1. Radiology Department
Hayat Abad Medical Complex

2. Mitral stenosis/ regurgitation
 LVF
 LA myxoma
 VSD
 PDA


3. Double right heart border
 >75° splaying of carina with horizontal orientation
of left main bronchus
 Enlarged left convex left atrial appendage
 Increased density of chamber
 >7 cm distance b/w left main stem bronchus and
right lateral LA shadow


9. Increased convexity of posterio-superior cardiac
margin
 Posterior displacement of left main bronchus
 Posterior displacement of barium filled esophagus


11. Tricuspid stenosis/ regurgitation
 ASD
 AF
 Ebstein anomaly
 Pulmonary atresia


12. Enlarges in rightward and posterior direction
 Prominent round superior border at junction with
SVC
 >5.5 cm from midline to most lateral RA margin
 >2.5 cm from right vertebral margin


14. Pressure overload: HTN, AS
 Volume overload: VSD, AR, MR
 Aneurysm
 Cardiomyopathy


15. Enlarges in post, inferior and leftward direction
 Increased CTR
 Larger radius of curvature of left heart border
 Downturned cardiac apex
 Depression of left hemidiaphragm


18. Increased convexity of posteroinferior cardiac
margin
 Hofman rigler rule: posterior cardiac margin
projects >1.8 cm post to IVC measured at a point
2cm above intersection of IVC with right
hemidiaphragm


20. PV stenosis
 Cor pulmonale
 ASD
 Tricuspid regurgitation
 Secondary to LVF


21. 

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Only extreme dilatation causes signs on frontal
view
Straightening/ convexity of left upper cardiac
contour
Upturned cardiac apex
Left upper cardiac margin parallels left main stem
bronchus as a long convex curvature
Large appearance of MPA
Occurs higher on the left heart border b/w left
ventricular contour and pulmonary outflow tract

23. Prominent convexity of ant heart border >1/3
distance from anterior cardiophrenic sulcus to
sternal angle
 Increased size prominent in retrosternal area


24. Thanks