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Respiratory system
1. The Respiratory System
By
Shaik Afsar, M.Pharm, (Ph.D)
Department of Pharmacology
Gokula Krishna College of Pharmacy, Sullurpet, Nellore Dist
2. The Respiratory System
The human respiratory system allows one to
obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of two phases,
inspiration and expiration
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air
3. Pulmonary ventilation
Air moves in and out of lungs
Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli (air sacs)
External respiration
Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
O2 (oxygen) in air diffuses into blood
CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood diffuses into air
Transport of respiratory gases
Between the lungs and the cells of the body
Performed by the cardiovascular system
Blood is the transporting fluid
Internal respiration
Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
CO2 waste in tissues diffuses into blood
Respiration Includes
4. The organs of the respiratory system are:
Nose
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice box)
Trachea (Wind Pipe)
Two bronchi (one bronchus to each lung)
Bronchioles and smaller air passages
Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura
muscles of respiration — the intercostal muscles and the
diaphragm.
5.
6. THE PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CAN BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO EIGHTER STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION
Structurally:
Upper respiratory system
Lower respiratory system
Functionally:
Conducting zone
Respiratory Zone
9. Functions of Upper Respiratory Tract
Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
Moistens and warms incoming air
11. Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food
and air appropriately, assists in sound
production
Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
Bronchi: branch into lungs
Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Functions of Lower Respiratory Tract
12. Conducting portion (transports air).
Includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from
the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion (carries out gas exchange).
Composed of small airways called respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs
called alveoli
15. Internal nares (Nostrils) - opening to exterior
External nares (Nostrils)-opening to pharynx
Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air
turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes
Parts of Nose
16. rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air
olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that
contain smell receptors
respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that
secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles,
lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and
IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria
Linings of Nose
17. Provides airway
Moistens and warms air
Filtering and cleaning air
Humidification
Resonating chamber for speech
Olfactory receptors
Rhinoplasty: surgery to change shape of external nose
Functions of Nose
18. Para nasal Sinuses
Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the Para
nasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
Decrease skull bone weight
Warm, moisten and filter incoming air
Add resonance to voice.
Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
Lined by Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Can get infected: sinusitis
19.
20. Pharynx
The pharynx is a tube 12 to 14 cm long that extends from
the base of the skull to the level of the 6th cervical vertebra.
It lies behind the nose, mouth and larynx and is wider at its
upper end.
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive
systems.
Commonly called the throat.
Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and
extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the
larynx and esophagus.
Common pathway for both air and food.
21. Pharynx is divided into three parts:
Nasopharynx,
Oropharynx and
Laryngopharynx.
Houses tonsils (they respond to inhaled antigens)
Uvula closes off nasopharynx during swallowing so food
doesn’t go into nose
Epiglottis posterior to the tongue: keeps food out of
airway
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection
24. Larynx (Voice Box)
Extends from the level of the 4th to the 6th cervical
vertebrae
Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
Inferiorly is continuous with trachea (windpipe)
Three functions:
1. Produces vocalizations (speech)
2. Provides an open airway (breathing)
3. Switching mechanism to route air and food into
proper channels
Closed during swallowing
Open during breathing
25. The larynx is composed of several irregularly shaped
cartilages attached to each other by ligaments and membranes.
The main cartilages are:
• 1 thyroid cartilage
• 1 cricoid cartilage
• 2 arytenoid cartilages
• 1 epiglottis
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
30. A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the
esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Anterior and lateral walls of the trachea supported by 15 to
20 C-shaped tracheal cartilages.
Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity to the tracheal
wall to ensure that the trachea remains open at all times
Posterior part of tube lined by trachealis muscle
Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
31.
32. At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea
bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the right
and left primary bronchi.
Each primary bronchus projects laterally toward
each lung.
35. Bronchi and bronchioles
The two primary bronchi are formed when the trachea
divides, i.e. about the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra.
The right bronchus. This is wider, shorter and more vertical
than the left bronchus.
It is approximately 2.5 cm long. After entering the right lung
at the hilum it divides into three branches, one to each lobe.
Each branch then subdivides into numerous smaller branches.
The left bronchus. This is about 5 cm long and is narrower
than the right. After entering the lung at the hilum it divides
into two branches, one to each lobe. Each branch then
subdivides into progressively smaller tubes within the lung
substance.
36. Structure
The bronchi are composed of the same tissues as the
trachea. They are lined with ciliated columnar epithelium.
The bronchi progressively subdivide into
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and
finally, alveoli.
37.
38.
39. Functions
warming and humidifying
support and patency
removal of particulate matter
cough reflex.
40. Lungs
There are two lungs, one lying on each side of the midline
in the thoracic cavity. They are cone-shaped and are
described as having an
apex,
a base,
costal surface and
medial surface.
The Right lung is divided into three lobes:
Superior
Middle
Inferior
The Left lung is divided into two lobes:
Superior
Inferior
41.
42. Pleura and Pleural cavity
The pleura consists of a closed sac of serous membrane (one for each
lung) which contains a small amount of serous fluid. The lung is
invaginated into this sac so that it forms two layers: one adheres to the
lung and the other to the wall of the thoracic cavity
The Visceral Pleura
The Parietal Pleura
The Pleural cavity