2. Kingdom Protista
 All members of this
Kingdom, are
unicellular or very
simple multicellular
organisms.
 Members of this
kingdom have been
around for about 1.5
billion years.

3. Categories of Kingdom
Protista
 There are two major
categories; the
protozoa (animal-
like) and the
protophyta (plant-
like)

4. General Characteristics of the
Protozoa
 1. One -celled
 2. Eukaryotic
 3. Shape determined by the
cell membrane or a thicker,
elastic membrane called the
pellicle.
 4. Reproduce asexually and
sexually.
 5. Aquatic

5. General Characteristics of the
Protozoa continued
 6. Heterotrophic
 7. Many are motile-use cilia,
flagella or pseudopodia.
 8. Important role in food chain
and in the decay process.
 9. Dormant protozoa are
called cysts.
 10. Two famous protozoa are
the paramecium and the
amoeba.

6. General Characteristics of the
Protophyta
 1. One -celled, filaments and
colonies.
 2. Eukaryotic
 3. Shape determined by cell
wall.
 4. Reproduce asexually and
sexually.
 5. Aquatic
 6. Phototrophic
 7. Motile by cilia or drift in
water.

7. General Characteristics of the
Protophyta continued.
 8. Known for their role in the
food chain and for their
contribution to the Earth’s
oxygen supply.
 9. Dormant cells are called
spores.
 10. Two of the most famous
protophyta are the Euglena
and diatoms.

8. The Ameba
 The common amoeba,
Amoeba proteus, belongs
to the phylum known as
Sarcodina.
 It lives in fresh water.
 It is an independent cell,
with a nucleus and
cytoplasm.
 It has no permanent
organelles.

9. The Ameba continued
 Although the amoeba has
a simple structure, it can
move, reproduce,capture
and ingest food, digest
food, egest wastes, respire
and respond to stimuli.

10. The Amoeba-Movement
 Movement known as
amoeboid
movement.
 Uses pseudopods,
formed by the
plasmasol and
plasmagel that
comprise the
cytoplasm of the
amoeba.

11. Foraminiferans
 This is another group of
sarcodinians.
 Abundant in the oceans.
 They too move by way of
pseudopods.
 They are surrounded by
shells made up of calcium.
 Eventually the remains of
the shells may form chalk
deposits.

12. The Paramecium
 One of the most complex
protozoa.
 Unicellular
 Prefers stagnant water.
 Has a definite shape(unlike
the amoeba).
 Certain parts of the
cytoplasm do certain things.

13. Paramecium-Basic Anatomy

14. Cilia
 Paramecia move by
way of cilia and
hence are members
of phylum
Ciliophora
 Note the hair-like
cilia on this ciliate.

15. Water Control in the
Paramecium

16. Formation and Processing of
Food Vacuoles
 Food is swept by cilia
into the cell mouth.
 Food passes into the
gullet and a food vacuole
forms at it’s base.
 Enzymes from the
cytoplasm enter the
vacuole to digest food.
 Wastes from the vacuole
are expelled through the
anal pore.

17. Locomotion
 Ciliates travel
along a spiral
path, with the
cell rotating
around it’s
long axis.
 A sine wave
pattern forms.

18. The Protophyta
 There are about eleven
thousand species of
algal protists.
 They are spread over
three
phyla;Euglenophyta,
Chrysophyta, and
Pyrrophyta.

19. Phylum Euglenophyta
 Most are unicellular, but
a few are colonial.
 Animal and plant-like
characteristics.
 Use photosynthesis to
produce paramylum.
 In absence of light they
are heterotrophic.
 Use flagella for
locomotion.

20. Phylum Euglenophyta cont.
 A contractile vacuole is
present that serves to
remove excess water.
 The presence of a light
sensitive eyespot or
stigma, allows the
Euglena to locate

21. Euglena Anatomy

22. Phylum Pyrrophyta - The
Dinoflagellates
 Unicellular algae.
 Photosynthetic and
heterotrophic.
 Tough outer shell.
 All have two flagella.
 Reproduction is
asexual.
 Food stored as oil or
starch.

23. Red Tide
 From time to
time,there are
algal blooms and
the so-called red
tides form.
 Toxins from the
dinoflagellates are
released.
 Fish die from the
toxin and paralytic
shellfish
poisoning(PSP)
may occur.

24. Phylum Sporozoa
 Members of this phylum are non-motile
protozoa.
 An excellent example of a sporozoan is
Plasmodium vivax , the causative agent
of malaria.
 There are two stages involved in the life
cycle of Plasmodium vivax ; Asexual
(in the human) and Sexual (in the
mosquito).

25. Phylum Sporozoa con’t.
 When an infected mosquito bites a human,
spores enter the bloodstream and produce
gametes in the red blood cells.
 When an infected human is bitten by a
mosquito, gametes unite in the gut of the
mosquito to form a zygote.
 In the mosquito, the zygote matures into
more spores which are passed on to the
next human victim.

26. Malaria

27. Malaria continued

28. Interesting Facts About
Malaria
 In the days of British colonization of
India, soldiers contracted malaria.
 The treatment was to give the soldiers
quinine mixed with water (tonic water),
mixed with gin (to kill the taste).
 This gave rise to a popular drink
amongst the soldiers known as “Gin and
Tonic”.

29. More Interesting Facts About
Malaria
 War veterans who caught malaria
overseas, have had recurring episodes
of this disease.
 In fact, this has been observed in
patients in nursing homes right here in
Kings County.

30. The Trypanosome
 Member of Phylum
Mastigophora.
 It is a zooflagellate.
 Causative agent of
African Sleeping
Sickness.
 Transmitted from
infected wild animals
by the tsetse fly to
humans

31. Trypanosome continued
 Victim develops a
fever and becomes
weak and anemic.
 This is due to the
effect of the toxic
metabolites
produced by this
organism.

32. Trypanosome continued
 Finally the parasites
invade the fluid
surrounding the
brain and spinal
cord, the person
loses consciousness
and dies.
 Drugs are effective
in the early stages of
this disease.