Al-Kanaan, A. J. (2016) Alterations of temperature x humidity indices effect physiological traits in dairy and dual purpose cows. In: Heat stress response for physiological traits in dairy and dual purpose cattle populations on phenotypic and genetic scales. PhD thesis. Kassel University, Germany, Kassel.
Al-Kanaan, A. J. (2016) Exploring the genetic background of physiological traits in harsh environments using two selected lines of native black and white cattle. In: Heat stress response for physiological traits in dairy and dual purpose cattle populations on phenotypic and genetic scales. PhD thesis. Kassel University, Germany, Kassel.
Talukder, S. et al (2014) Evaluation of infrared thermography body temperature and collar-mounted accelerometer and acoustic technology for predicting time of ovulation of cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 80(480-491).
Talukder, S. et. al. (2014) Infrared technology for estrus detection and as a predictor of time of ovulation in dairy cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 81 (7), 925–935.
Stewart, M. (2008) Non-invasive measurement of stress and pain in cattle using infrared thermography. PhD thesis. Massey university, Palmerston north, New Zealand
Proctor, H. S.; Carder, G. (2015) Nasal temperatures in dairy cows are influenced by positive emotional state. Physiology & Behavior 138, S. 340–344.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Applications of Infrared Thermography in Animal.pptx
1. Dr. Adnan Al-Kanaan
Department of Animal Production - Basrah University
Basrah-Iraq 1
Applications of Infrared
Thermography in Animal
Production
بتق الحراري التصوير تطبيقات
نية
مجال في الحمراء تحت االشعة
الحيواني االنتاج
6. DSN Holstein
Effect of protein % at different THI on skin temperature of Holstein and DSN cows
Al-Kanaan, A. J. (2016) Alterations of temperature x humidity indices effect physiological traits in dairy and dual
purpose cows. In: Heat stress response for physiological traits in dairy and dual purpose cattle populations on
phenotypic and genetic scales. PhD thesis. Kassel University, Germany, Kassel.
6
7. Al-Kanaan, A. J. (2016) Exploring the genetic background of physiological traits in harsh environments using two selected
lines of native black and white cattle. In: Heat stress response for physiological traits in dairy and dual purpose cattle
populations on phenotypic and genetic scales. PhD thesis. Kassel University, Germany, Kassel.
Traits
Variance components / variance ratios
h2 (SE) t (SE)
Rectal temperature 0.010 0.007 0.129 0.145 0.066 (0.03) 0.111 (0.02)
Skin
temperature
Upper 0.156 0.130 4.166 4.452 0.035 (0.02) 0.064 (0.01)
Back 0.148 0.204 4.637 4.988 0.030 (0.02) 0.071 (0.01)
Withers 0.197 0.463 5.976 6.637 0.030 (0.03) 0.100 (0.02)
Line 0.103 0.333 5.147 5.582 0.018 (0.02) 0.078 (0.01)
Vaginal
temperature
0.003 0.004 0.074 0.080 0.037 (0.04) 0.087 (0.03)
Respiration rate 3.947 5.543 73.034 82.523 0.048 (0.04) 0.115 (0.02)
Pulse rate 4.177 2.562 50.984 57.723 0.072 (0.04) 0.117(0.02)
Variance components, heritabilities and repeatabilities for physiological traits
7
8. Talukder, S. et al (2014) Evaluation of infrared thermography body temperature and collar-mounted accelerometer and
acoustic technology for predicting time of ovulation of cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 80(480-491).
Hand-drawn area of vulva (A), eye (B), ear (C), and muzzle (D), which
defined the temperature data area used by the support software.
Effect of changing thresholds on sensitivity (C) and specificity
(:) for SCR tags measuring activity (solid line) and rumination
level (dashed line). 8
9. Talukder, S. et. al. (2014) Infrared technology for estrus detection and as a predictor of time of ovulation in dairy
cows in a pasture-based system. Theriogenology 81 (7), 925–935.
Schematic diagram of experimental procedure and estrus synchronization
protocol. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to assess ovarian structures, and
blood samples were collected to assess plasma progesterone concentrations.
Infrared thermography (IRT) was performed to measure the surface temperatures
of vulva and muzzle. CIDR, controlled internal drug release
Maximum IRT muzzle (-) temperatures, vulval (:) temperatures, and
P4 (–) concentration in relation to time to ovulation. The values at 4-
hour intervals were pooled for every 12 hours. For each parameter
different letters indicate significant differences between time points (P
< 0.05). IRT, infrared thermography; P4, progesterone.
9
10. Maximum eye temperature for control (■, n=8), local
anaesthetic control (▲, n=8), disbudded with local anaesthetic
(□, n= 8) and disbudded without local anaesthetic (●, n=6).
Stewart, M. (2008) Non-invasive measurement of stress and pain in cattle using infrared thermography. PhD thesis.
Massey university, Palmerston north, New Zealand
Maximum eye temperature following administration (0 min)
of ACTH (●, n=6) or saline-control (○, n=6).
9
12. Proctor, H. S.; Carder, G. (2015) Nasal temperatures in dairy cows are influenced by positive
emotional state. Physiology & Behavior 138, S. 340–344.
Total mean nasal temperature (°C) for each measurement.
We found that the nasal temperatures of cows dropped as a result of the experience of a positive, low arousal
experience. The stroking stimulus is known to induce a state of relaxation and lower the heart rate of cows. This
leads us to conclude that the drop in nasal temperature was indicative of the change in valence, rather than a
change in arousal. 11
13. Jenoptik VarioCAM
Figure 1. Infrared images of plantar (A) left (1 = lesion) and (B) right (0 = sound) hind hoof obtained
before claw trimming. The thermal images show temperature differences (°C) on coronary band
between lesion (A) and nonlesion (B) hind claws.
12
14. Conclusions: This study established the potential of IRT as a
reliable, practical tool for detection of lesions, without having
to clean or lift feet but could not be used to differentiate
between lesions.
Stokes, J. E. et al (2012): An investigation into the use of infrared
thermography (IRT) as a rapid diagnostic tool for foot lesions in
dairy cattle. The Veterinary Journal 193 (3)
13
15. Oikonomou, G. et. al. (2014) Association of digital cushion thickness with sole temperature measured with the use
of infrared thermography. Journal of Dairy Science 97 (7), S. 4208–4215.
FLIR E30 Infrared Camera - Refurbished
sole temperature for low and high digital cushion thickness (DCT) and for different
locomotion score groups 1 = sound, 2 = mildly lame, 3 = severely lame 14
16. Montanholi, Y. et. al. (2008) Application of infrared thermography as an indicator of heat and methane production
and its use in the study of skin temperature in response to physiological events in dairy cattle (Bos taurus). Journal
of Thermal Biology 33 (8), S. 468–475.
15
17. Conclusions: Contrary to expectation, the elands
exposed to cold environmental temperatures had low
surface temperatures, similar to cattle. This suggests
that the eland has the potential to adapt to winter
housing conditions in temperate climatic zones with
inside temperatures above 0 1C.
16
18. Thermographic images of the udder of ewes in this study, showing
an udder with mastitis at both sides (left) and an udder with mastitis
at one side (right).
Conclusions: The
results demonstrate
that infrared udder
temperatures can be
a good auxiliary
diagnostic method
to mastitis in sheep,
principally to
subclinical mastitis.
17
19. Pérez de Diego, A. et. al. (2013) The use of infrared thermography as a non-invasive method for
fever detection in sheep infected with bluetongue virus. The Veterinary Journal 198 (1)182–186.
Infrared images of a sheep
(S1.8) before inoculation with
BTV-1 (A) and 7 days post-
inoculation (B). Infrared
images of a sheep (S8.4)
previously to challenge with
BTV-8 (C) and 6 days after
inoculation (D). 18
20. Applications of infrared thermography in poultry
الحمراء تحت باالشعة التصوير تطبيقات
الدواجن في
20
21. Thermal image of a broiler chicken exposed to 35 C.
Yahav et al. (2005)
21
22. The results indicated that the young broilers
fed the high-energy diet presented a
metabolic energy loss equivalent to 0.64
kcal h-1, while the birds fed with the control
diet lost 2.18 kcal h-1. This finding confirms
that oil supplementation to the diet reduces
bird heat loss.
Spots where surface temperature was collected in thermographic images
of individual broilers (a) and of the flock (b).
Ferreira VM, et al (2011) Infrared thermography applied to the evaluation of metabolic heat
loss of chicks fed with different energy densities. v.13 / n.2 / 113-118
22
23. Two regions of interest were used for the analysis: one around the hole of
the blackbody and the other around the hotter parts of the chicken's face.
24
24. Sensible heat loss from eggs by convection and radiation during
60 min of cold exposure (15°C) on d 19 of incubation (E19),
fitted to an exponential regression curve.
Shinder et al. (2009)
25
25. Typical experimental correlation between facial temperature (Tfs) and body temperature,
calculated with a high-resolution (HR) algorithm (320 × 240 pixels) and a low-resolution (LR)
algorithm (40 × 44 pixels).
The possibility of
reducing costs by
using low spatial
resolution
26
26. Chronic heat Acute heat
Body
temp.
Facial
temp.
Ambient
temp.
Body
temp.
Facial
temp.
Ambient
temp.
Corticosterone R2 0.01 (0.79) 0.00 (0.97) 0.07 (0.49) 0.33 (0.03) 0.29 (0.04) 0.12 (0.21)
Thyroxin R2 0.62 (0.02) 0.60 (0.02) 0.49 (0.06) 0.05 (0.34) 0.05 (0.35) 0.07 (0.26)
Triiodothyronine R2 0.65 (0.00) 0.79 (0.00) 0.47 (0.03) 0.34 (0.02) 0.4 (0.01) 0.17 (0.13)
Arginine R2 0.36 (0.06) 0.51 (0.02) 0.16 (0.03) 0.01 (0.72) 0.05 (0.43) 0.02 (0.65)
R2 values, and significance probability (p) for the correlations of average hormone
concentrations with body temperature, facial surface temperature, and ambient temperature. 27
27. Price: $169.99
Fluke Ti25, Fluke Corporations,
Seattle, USA
Conclusions: IRT is a good tool to assess thermal losses in
rabbits. Maximum and minimum temperatures on eyes, nose,
internal and external ear are suitable for detecting differences
in heat stress in rabbits.
Mean maximum temperatures ± SE found in trial 2 and 3 on rabbits’ eyes, nose, internal ear and external ear in rooms A (in
grey) and B (in white). In all cases, differences are significant at P < 0.001. 19
40. Thank you for your attention
Dr. Adnan Al-Kanaan
Department of Animal Production
College of Agriculture
Basrah University 28
Notas do Editor
لأشعة تحت الحمراء هي نوع من الأشعة الكهرومغناطيسية مثلها مثل امواج الراديو والأشعة فوق البنفسجية وأشعة اكس والميكروويف. ضوء الأشعة تحت الحمراء جزء من الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي الذي نتعامل معه في حياتنا اليومية، بالرغم من اننا لا نلاحظه. ان الأشعة تحت الحمراء غير مرئية لعين الانسان لكننا نشعر بها كحرارة.
تعتبر الأشعة تحت الحمراء IR radiation من احد الطرق الثلاثة لانتقال الحرارة من مكان لاخر والانواع الثلاثة هي الاشعاع radiation والحمل convection والتوصيل conduction. كل شيء له درجة حرارة اعلى من 5 درجات كلفن اي ما يعادل 268 تحت الصفر يصدر منه أشعة تحت حمراء. تعطي الشمس اكثر من نصف طاقتها في صورة أشعة تحت حمراء وجزء من طيفها المرئي يمتص ويعاد انبعاثه في صورة أشعة تحت حمراء.
تحول مصابيح الضوء 10٪ من الطاقة الكهربائية إلى ضوء مرئي وحوالي 90٪ منها يتحول إلى أشعة تحت حمراء. معظم الأجهزة الكهربائية مثل المصابيح والتوستر وفرن الكهرباء تستخدم الأشعة تحت الحمراء في نقل الحرارة، حتى الأجهزة الصناعية المستخدمة في التجفيف ومعالجة المواد. كل هذه التطبيقات تعمل كجسم اسود للاشعاع ومعظم طاقتها عند طول موجي اصغرمن الطول الموجي للضوء المرئي، مع انبعاث للطاقة في منطقة الضوء المرئي باللون الاحمر.
جهاز التحكم في التلفزيون يستخدم امواج الأشعة تحت الحمراء لتغير القنوات والتحكم في كل وظائفه. يوجد في جهاز التحكم دايود LED باعث للضوء تحت الاحمر او ليزر يرسل اشارات ثنائية مشفرة في صورة نبضات تمثل حالتي الفتح والاغلاق on/off. على جهاز التلفزيون يوجد كاشف يعمل على تحويل نبضات الضوء إلى اشارات كهربائية تعطي تعليمات للميكروبروسيسور ليقوم بوظيفة محددة حسب الاشارة المرسلة مثل تغير القنوات او التحكم في شدة الصوت وغيرها من الوظائف. يمكن استخدام جهاز ليزر الأشعة تحت الحمراء في عملية الاتصالات بين نقطتين على مسافة تصل إلى عدة مئات من الامتار.
الطول الموجي والتردد Wavelength and frequency
ينتقل الاشعاع الكهرومغناطيسي في صورة امواج او جسيمات عند اطوال موجة وترددات مختلفة. هذا المدى الواسع من الاطوال الموجية يعرف باسم الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي electromagnetic spectrum. يقسم الطيف إلى سبعة اقسام مختلفة من حيث الاطوال الموجية لها. تتدرج اقسام الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي من الاقل تردد إلى الاعلى تردد وتعرف تلك الاقسام بامواج الراديو والميكروويف والأشعة تحت الحمراء والضوء المرئي والأشعة فوق البنفسيجة وأشعة جاما.
تمتلك الأشعة تحت الحمراء اطوال موجية اطول من الضوء المرئي. وتقع الأشعة تحت الحمراء في مدى الطيف الكهرومغناطيسي بين الميكروويف والضوء المرئي. تمتلك ترددات من 3GHz وحتى 400THz واطوال موجية في المدى من 30cm وحتى 740nm. الأشعة تحت الحمراء غير مرئية لعين الانسان لكن نشعر بها كحرارة اذا كانت شدتها عالية بما فيه الكفاية.
Skin temperature also increased with increasing THI
For Skin temperature we observed a very interesting continuously increase with increasing THI to a ceiling value. This gradual increase of ST with increasing THI complicates the identification of an optimal heat stress threshold.
Increasing levels of protein % in milk tended to increase ST cows at the extreme end of the THI scale. This inecrease in protein % could be due to reduced dry matter intake, causing declaration of an animals’ metabolism.
The same tendency observed for effect of protein level on the other physiological traits