checking the column
reinforcements are:-

Adequate lapping or splicing must be provided to maintain a strong tie
between continued and discontinued bars conforming to clause 

26.2.5 of IS 456:2000. Sometimes casting work is done overlooking the
non availability of adequate lapping length of a particular longitudinal bar. 


Adequate transverse reinforcements must be provided in the columns to
effectively hold the concrete in its position and prevent premature 

buckling.(Refer clause 26.5.3.2 of IS 456:2000) 
Column
reinforcement
at the site

26. SLABS
Slabs are plates which are designed based on the Imposed load and dead loads
coming on the slab by its intended users in this case the hostel boarders. All the slab
panels are designed as two way slabs except the corridors which are designed as one
way slabs. Table 26 of IS 456:2000 gives us the moment coefficients based on
different edge conditions, which are used to calculate the moments and hence for
design of slabs. Few important points during slab construction are:-
 Main reinforcement should always be along the shorter side which is a
common mistake done.

Cantilever portions should be definitely checked for proper placement of
reinforcements i.e. the tension reinforcements should be above unlike that of other
slab panels. 

Proper clear cover must be maintained using concrete blocks/stone. 


Cranking of rods at 0.15l from the face of the support(l=effective span of the slab
in that direction) must be done in order to take account of the hogging bending
moment arising due to partial fixity at the supports. 
STAIRCASES
A stair is a series of steps, each elevated a measured distance, leading from one
level of a structure to another. When the series is a continuous section without
breaks formed by landings or other constructions, the terms flight of stairs or run of
stairs are often used. Other terms that can be properly used include stairway and
staircase. For a period of time, the popularity of the one-story structure in residential
construction minimized the frequency of stair construction. Framing carpenters could
usually handle the relatively simple task of constructing the service stairs leading
from the first floor to the basement level. However, revival of traditional two story
styles along with split-level and multilevel designs has again made fine stair
construction an important skill. However, in new construction, public rooms are
usually on the first floor. Due to this, there is a trend to move the stairs to a less
conspicuous location. Stair construction requires a high degree of skill. The quality of
the work should compare with that found in one cabinetwork. The parts for main
Electrical connections at the slab

27. stairways are usually made in millwork. The Live loads acting on the stairs can also
be obtained from the data books or relevant codes. IS 875: 1987(part II)
recommends a uniformly distributed load of 5kN/m2. This load is to be applied on
both the sloping portion and the horizontal landing. In buildings such as residences,
where the specified Live loads on the floors do not exceed 2kN/m2, and the stairs are
not liable to be overcrowded, the Live load can be taken as 3kN/m2. As in the case of
self wt. of finishes, the LL obtained from data books or codes, is assumed to act
vertically on a horizontal plane, and so there is no need make any modifications, and
we can apply it directly. Dead Load is to be considered as per the dimensions of the
staircases. The horizontal portion of the stair is called the Landing. The horizontal
distance between the first and last risers is called the Going. In the above elevation
and plan views, we can see that the step near the intermediate landing is
contributing towards making up the area of the Landing. This situation can be seen
at the top most landing also. At the intermediate landing, the two flights are
connected together. But as we will soon see in the ‘design of reinforcements for the
stairs’, the main bars of the two flights are not connected together. Only the
distributor bars in the intermediate landing will be common to the two flights. So
there is no transfer of force between the two flights. In other words, the loads and
forces in one flight will not have any effect on the other flight.
One important point about stairs is placing of chairs at appropriate place to maintain
the effective depth between upper and lower layers of reinforcements. The picture
shows the chairs & its positioning.
In caseof stairs even at
the supportregion i.e. at
the landings negative
reinforcement are to be
provided in order to take
into account of the
hogging moments arising
out of partial fixity of the
support.

28. SITE EXECUTION
1. Formwork:
Purpose of Formwork: Shuttering or formwork is the temporary arrangement by wood/steel/plyto
hold concrete in required shape and size up to certain period for gaining adequate strength of the
concrete.
Materials used:
Steel plate and channel

Plywood (film coated 12mm thick)
Soft pine Runner
Hard Wood Runner
MS Wailer
MS Channel
Vertical adjustable prop
or CT prop (3m)
 Cup lock System
2.Formwork for Slab Casting:
Apparatus Used:
 Hammer
 Crow-bar
 Crane
 LevelingInstrument
 Plumbbob
 MeasuringTape
 RightAngle
 Rope

 Plywood (film coated 12mm thick)
 Soft pine Runner
 Hard Wood Runner
 MS Wailer
 MS Channel
 Vertical adjustable prop
 or CTprop (3m)

 Tie rod (16mmØ)
 Cup lock System
 H-frame
 Clamps
 Ring nut
 Base plate
 Sole plate
 Nail
 Binding wire


29. 3.Reinforcement Work:
Purpose of Reinforcement Work: The purpose of placing of reinforcement is to provide
tensile capacity to cement concrete which itself has very low tensile strength but sound
compressive strength.
Apparatus used:
 Hammer
 Chisel
 Bar bending machine
 Bar cutting machine
 Dice for local bending
4. Concreting:
Purpose of Concreting: Concretingisthe mostimportantoperational partof a projecthaving
structuresmade of ReinforcementCementConcrete.Itprovidescompressive strengthtothe
membersof the RCC structures.
Apparatus Used:
Batching Plant

Mechanical Mixer with Weigh
Batcher
Transit mixer
Concrete Pump
Air Compressor
Vibrator
Wooden Hammer/Leveler
Spade
Shovel
Trowel
Curing job:-
Cementgainsstrengthandhardnessbecause of the chemical actionbetweencementand
water.Thischemical reactionrequires moisture favourable temperature andtime referred
to as the curing period.Curingof freshlyplacedconcrete isveryimportantforoptimum
strengthanddurability.Curingof anyconstructionmemberisdone foratleast7 days.For
slaband beams,bondingisrequired,butforcolumns,moistgunnybagsare usedforcuring.

30. 6. Brickwork:

Purpose of Brickwork: Brickworks are of two types, load bearing and non-load bearing.
Non-load bearing brickworks, generally done in the frame structure construction arefor
providing privacy and protection from weathering.


Apparatus used:


 Shovel
 Mixture Machine
 Iron Pan
 Trowel
 Plumb bob
 Spirit level
 Wooden ruler for pointing
 Broom
 Platform

7. Plastering:-
Purpose of Plastering: The purpose of plasteringoverConcrete orBrickisto provide asmoother
surface on which colourorany othersurface treatmentcouldbe done.
Apparatus Used:- Mixture machine ,Shovel, Iron pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Plumb bob,
Broom, Platform, Staging props, clamps, etc.
Makesuretowetthesurfaceatwhichyou areapplying plaster. Thiswill ensurebetterstickingof
theplaster.
Don’tusedrycementover theplasticsurface,asthereischancesof itgetting distorted.
Usetheappropriate amountof waterwhilemixing chemicalsor else, therearechancesthatitwon’t
set uptothebrickwall.
Wait for 24 hoursafterplasteringthewalland splatter water overitforthenext3-4days.The
splattered waterwillensure bettersetupof theplaster.
8. Waterproofing:
Purposeof Waterproofing: The purpose of waterproofingistomake any surface of a structure
impervious towaterormoisture.
 Apparatus used: Mixture Machine 
o Shovel

o Iron pan

o Plumb Bob
o Wooden Plainer or channel


31. 8. Shuttering: 12mm thick plywood is used with a section of (2440 mm×1220mm) size. Sometimes steel
plate of (600mm×1200mm)is also used instead off ply-board. Shuttering members should be strong
enough to withstand the ideal load of the poured concrete until the concrete gets hardened.
SupportingMembers:
Vertical propsorcup-lockmembersare usedtosupportthe formworkfor beamsandslabs. The
formworkforbeamis constructedfirstandthentheyare fittedat an exactlevel byextendingthe
propsup to thislevel.Cup-lockisusedtoattachthe horizontal brace tothe vertical supportto
preventthe undesirable horizontalmovementof the vertical props.Eachsupportingmemberhasa
maximumlengthof 3.5m.Wheneverthis3.5mheightof vertical membersappearstobe insufficient
to reach to the soffitlevel of the slaborbeam, some adjustable propsare used.Adjustable propisa
kindof vertical supportingmemberinwhichone canadjustthe heightas required.Incase of
columns,vertical shutteringmembersare usedwithsupportingwoodenmembers.Woodenbattens
of(75mm×50mm) size are attachedto the plywoodtopreventbulgingof the formworkunderthe
loadof placedconcrete inside the formwork.There are primaryandsecondarysupportingmembers
for columnformworksandbothare essential tomake the formworkstrongenough.
Grade of Concrete tobe usedin construction:
MEMBER/STRUCTURE GRADE
Column and beam column junction M40
Beam M25
Slab M25
Basement M25
Pile M25

32. Cover providedto Reinforcement:
MEMBER/STRUCTURE CLEAR COVER
Beams 20 mm
Columns 40 mm
Floors/roof slab 20 mm
Wall 25 mm
Pile 50 mm
SECTION OF COLUMNS
SHUTTERING OF COLUMN POURING CONCRETE INTO COLUMN

33. PROJECT MONITORING
PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM
The followingthreereportsaremade forthetracking-
Monthlyprogress report
Jobcost report
Project performancereport
Quality
Quality Control System of CPWD
Field Level
Circle Level
Core Wing at Directorate Level
QualityAssuranceUnits In The Region
Contract & Manual
Standards and Specifications
Quality Assurance
Techno-Legalmatters
Technology Application & Standards units.
CONCLUSION It was awonderful learning experienceatCPWDoffice.
I gaineda lotof insight regarding FINISHING aspects of Construction site.
I wasgivenexposurein almostall thedepartmentsatthe site, butI had liked
tohighlighttheareasof safety, quality management, material management
and execution.