1. Grammar Book Adi Baker

2. Table of Contents Preterite Preterite Trigger Words Car, gar, zar Spock Verbs Snake Verbs Snakey Verbs Cucaracha Irregulars Imperfect Imperfect Trigger Words Imperfect Irregulars Preterite vs. Imperfect Ser vs. Estar Verbs like Gustar Comparatives and Superlatives Transition Words Future Future Irregulars Future Trigger Words Por Para Conditional Conditional Irregulars

4. Actions repeated specific number of times

5. Actions that occurred during a specific period of time

6. Actions that were part of a chain of events

7. Used to state the beginning or end of an action

9. Car, gar, zar Verbs ending in –car, change ending to qué Verbs ending in –gar, change ending to gué Verbs ending in –zar, change ending to cé Examples:

10. Spock verbs Ser Dar Ver Ir Fui Fuiste Fue Fuimos Fueron Di/Vi Diste/Viste Dio/Vio Dimos/Vimos Dieron/Vieron Hacer Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron

11. Snake verbs Stem-changing verbs in the preterite. only –ir -ar and –er verbs do not stem change in the preterite Change e:i and o:u in the third person (singular and plural)

12. Snakey verbs Verbs ending in –aer, -eer, oír, -uir and –oer. Third person singular uses yó (instead of ió) Third person plural uses yeron (instead of ieron) Remaining forms use an accent over “i”. Except –uir, only uses í over “yo” form. Exceptions include- traer, atraer, distraer

13. Cucaracha Irregulars Andar-----------------Anduv_ Estar------------------Estuv_ Poder------------------Pud_ Poner------------------Pus_ Querer-----------------Quis_ Saber-------------------Sup_ Tener-------------------Tuv_ Venir-------------------Vin_ Conducir---------------Conduj_ Producir---------------Produj_ Traducir----------------Traduj_ Decir---------------------Dij_ Traer--------------------Traj_ remove i (eron)

15. Actions that set up other actions

16. Actions with no referenced beginning or ending

17. Describing physical or emotional characteristics

18. Telling time and stating one’s age

19. Background information (weather, location)

21. Imperfect Irregulars Only three irregulars- ir, ser, and ver.

22. Preterite vs. Imperfect Both are used to show past actions Some verbs change meaning based on which form they are used in. If they are used in the same sentence, then the imperfect is the original, continuing action and the preterite is the interrupting action. Imperfect movie Preterite snapshot

23. Ser vs. Estar Both mean “to be” Ser is used for essential characteristics, what it is, permanent. Estar is used for conditions, how it is, temporary. La manzanaestáverde. La manzanaesverde. The apple is green. (condition)(color) The apple is green. (essence) (unripe)

24. Verbs Like Gustar When followed by one or more words in the infinitive, singular form is always used. Gustar often used with the conditional (me gustaría) to soften a request. When talking about a person, use “a” in front of the name or pronoun. Some examples... aburrir, encantar, faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer bien/mal, doler, disgustar, hacer falta, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer

25. Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives adjective...que más...que menos...que Superlatives el/la adjective...de El/la más…de El/ la menos…de Irregulars bueno, malo, viejo, joven

26. Transition Words Words used to connect sentences

27. Future Used to tell what will happen, or what shall happen Not used to express willingness to do something Used to express wonder or probability in present state Not usually used for actions that will happen in the near future, present tense more common infinitive+ending

28. Future Irregulars

29. Future Trigger Words Words used to signal use of future Examples: semana próxima mes próximo el año que viene

30. Por Can be translated as “for”. ¿Por qué? (why?) (for what reason)

31. Para Can also be translated as “for”. ¿Para qué? (why?) (for what purpose)

32. Conditional Infinitive + Would, should, could, must have, probably

33. Conditional Irregular Same irregulars as future tense