Reducing Embodied Carbon in the built environment will play an increasingly important role in reducing overall carbon emissions over the next 20 years. For buildings, the focus has mostly been on reducing emissions by reducing the use of fossil fuels for operating energy. But we also need to reduce the carbon emissions embodied in the materials and resulting from the construction phase. As buildings become more efficient to operate, the embodied energy and emissions from materials and construction becomes an increasingly significant portion of total GHG emissions.
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Reducing Embodied Carbon - COTE 3/8/2011
1. Time Value of CO2e savings
CO2e
Time
The importance of embodied CO2e
Larry
Strain
Siegel
&
Strain
Architects
www.siegelstrain.com
2. DEFINITIONS
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2)
–
a
colorless,
odorless
gas
1.98kg/m3
Density:
1.98kg/m3
(at
s.t.p.)
I
Ton
=
505
cubic
meters
1lb
=
2
½
cubic
feet
Each
year,
the
US
produces
enough
CO2
to
cover
the
enTre
land
mass
of
the
US
18”
deep
9. Design
Team
Mechanical
–
Rumsey
Engineers
Electrical
–
IDeAs
Photovoltaics
–
High
Sun
Engineers
Structural
–
Forrell/Elsesser
Landscape
–
Lutsko
Associates
Civil
-‐
BKF
PORTOLA
VALLEY
TOWN
CENTER
(PVTC) Goring
&
Straja
Architects
10. Old
Town
Center
Area
%
of
Total
New
Town
Center
Area
%
of
Total
Building
Footprint
25,000
5.1%
Building
Footprint
20,500
4.2%
Paving
165,900
33.9%
Paving
146,400
29.9%
Playing
Fields
96,000
19.6%
Playing
Fields
100,000
20.4%
Landscape
203,000
41.4%
Landscape
223,000
45.5%
BEFORE
AFTER
PORTOLA
VALLEY
TOWN
CENTER
(PVTC) Goring & Straja Architects
16. GHG
Emissions
(Tons)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Earthwork,
paving
Conc.
Demo
-‐
omaul
Baserock
-‐
import
Site
145
156
CMU
Demo
-‐
omaul
Worker
commute
Windows
-‐
Manitoba
Gyp.
bd.
Base
Case
–
306
tons
Carpet
Ceiling
Tile
s
Wood
–
FSC
Ceramic
Tile
Wood
–
Site
salvaged
Recycling
Hauling
145
150
Concrete
cast
in
place
Buildings
Cellulose
InsulaTon
Wood
–
Engineered
As
Built
–
290
-‐
ReducTon
-‐
16
tons
(9%)
Metal
Roofing
Struct.
Steel
–
truck
GHG
Emissions
–
Construc?on
Vehicle
Emissions
Struct.
Steel
–
train
Waste
Hauling
Reinf.
steel
-‐
truck
Reinf.
steel
-‐
trail
17. GHG
Emissions
-‐
Totals
Base
Case
–
1,078
tons
As
Built
–
854
tons
ReducTon
-‐
224
tons
(21%)
1200
1000
306
800
Vehicles
290
600
400
772 Materials 564
200
0
Base
Case
As-‐Built
Goring & Straja Architects
18. Portola
Valley
Town
Center
–
CalculaTng
CO2e
Baseline
–
Standard
As-‐Built
–
Reduced
carbon
Savings
Material
Quant.
ton
CO2
/
Total
CO2
/
Quant.
ton
CO2
/
Total
CO2
/
Tons
of
Source
tons
ton
ton
tons
ton
ton
CO2
Concrete
1324
0.13
172.4
1324
0.07
86
-‐86
ICE
Reinforcing
steel
51
0.4
21.42
51
0.4
21.4
0
ICE
Structure
Wood
80
0.45
36
80
0.45
36
0
ICE
Engineered
Wood
24.6
0.65
16
24.6
0.65
16
0
ICE
Structural
Steel
10
0.68
6.8
10
0.68
6.8
0
ICE
Structure
Total
252
166
-‐86
Weight
Weight
CO2/ton
CO2/ton
material
material
Total
Total
emissions
emissions
Source
of
CO2
emissions
data
27. WHY FOCUS ON EMBODIED CARBON?
• Time Value of Carbon Savings
Carbon saved now is worth more than Carbon later
(area under the line is total carbon emitted)
Carbon Reduction
10%
reduc?on
per
year
Start
slow
-‐
increase
rate
of
reduc?on
Start
fast
-‐
decrease
rate
of
reduc?on
Time
29. Annual Construction – Billions of Square Feet
2.2
2.2
Residen?al
2.4
2.4
Commercial
~4.6
Billion
S.F.
~4.6
Billion
S.F.
New
Renovated
30. Annual Construction Emissions – 174 M tons
~134
Million
Tons
~40.5
Million
Tons
44
Residen?al
90
16.5
24
Commercial
New
Renovated
Commercial
–
75lbs/sf
Commercial
–
20lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
40lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
15lbs/sf
31. Reduced Carbon Construction Emissions – 128 M tons
~87.5
Million
Tons
~40.5
Million
Tons
27.5
Residen?al
60
16.5
24
Commercial
New
–
Reduced
CO2
Renovated
Commercial
–
50lbs/sf
Commercial
–
20lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
25lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
15lbs/sf
32. Reduce New Construction SF, Increase Renovations
(-‐1
billion)
(+1
billion)
2.7
Residen?al
1.7
2.9
1.9
Commercial
3.6
Billion
S.F.
~5.6
Billion
S.F.
New
(+1
billion
Renovated
33. Reduce New Construction SF, Increase Renovations
Annual Construction Emissions – 145 M tons
~105
Million
Tons
~40.5
Million
Tons
34
Residen?al
71
16.5
24
Commercial
New
Renovated
Commercial
–
75lbs/sf
Commercial
–
20lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
25lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
15lbs/sf
34. Reduce New Construction SF, Increase Renovations, and
Reduce Construction Emissions
Annual Construction Emissions – 109 M tons
~69
Million
Tons
~40.5
Million
Tons
Residen?al
21
16.5
48
24
Commercial
New
–
Reduced
CO2
Renovated
Commercial
–
75lbs/sf
Commercial
–
20lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
25lbs/sf
ResidenTal
–
15lbs/sf
35. Data Sources
Databases
• NREL
Data
(US
specific)
• ICE
Database
(Inventory
of
Carbon
and
Energy)
Bath
University
-‐
UK
/
EU
/
Global
data
• Ecoinvent
(Global
/
European
data)
• Franklin
Data
(transportaTon
of
materials)
Carbon
Analysis
Programs
• Athena
InsTtute-‐
reasonably
transparent
• Assembly
Calculator
–
free
• Impact
EsTmator
–
fee
for
download
• SimaPro
–
free
demo,
reasonably
transparent
• URBEMIS
–
free,
transparent
• EPA
WAste
ReducTon
Model
(WARM)
–
free,
transparent
• ConstructCO2
–
beta
36. The Value of Data
Measurement
"
.
.
.
careful
measurement
is
a
way
of
discovering
new
things,
not
just
checking
the
status
quo.
Monitoring
is
not
just
a
necessary
handmaiden
of
science
-‐
it
is
the
real
thing."
(Economist,
March
6,
2010,
"Monitoring
Greenhouse
Gases:
Highs
and
Lows”,
thanks
to
Peter
Morris)