4156489(1).ppt

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Unit 13
Respiratory System and Pulmonology

Respiratory System
• Primary functions:
– Inspiration of oxygen
– Expiration of carbon dioxide

Respiratory System
• Movement of air:
– Nasal and sinus passages
– Pharynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
– Alveoli

Structures of the Respiratory System

Exchange of Gases
1. Oxygen diffuses through alveolar wall into
surrounding capillaries
2. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to cells
3. Carbon dioxide moves from tissues into
bloodstream
4. Carbon dioxide moves into alveoli and is
exhaled

Respiratory Combining Forms
Combining form Meaning
nas/o nose
rhin/o nose
pharyng/o pharynx (throat)
laryng/o larynx (voice box)
trache/o trachea (windpipe)
broncho/o bronchi or bronchus

Respiratory Combining Forms
Combining form Meaning
bronchiol/o bronchioles
alveol/o alveoli or alveolus
phren/o or diaphragm/o diaphragm
pulmon/o lung
pneum/o air
pneumon/o lung

Lungs
• pneumon/o = combining form
• Examples:
– pneumon/o/pathy = any lung disease
– pneumon/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of lungs
– pneumon/o/melan/osis = lung disease characterized by
black lung tissue
• melan/o

Lung Conditions
• Examples:
– pneumon/itis = inflammation of lungs
– pneumon/ia = acute inflammation of lungs
• Caused by:
– Bacteria, fungi, and viruses
• Treatment:
– Antibiotics
– atel/ectasis = collapsed lung
• Dilated or expanded

Lung Procedures
• Examples:
– pneumon/o/tomy = incision into lung
– pneumon/ectomy = excision of part or all of lung
– pneumon/o/centesis = surgical puncture of lung to remove
fluid
– pneumon/o/pexy = surgical fixation or attachment of
prolapsed lung

Lungs
• pulmon/o = another combining form for lungs
– Used only in a few words
• Examples:
– pulmon/ary and pulmon/ic = pertaining to lungs
– cardi/o/pulmon/ary = pertaining to heart and lungs
– pulmon/ary valve = heart valve through which blood
travels to lungs
– pulmon/ary embolus = blood clot moving to lung

Air
• pneum/o = combining form
– Can also mean lung
• Examples:
– pneum/o/therapy = treatment with compressed air
– pneum/o/meter = instrument that measures air volume in
respiration
• spir/o/meter = instrument that measures lung volume

Air
• Examples:
– pneum/o/derm/a = collection of air under skin
– pneum/o/thorax = collection of air in chest cavity
• Air forced into cavity
– pneum/o/py/o/thorax = collection of air and pus in chest
cavity
– pneum/o/hem/o/thorax = collection of air and blood in
chest cavity

Breathing
• pne/o = combining form
• -pnea = suffix form
– Used most often
• Normal breathing rate for adults:
– 12 to 16 breaths per minute

Breathing
• Inspire
– To breathe in
• Expire
– To breathe out

Animation
Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

Respiratory Symptoms
Term Symptom
a/pnea absence of breathing
dys/pnea difficult breathing
hyper/pnea increased rate and depth of breathing
tachy/pnea rapid breathing
brady/pnea slow breathing
ortho/pnea able to breathe only when sitting up
or standing

Respiratory Symptoms
Term Symptom
hem/o/pty/sis expectorating blood
hyper/ventil/ation excessive movement of air in and out
of lungs
hyp/oxia low oxygen levels in organs and
tissues
cyan/osis bluish color due to hypoxia

Sputum
• Combination of mucus and other fluids and
substances in respiratory tract
• ptyal/o = combining form for sputum and
saliva
• Examples:
– hemo/pty/sis = coughing up sputum containing blood
– ptyal/o/rrhea = drooling due to excess saliva

Nasal Cavity
• nas/o = combining form
• Examples:
– nas/al = pertaining to nose
– nas/itis = inflammation of nasal cavity
– nas/o/scope = instrument used to examine nasal cavity

Nasal Cavity
• Examples:
– nas/o/pharyng/itis = inflammation of nose and pharynx
– nas/o/front/al = pertaining to nasal and frontal bone
– nas/o/lacrimal = pertaining to nose and lacrimal (tear) duct
– epi/staxis = nosebleed

Throat
• pharynx = throat
• pharyng/o = combining form
• Examples:
– pharyng/o/pathy = any pharynx disease
– pharyng/itis = inflammation of pharynx
– pharyng/o/cele = herniation of pharynx
– pharyng/o/lith = calculus in wall of pharynx

Throat
• Examples:
– pharyng/o/tomy = incision of throat
– pharyng/o/plasty = surgical repair of throat
– pharyng/o/scope = instrument used to examine throat

Larynx
• Contains vocal cords
• laryng/o = combining form
• Examples:
– laryng/o/pathy = any larynx disease
– laryng/itis = inflammation of larynx
– laryng/algia = pain in larynx
– laryng/o/spasm = spasm of larynx

Larynx
• Examples:
– laryng/o/tomy = incision into larynx
– laryng/o/stomy = surgical opening into larynx
– laryng/o/scope = instrument used to examine larynx

Trachea
• trachea = windpipe
• trache/o = combining form
• Examples:
– trache/al = pertaining to trachea
– endo/trache/al = within trachea
– trache/algia = pain in trachea
– trache/o/cele = herniation of trachea

Trachea
• Examples:
– trache/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage from trachea
– trache/o/py/osis = condition of trachea with pus formation
– trache/o/scopy = examination of trachea
– trache/o/tomy = incision into trachea
– trache/ostomy = surgical creation of new opening in trachea
– trache/o/laryng/o/tomy = incision of trachea and larynx

Bronchi
• bronch/o = combining form
• bronchus = singular form
• Examples:
– bronch/itis = inflammation of bronchi
– bronch/o/lith = calculus in bronchus
– bronch/o/rrhagia = bronchial hemorrhage
– bronch/o/spasm = spasm of bronchus

Bronchi
• Examples:
– bronch/o/scope = instrument used to examine bronchi
– bronch/o/scopy = examination of bronchi with instrument
– bronch/o/fiber/o/scopy = use of specialized, flexible scope
to examine bronchi
– bronch/o/stomy = formation of new opening in bronchus
– bronch/o/rrhaphy = suturing of bronchus

Pleura
• Membrane around lungs
• pleur = combining form
• pleurae = plural form
• Examples:
– pleur/al = pertaining to pleura
– pleur/itis and pleur/isy = inflammation of pleura
– pleur/algia and pleur/o/dynia = pain in pleura

Pleura
• Examples:
– pleur/o/lith = calculus in pleura
– viscer/o/pleur/al = pertaining to membrane attached to
lung
– pleur/o/centesis = surgical puncturing of pleura
– pleur/ectomy = excision of part of pleura

Diaphragm
• Muscle that controls breathing
• phren/o and diaphragm/o = combining forms
• phren/ic and diaphragm/atic = adjectival
forms

Diaphragm
• Examples:
– diaphragm/atic breathing = automatic breathing
controlled by brain signaling diaphragm
– phren/o/plegia = paralysis of diaphragm
– phren/ectomy and phren/ic/ectomy = removal of portion
of phrenic nerve

Respiratory Diseases
• Croup
– Characterized by resonant, barking cough
– Occurs mostly in children
– Caused by:
• Viral infection
• Allergic reaction
• Inhalation of foreign object

• Asthma
– Results in:
• Spasms in bronchi
• Wheezing cough
• Inability to take complete breath

• Asthma
– Brought on by:
• Overexertion
• Inhalation of irritants
• Infection
• Emotional distress

Animation
Click Here to Play Asthma Animation

• Emphysema
– Terminal bronchioles and alveoli lose elasticity and ability
to receive and expel air
– Results in:
• Shortness of breath
• Chronic cough
• Cyanosis
• Wheezing

• Emphysema
– Caused by:
• Smoking cigarettes
• Breathing dirty, polluted air

• Pertussis
– Also known as whooping cough
– Characterized by shrill, whooping inspiration and cough
– Prevention:
• Vaccination with DTaP for children
• Vaccination with Tdap for adults

Directional Term: Left
• sinistr/o = combining form
• Origin
– Latin
– sinister = left
• Superstition that left side is bad or evil

• Examples:
– sinistr/ad = toward left
– sinistr/al = pertaining to left
– sinistr/o/man/ual = left-handed
– sinistr/o/ped/al = left-footed
– sinistr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to left
– sinistr/o/cerebr/al = pertaining to left half of cerebrum

• oculus sinister (OS) = left eye
• auris sinister (AS) = left ear

Directional Term: Right
• dextr/o = combining form for right
• Origin
– Latin
– dexter = right
• Superstition that right side is good

• Examples:
– dextr/ad = toward right
– dextr/al = pertaining to right
– dextr/o/man/ual = right-handed
– dextr/o/ped/al = right-footed
– dextr/o/cardi/a = displacement of heart to right
– dextr/o/gastr/ia = displacement of stomach to right

• oculus dexter (OD) = right eye
• auris dexter (AD) = right ear

Feet
• pod/o and ped/i = combining forms
• Examples:
– pod/iatric = pertaining to feet
– pod/iatry = medical specialty concerned with feet
– pod/iatrist = doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of
feet
– ped/i/algia and pod/algia = foot pain

Hands
• chir/o = combining form
• Origin
– Greek
– cheir = hand

Hands
• Examples:
– chir/o/spasm = spasm of hand
– chir/o/plasty = surgical repair of hand
– chir/o/practors = specialists who use hands to manipulate
body for therapy
• E.g., spinal manipulation

Pediatrics
• pedi/a = combining form for children
• Origin
– Greek
– pedias = child

Pediatrics
• Examples:
– pedi/a/trician = physician specialist who treats children
– pedi/a/trics = medical specialty for treatment of children

Gerontology
• ger/i = old age
• Examples:
– ger/ont/o/logy = study of treatment of aging and elderly
– ger/iatrics = medical specialty of treating diseases related
to old age

Psychiatry
• psych/iatry = study and treatment of mental
illness
• psych/iatrist = medical doctor who specializes
in diagnosing and treating mental disorders
• psych/iatric = pertaining to psychiatry

4156489(1).ppt

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4156489(1).ppt