The document discusses global drug trends and issues. It notes that 1/3 of $1 trillion in illegal income comes from drug trafficking. Afghanistan produces over 90% of the world's opium, while Southeast Asia has seen declines in recent years. Cocaine production remains centered in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. Cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants are also widely produced and trafficked globally. International cooperation is needed to address the growing transnational drug trade.
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The fight against drug trafficking
1. RISK EVALUATION LTD
AnalysisforDecisonMakers
MEXICO - LONDON
DRUG TRENDS
THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFICKING
ISTANBUL
July 08, 2008
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2. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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DRUG PROBLEMS
Globalization
High profit margin
Increase in drug addiction
Terrorist activities
Changes in the political situation in
various countries
The drug problem has grown into a regional and
international crime problem, not just a national problem.
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3. RISK EVALUATION LTD
AnalysisforDecisonMakers
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GLOBAL EVALUATION
United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime(UNODC)
World Drug Report
1/3 of $1 Trillion US Dollars is derived from illegal
income which is approximately $321 Billion US.
The source is from drug trafficking.
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12. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND SEIZURES OF HEROIN
600 555
477 495 476
500 469 449
400
Tons
300 11.5% 33.8% 10.9% 11.1% 12.1% 12.2%
200 160
100 54 54 49 53 60 58
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production Seizures
Source: UNODC
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13. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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COCA AND COCAINE
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14. RISK EVALUATION LTD
AnalysisforDecisonMakers
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GLOBAL CULTIVATION OF COCA
(1990 – 2006)
225,000
200,000
Coca Cultivation
Andean region
175,000
2002
150,000
170,300 ha
Hectares
125,000
2003
100,000
` 153,800 ha
75,000
2004
50,000
158,000 ha
25,000
2005
0
159,600 ha
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2006
Colombia Peru Bolivia 156,900 ha
Source: UNODC
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15. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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ESTIMATED GLOBAL COCAINE PRODUCTION
(1990 – 2006)
1,200
1,000 Production
Statistics
800
Ton
600
400
200
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Colombia Peru Bolivia
Source: UNODC
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16. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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COCAINE TRAFFICKING ROUTES
1200
1000
76.7%
Seizures of cocaine
800
transiting direct to Spain and Portugal
58.1% 57.4%
600
38.9% 45.1% 46.5% have decreased
400
200 Seizures on the “back door”
0
of Europe have increased
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Production Seizures
Cocaine shipments
through West Africa
pose a significant threat
Reports of large
The amount of cocaine leaving quantities of cocaine
Venezuela to the US and Europe to Asia increasing
has increased dramatically
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17. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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COCAINE SEIZURES
On October 30, 2007, a
record 23.5 tons of cocaine
was seized in Mexico.
Low Profile Vessels:
3 multi-ton cocaine
seizures from November
2006 to March 2008
Photo courtesy of the US Coast Guard
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18. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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CANNABIS AND DERIVATIVES
Percentage of Global Production
Africa North America
Oceania
Central/ and
Caribbean
Asia
Europe
Source UNODC (Statistics of 42,000 hectares under cultivation in
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21. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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RECORD HASHISH SEIZURE
In June 2008, a joint operation led to the seizure and destruction of
approximately 262 tons of hashish. The hashish was stockpiled in
several underground warehouses near Spin Boldak, Afghanistan.
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24. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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MDMA PRODUCTION
• The Netherlands remains a
significant producer of MDMA
• “Mega-Labs” in South East Asia are
capable of producing both MDMA
and crystal methamphetamine.
• Asian Organized Crime groups play
an important role in the global
MDMA trade.
• Canada is now the primary source
country for MDMA in the United
States.
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25. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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METHAMPHETAMINE TRAFFICKING IN MEXICO
• In 2007, decreased
availability in the United
MEXICO
States.
• Starting in 2008, no
pseudo-ephedrine can
be legally imported into
Mexico.
• Precursor Chemicals
now flowing through
Central America. Lab seized in Mexico in
December 2007
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26. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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METHAMPHETAMINE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
• Synthetic drugs are the Yunnan
Province
primary threat in South East Burma Vietnam
Asia. Laos
• Increasing rates of abuse
Thailand
and production throughout
Cambodia
South East Asia.
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28. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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ORIGIN OF SEIZURES OF ECSTASY (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Poland
Lithuania
Estonia
England
Bulgaria
China
Serbia
South America
Spain
USA
Hungary
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Other European Countries
Other Asian Countries
Other
(Source: UNODC )
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29. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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ORIGIN OF GLOBAL SEIZURES OF
AMPHETAMINES (2003 – 2005)
The Netherlands
Poland
Belgium
Lithuania
Estonia
Serbia
Germany
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Slovakia
Other European Countries
Asian Countries
American Countries
Oceana
(Source: UNODC)
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30. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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PRECURSOR CHEMICALS
• Trafficking groups quickly adapt in
response to tighter legal controls.
• Countries in Asia, Africa and
Middle East used for transit.
How will new restrictions
impact drug trafficking
groups?
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31. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)
• No licit production or legal use in
Afghanistan
• Produced in at least 18 countries around
the world
• China, Russia, India, Germany, and
South Korea
• Smuggled to Afghanistan through
neighboring countries
•
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
China, Pakistan, and Iran
• Smuggled via maritime vessels in
containerized cargo and overland in cargo
trucks
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ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)
• Price of AA in Afghanistan has
reportedly increased over the past
year.
• Notable seizures:
– In November 2007 10 tons of
AA in Russia.
– In March 2007 14 tons of AA
traveling to Pakistan from
South Korea.
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33. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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MONEY LAUNDERING
*Bulk cash smuggling continues
unabated.
*Trade-based money laundering linking organizations in
South America, the Middle East and Asia.
*Exploiting technology and developing new methods.
– Online and Mobile telephone payment system
– Virtual worlds
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34. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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K.K.T.C
.
•NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE
•BALKAN ROUTE
•EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE
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35. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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HEROIN SEIZURES IN EU AND TURKEY
15,000
Turkey – Transit country
EU – Target Countries
12,000
10,810
10,274
9,206
8,963 8,975 10,312
Kilograms
9,000 8,069
7,462 ,8844
8,195
6,067 6,005
6,000 6,914
6,052 4,704
3,000 4,651 3,605 3,820
3,509
2,535
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
In 2006, Turkey seized more heroin than all the EU countries combined.
(Source: UNODC )
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36. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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MEXICO - LONDON EMERGING THREAT:
NORTHERN BLACKSEA
ROUTE 1 Operation
121 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
5 Operations
578 kg heroin
1 Operation 19 persons
140 kg heroin arrested
5 persons
arrested
K.K.T.C.
1 Operation
142 kg heroin
10 persons arrested
Cooperation and operational information sharing resulted in large seizures in the
Ukraine (506 kg), Azerbaijan (142 kg), Kazakhstan (121 kg) and Romania (150 kg)
36/109
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38. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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REGIONAL ECSTASY EVALUATION
2004 2005 2006
5,619,269 1,854,487
Netherlands 306 kg 430 kg 4,118,300
210 lt 12 lt
England 4,650,000 3,243,647 No Data
TURKEY 845,390 1,748,796 1,592,200
France 1,893,226 833,648 1,488,919
Germany 2,052,157 1,588,907 1,082,820
Although Turkey is not among the main producing or consuming
countries, it is among one of the top three ecstasy seizing countries in
Europe. 38
39. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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OPERATIONS CONDUCTED OVER
THE LAST 3 YEARS INVOLVING
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Local (59) Abroad (30) Countries (21)
Heroin 1,854 Kg 2,244 Kg Germany, Austria, Bulgaria,
Netherlands, Romania, Saudi
Hashish 251 Kg
Arabia, USA, Georgia,
Cocaine 62 Kg
Denmark, England,Spain,
Opium 10 Kg 5 Kg Poland, Iran, Ukraine, Italy,
Hungary, Norway, Serbia,
Captagon 5,734,000 Tablets 2,890,000 Tablets
Belgium, Macedonia,
Ecstasy 354,523 Tablets 250,000 Tablets
Slovenia, Kazakhstan
Acetic Anhydride 12,960 Liters
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40. RISK EVALUATION LTD
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CONTROLLED DELIVERY OPERATIONS
( 1997 – 2007 )
Local (57) / Abroad (77) Countries (19)
Heroin 1392 Kg Italy, England,
France, Georgia,
Hashish 3072 Kg
Saudi Arabia, Belgium,
Morphine Base 267 Kg
Russia, Canada, Macedonia,
Cocaine 65 Kg Bulgaria, Netherlands,
Opium 57 Kg Hungary, USA,
Germany, Romania,
Captagon 4,720,000 Tablets
Greece, Slovenia,
Ecstasy 100,000 Tablets Austria, Pakistan.
Acetic 29,427 Liters
Anhydride
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