2. Deforestation causes
Agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Demand for firewood
Demand of wood for industry and commercial purposes
Urbanization and developmental projects
5. Pollution : Pollution may be defined as an addition of
undesirable material into the environment as a result of human
activities.
Classification of pollutants :
A According to the form which they persist
I) Primary pollutants : persist in the form in which they
are added to the environment e.g. DDT , Plastic
II) Secondary Pollutants : formed by interaction among
the primary pollutants e.g. peroxyacetyl nitrate
(Nitrogen oxides + Hydrocarbons)
6. B According to their existence in nature
I) Quantitative pollutants : Increased concentration
beyond threshold level e.g. Carbon dioxide ,
nitrogen oxide
II) Qualitative pollutants : Man made e.g. fungicides ,
DDT
C According to their nature of disposal
I) Biodegradable pollutants : e.g. sewage ,
II) Non Biodegradable pollutants : e.g. plastic , DDT, glass
D According to origin
I) Natural
II) Anthropogenic
7.
8. Types of pollution
Air pollution
Noise pollution
Water pollution
Soil pollution
Thermal pollution
Radiation pollution
9. Air Pollution
Causes : Smoke from domestic, industrial and vehicular soot ,
smoke released from chimneys , combustion by power plants ,
volcanic eruptions
Types
1) SPM : smoke ,dust & vapour , Lead & other metal particles
2) Fly Ash : silicon dioxide , calcium oxide , Aluminium silicate
3) Gaseous pollutants : carbon dioxide, CO , oxides of
nitrogen ,sulphur dioxide ,CFC
4) VOC :perfumes, Hair sprays , furniture
5) Biological pollutants : pollen , fungi, mite , bacteria
10. Prevention & control of Air pollution
Indoor air pollution
1) Use of cleaner fuel
2) Good ventilation
3) Segregation of waste
4) Sterilisation of rooms
Industrial pollution
1) Use of LNG
2) Environment friendly processes
3) Installing devices like filters , ESP , Inertial collectors , Scrubbers
4) increasing the height of chimneys.
5) closing industries which pollute the environment.
6) shifting of polluting industries away from cities
7) development and maintenance of green belt of adequate width.
11.
12. Vehicular pollution
1) Standards to be followed
2) PUC
3) Promotion of diesel usage
4) banning the usage of tetraethyl lead
5) alternate fuels like CNG , Ethanol
13. Government Initiatives : NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Notified in 1982 : 12 pollutants
National Air Quality Monitoring Programme
(NAMP)
National Air Quality Index that will put real time
data about the level of pollutant in the air & inform
people about the possible impacts on health.
14.
15. Noise pollution
Road traffic noise better designing and proper maintenance of
vehicles.
noise attenuation walls and well maintained roads and smooth
surfacing of roads.
use of electric locomotives
appropriate insulation and introduction of noise regulations for
take off and landing of aircrafts at the airport.
Industrial noises can be reduced by sound proofing equipment
like generators and areas producing lot of noise.
Power tools, very loud music and land movers, public functions
using loudspeakers etc should not be permitted at night
A green belt of trees is an efficient noise absorber.
16. Water pollution
Pesticides Metals Euthroficaition
Mercury Oil spills
Thermal pollution The waste heat from the
boilers and heating processes increases the temperature
of the cooling water
Ground water pollution (nitrate,
fluroide, arsenic) sewage disposal, dumping of farm
yard manures and agricultural chemicals, industrial
effluents
18. Soil pollution
Sources
Plastic bags : low density polyethylene (LDPE), non
biodegradable , chocking hazard
Industrial sources :fly ash, chemical residues, metallic and
nuclear wastes
Agricultural sources : fertilizers and pesticides
Prevention measures
Sewage should be treated properly before using as fertilizer
and as landfills
Biomedical waste should be separately collected and incinerated
in proper incinerators.
Four R’s (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce)
Stop the use of plastic bags
19. Radiation Pollution
The biological damage resulting from ionizing
radiations is generally termed as radiation damage
(a) somatic damage
(b) genetic damage
20. Acid Rain
Formed when oxides of sulphur & Nitrogen reacts with
the moisture
PH < 5.6 (Ranges 0 to 14): Ph value decreases as
hydrogen ion level increases.
Two types : Wet Deposition , Dry deposition
Compounds causing Acid Rain
Sulphur : burning of fossil fuels , Smelting units
Nitrogen : combustion of oil, coal gas
Formic acid : biomass burning causes
formaldehyde(HCHO) & formic acid (HCOOH)
21. Formation of Acid Rain
Env. receives oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from
natural and man made sources
Some of these oxides fall directly as dry deposition
Sunlight stimulates formation of photo oxidants
photo oxidants interact with oxides of sulphur and
nitrogen to produce H2SO4 and HNO3
The oxides of sulphur and nitrogen photo oxidants
other gases
Acid rain containing ions of sulphate , nitrate ,
ammonium and hydrogen falls as wet deposition
22. Impacts of Acid Rain
Leaching of the nutrients
Death of affected trees
Reduces visibility
Irritation on skin
Corrosion, black crust
formation
Discolouration
23. Environment and Human Health
inadequate infrastructure facilities
Lack of proper toilets
Scarcity of clean drinking
Poor drainage or improper drainage
Contamination of food
Poor personal hygiene
24. E – waste in India
More than 8 lakh MT by India : 40 MT worldwide
African and Asian countries such as Ghana, Nigeria,
China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam are turning into
illegal e-waste hubs, bypassing the legitimate global
waste and recycling market that is thought to be worth
$410bn a year.
Rare and expensive elements are safely recycled and
reused, boosting the formal economy, depriving
criminals of income and reducing health risks to the
public.”
25. Water borne diseases : Cholera , Typhoid , Hepatitis ,
trachoma , scabies , Skin infections , malaria, yellow fever,
encephalitis, filaria and dengue , Blue Baby disease
Air borne diseases : bronchitis, chronic cough, asthma and
emphysema ,
Mining :silicosis , black lung disease
UV Radiation : cataracts, skin cancer
HEAVY METAL TOXICITY
Causes – smelting industry , burning of organic waste
Automobile and coal based power generation
Lead , Mercury (Minamata case) , Arsenic (keratosis),
cadmium ,
26. Ocean Acidification
As the uptake of co2 by the ocean increases , the
concentration of hydrogen ions decreases.
27.
28.
29. Q : Recently “oilzapper” was in the news. what it is ?
Pre 2011
a) It is an eco-friendly technology for the remediation
of oily sludge and oil spills
b) It is the latest technology developed for under sea oil
exploration
c) It is a genetically engineered high bio fuel – yielding
maize variety
d) It is the latest technology to control the accidentally
caused flames from oil wells
30. Q : Lead ingested or inhaled , is a health hazard , after the addition
of lead to petrol has been banned, what still are the sources of lead
poisoning (Pre.2012)
1 Smelting units
2 Pens and Pencils
3 Paints
4 Hair oils and cosmetics
a) 1 ,2 & 3 only
b) 1 & 3 only
c) 2 & 4 only
d) 1,2,3 & 4
31. Which one of the following can be found as pollutants in
the drinking water in some parts of India?
1 Arsenic 3 Fluoride
2 Sorbitol 4 Formaldehyde
5 Uranium
Select the correct codes given below.
a) 1 and 3 only b) 2,4 and 5 only
b) 1,3 and 5 only d) 1,2,3,4 and 5
32. Q With reference to the usefulness of the by-products
of sugar industry which one of the following statements
are correct ?
1) Bagasse can be used as biomass fuel for the
generation of energy.
2) Molasses can be used as one of the feed stocks for
the production of synthetic chemical fertilizers.
3) Molasses can be used for the production of ethanol.
Select the correct codes given below
a) 1 only c) 1 & 3 only
b) 2 & 3 only d) 1,2 and 3
33. Q There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of
some chemical elements that are used by the industry in
the manufacture of various products. Why? (Pre 2014)
1) They can accumulate in the environment, and
contaminate water and soil.
2) They can enter the food chains.
3) They can trigger the production of free radicals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1) 1 and 2 only
2) 3 only
3) 1 and 3 only
4) 1, 2 and 3
34. Q Which of the following are some important
pollutants released by steel industry in India?
1.Oxides of sulphur
2.Oxides of nitrogen
3.Carbon monoxide
4.Carbon dioxide
Select the correct answer using the code given
below.
1. 1, 3 and 4 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 4 only
4. 1,2, 3 and 4
35. Q Brominated flame retardants are used in many
household products like mattresses and upholstery.
Why is there some concern about their use?
1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the
environment.
2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2