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P O V E R T Y
A N D T H E
P A R E T O   D I S T R I B U T I O N
P A R T 1
A D A M G A N T
I N A N Y G I V E N S O C I E T Y , P E O P L E T E N D T O S T A C K U P A T Z E R O .
W H A T D O I M E A N B Y T H I S ? W E L L , T H E O C C U P Y W A L L S T R E E T
M O V E M E N T W A S A G O O D , R E C E N T E X A M P L E O F T H E O U T R A G E
T H A T P E O P L E H A D T O W A R D S T H E 1 % . T H E N O T I O N S T A R T E D
T O G R O W I N T H E C O L L E C T I V E U N C O N S C I O U S T H A T T H O S E A T
T H E T O P ( T H E 1 % ) H E L D A S M U C H / M O R E T H A N A L L O F T H E
R E S T O F T H E P E O P L E I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S ( T H E R E M A I N I N G
9 9 % ) . T H I S O U T R A G E , A S S O M E C L A I M E D , W A S T H E R E S U L T O F
G R E E D Y C O R P O R A T I O N S A N D B U S I N E S S B I G W I G S W H O
P R E Y E D O N T H E S E E M I N G L Y N O W D E F U N C T M I D D L E C L A S S O F
A M E R I C A . W A S T H E A N G E R W A R R A N T E D ? W E L L , P E O P L E D O
T E N D T O S T A C K U P A T T H E T O P A N D T H E B O T T O M . B U T T H E
A N S W E R , U N F O R T U N A T E L Y , I S N ’ T A S S I M P L E A S T H E “ T H E
R I C H G E T R I C H E R B E C A U S E T H E Y T A K E F R O M O T H E R S . ”
A D A M G A N T
A D D R E S S I N G I N E Q U A L I T Y
A B O U T 1 0 0 Y E A R S A G O ,
E C O N O M I S T V I L F R E D O
P A R E T O O B S E R V E D W H A T
M A N Y C A L L T H E 8 0 / 2 0
R U L E . I T ’ S A L S O K N O W N
A S T H E P A R E T O
D I S T R I B U T I O N , P A R E T O ’ S
R U L E , A N D T H E “ L O N G
T A I L ” D I S T R I B U T I O N .
W H A T D O E S T H I S R U L E ,
O N E T H A T I S S O C O M M O N
T O B U S I N E S S E X P E R T S
A N D E C O N O M I S T S , H A V E
T O D O W I T H P O V E R T Y A N D
I N E Q U A L I T Y I N T H E
W O R L D ? L E T ’ S T A K E A
L O O K .
A D A M G A N T
I N 1 8 9 7 , A P A R I S - B O R N I T A L I A N E N G I N E E R N A M E D V I L F R E D O
P A R E T O R E C O R D E D T H A T T H E P O W E R O F W E A L T H I N E U R O P E
F O L L O W E D A S I M I L A R P O W E R - L A W S T R U C T U R E T O T H A T O F
H I S G A R D E N . P A R E T O O B S E R V E D T H A T 2 0 % O F T H E P E A P O D S
I N H I S G A R D E N C O N T A I N E D 8 0 % O F T H E P E A S . L I K E W I S E , H E
F O U N D T H A T 2 0 % O F T H E P E O P L E I N E U R O P E W E R E
R E S P O N S I B L E F O R 8 0 % O F T H E W E A L T H . L A T E R , E C O N O M I S T S
R E A L I Z E D T H A T T H I S L A W M I G H T O N L Y P E R T A I N T O T H E V E R Y
R I C H , A N D N O T N E C E S S A R I L Y T O T H E R E S T O F T H E
P O P U L A T I O N . B U T T H E F I N D I S A S T O U N D I N G , N O N E T H E L E S S .
N O W , W H I L E I T A P P E A R S T H A T P A R E T O ’ S L A W C E R T A I N L Y
A P P L I E S T O T H E R I C H , I T S E E M S A S T H O U G H A D I F F E R E N T
E N T I T Y G O V E R N S T H E L E S S W E A L T H Y .
A D A M G A N T
P A R E T O ' S L A W
P H Y S I C I S T V I C T O R
Y A K O V E N K O A N D H I S
R E S E A R C H P A R T N E R S
A N A L Y Z E D I N C O M E D A T A
F R O M 1 9 8 3 T O 2 0 0 1 .
T H E F I N D I N G S ? W H I L E T H E
I N C O M E D I S T R I B U T I O N
A M O N G T H E E X T R E M E L Y -
W E A L T H – A B O U T 3 % O F
T H E P O P U L A T I O N –
I N D E E D F O L L O W S T H E
P A R E T O D I S T R I B U T I O N ,
I N C O M E S F O R T H E
R E M A I N I N G 9 7 % F O L L O W
A D I F F E R E N T C U R V E — O N E
T H A T A L S O A C C O U N T S
F O R T H E D I S T R I B U T I O N O F
E N E R G I E S O F A T O M S I N A
G A S .
A D A M G A N T
T H E R E S E A R C H C O N C L U D E D T H A T S P E N D I N G
H A B I T S A M O N G T H E P O O R A R E M O R E R A N D O M
T H A N P E O P L E G E N E R A L L Y T H I N K . W H I L E W E T E N D
T O T H I N K O F H U M A N D E C I S I O N S A S P R E E M P T I V E
A N D W E L L - P L A N N E D , T H E E F F E C T S O F O U T S I D E
F O R C E S T E N D T O I M P E D E O N R A T I O N A L D E C I S I O N -
M A K I N G , A N D T H U S R A N D O M I Z E T H E P R O C E S S O F
S P E N D I N G . T H E A N A L O G Y O F M O N E Y A N D E N E R G Y
H O L D S B E C A U S E , L I K E E N E R G Y , M O N E Y I S N O T
C R E A T E D O R D E S T R O Y E D , O N L Y R E D I S T R I B U T E D
T H R O U G H T R A N S A C T I O N S ( O T H E R T H A N T H E
E F F E C T S O F I N F L A T I O N D U E A T H E C E N T R A L
B A N K I N G S Y S T E M ) .
A D A M G A N T
S P E N D I N G H A B I T S
E C O N O - P H Y S I C I S T S W O R K O F F O F
S O M E T H I N G C A L L E D T H E
M A T T H E W P R I N C I P L E , W H I C H
T H E Y D E R I V E F R O M A Q U O T E I N
T H E B I B L E ’ S N E W T E S T A M E N T
W H E R E J E S U S S A Y S , “ T O T H O S E
W H O H A V E E V E R Y T H I N G ; M O R E
W I L L B E G I V E N . F R O M T H O S E W H O
H A V E N O T H I N G ; E V E R Y T H I N G
W I L L B E T A K E N . A V I C I O U S
S T A T E M E N T ? C E R T A I N L Y . B U T I T ’ S
O N E T H A T H O L D S U P . P A R E T O ’ S
L A W I S A L M O S T A N I N T R I N S I C ,
U N I V E R S A L L A W . N O T O N L Y I S I T
R I G H T R E G A R D I N G T H E
T R A N S A C T I O N O F W E A L T H A N D
C U R R E N C Y , B U T I T G O V E R N S T H E
D I S T R I B U T I O N O F P L A N T S I N T H E
J U N G L E , T H E N U M B E R O F S T A R S
I N A G I V E N S T A R - C L U S T E R , A N D
T H E N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S T H A T
C O M P L E T E M O S T O F T H E W O R K I N
A B U S I N E S S . I T ’ S T R U E ;
I N E Q U A L I T Y I S A N I S S U E . I N F A C T ,
I T ’ S A M O R E S I G N I F I C A N T I S S U E
T H A N W E L I K E T O T H I N K .
A D A M G A N T
A D A M G A N T
POVERTY AND
THE PARETO
DISTRIBUTION
Karl Marx laid the problem of inequality at the feet of capitalism, but this
was wrong. Inequality is not a fault of hierarchical structures; it’s something
much more pernicious than that; something seemingly intrinsic to
humanity itself. The vast redistribution of wealth doesn’t work for a variety of
reasons, the least of which not being the fact that wealth will continually
stack up with a small minority. All you have to do is play one long game of
Monopoly to discover that one person will end up with everything and
everyone else will end up with nothing.

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Poverty and the Pareto Distribution: Part 1

  • 1. P O V E R T Y A N D T H E P A R E T O   D I S T R I B U T I O N P A R T 1 A D A M G A N T
  • 2. I N A N Y G I V E N S O C I E T Y , P E O P L E T E N D T O S T A C K U P A T Z E R O . W H A T D O I M E A N B Y T H I S ? W E L L , T H E O C C U P Y W A L L S T R E E T M O V E M E N T W A S A G O O D , R E C E N T E X A M P L E O F T H E O U T R A G E T H A T P E O P L E H A D T O W A R D S T H E 1 % . T H E N O T I O N S T A R T E D T O G R O W I N T H E C O L L E C T I V E U N C O N S C I O U S T H A T T H O S E A T T H E T O P ( T H E 1 % ) H E L D A S M U C H / M O R E T H A N A L L O F T H E R E S T O F T H E P E O P L E I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S ( T H E R E M A I N I N G 9 9 % ) . T H I S O U T R A G E , A S S O M E C L A I M E D , W A S T H E R E S U L T O F G R E E D Y C O R P O R A T I O N S A N D B U S I N E S S B I G W I G S W H O P R E Y E D O N T H E S E E M I N G L Y N O W D E F U N C T M I D D L E C L A S S O F A M E R I C A . W A S T H E A N G E R W A R R A N T E D ? W E L L , P E O P L E D O T E N D T O S T A C K U P A T T H E T O P A N D T H E B O T T O M . B U T T H E A N S W E R , U N F O R T U N A T E L Y , I S N ’ T A S S I M P L E A S T H E “ T H E R I C H G E T R I C H E R B E C A U S E T H E Y T A K E F R O M O T H E R S . ” A D A M G A N T A D D R E S S I N G I N E Q U A L I T Y
  • 3. A B O U T 1 0 0 Y E A R S A G O , E C O N O M I S T V I L F R E D O P A R E T O O B S E R V E D W H A T M A N Y C A L L T H E 8 0 / 2 0 R U L E . I T ’ S A L S O K N O W N A S T H E P A R E T O D I S T R I B U T I O N , P A R E T O ’ S R U L E , A N D T H E “ L O N G T A I L ” D I S T R I B U T I O N . W H A T D O E S T H I S R U L E , O N E T H A T I S S O C O M M O N T O B U S I N E S S E X P E R T S A N D E C O N O M I S T S , H A V E T O D O W I T H P O V E R T Y A N D I N E Q U A L I T Y I N T H E W O R L D ? L E T ’ S T A K E A L O O K . A D A M G A N T
  • 4. I N 1 8 9 7 , A P A R I S - B O R N I T A L I A N E N G I N E E R N A M E D V I L F R E D O P A R E T O R E C O R D E D T H A T T H E P O W E R O F W E A L T H I N E U R O P E F O L L O W E D A S I M I L A R P O W E R - L A W S T R U C T U R E T O T H A T O F H I S G A R D E N . P A R E T O O B S E R V E D T H A T 2 0 % O F T H E P E A P O D S I N H I S G A R D E N C O N T A I N E D 8 0 % O F T H E P E A S . L I K E W I S E , H E F O U N D T H A T 2 0 % O F T H E P E O P L E I N E U R O P E W E R E R E S P O N S I B L E F O R 8 0 % O F T H E W E A L T H . L A T E R , E C O N O M I S T S R E A L I Z E D T H A T T H I S L A W M I G H T O N L Y P E R T A I N T O T H E V E R Y R I C H , A N D N O T N E C E S S A R I L Y T O T H E R E S T O F T H E P O P U L A T I O N . B U T T H E F I N D I S A S T O U N D I N G , N O N E T H E L E S S . N O W , W H I L E I T A P P E A R S T H A T P A R E T O ’ S L A W C E R T A I N L Y A P P L I E S T O T H E R I C H , I T S E E M S A S T H O U G H A D I F F E R E N T E N T I T Y G O V E R N S T H E L E S S W E A L T H Y . A D A M G A N T P A R E T O ' S L A W
  • 5. P H Y S I C I S T V I C T O R Y A K O V E N K O A N D H I S R E S E A R C H P A R T N E R S A N A L Y Z E D I N C O M E D A T A F R O M 1 9 8 3 T O 2 0 0 1 . T H E F I N D I N G S ? W H I L E T H E I N C O M E D I S T R I B U T I O N A M O N G T H E E X T R E M E L Y - W E A L T H – A B O U T 3 % O F T H E P O P U L A T I O N – I N D E E D F O L L O W S T H E P A R E T O D I S T R I B U T I O N , I N C O M E S F O R T H E R E M A I N I N G 9 7 % F O L L O W A D I F F E R E N T C U R V E — O N E T H A T A L S O A C C O U N T S F O R T H E D I S T R I B U T I O N O F E N E R G I E S O F A T O M S I N A G A S . A D A M G A N T
  • 6. T H E R E S E A R C H C O N C L U D E D T H A T S P E N D I N G H A B I T S A M O N G T H E P O O R A R E M O R E R A N D O M T H A N P E O P L E G E N E R A L L Y T H I N K . W H I L E W E T E N D T O T H I N K O F H U M A N D E C I S I O N S A S P R E E M P T I V E A N D W E L L - P L A N N E D , T H E E F F E C T S O F O U T S I D E F O R C E S T E N D T O I M P E D E O N R A T I O N A L D E C I S I O N - M A K I N G , A N D T H U S R A N D O M I Z E T H E P R O C E S S O F S P E N D I N G . T H E A N A L O G Y O F M O N E Y A N D E N E R G Y H O L D S B E C A U S E , L I K E E N E R G Y , M O N E Y I S N O T C R E A T E D O R D E S T R O Y E D , O N L Y R E D I S T R I B U T E D T H R O U G H T R A N S A C T I O N S ( O T H E R T H A N T H E E F F E C T S O F I N F L A T I O N D U E A T H E C E N T R A L B A N K I N G S Y S T E M ) . A D A M G A N T S P E N D I N G H A B I T S
  • 7. E C O N O - P H Y S I C I S T S W O R K O F F O F S O M E T H I N G C A L L E D T H E M A T T H E W P R I N C I P L E , W H I C H T H E Y D E R I V E F R O M A Q U O T E I N T H E B I B L E ’ S N E W T E S T A M E N T W H E R E J E S U S S A Y S , “ T O T H O S E W H O H A V E E V E R Y T H I N G ; M O R E W I L L B E G I V E N . F R O M T H O S E W H O H A V E N O T H I N G ; E V E R Y T H I N G W I L L B E T A K E N . A V I C I O U S S T A T E M E N T ? C E R T A I N L Y . B U T I T ’ S O N E T H A T H O L D S U P . P A R E T O ’ S L A W I S A L M O S T A N I N T R I N S I C , U N I V E R S A L L A W . N O T O N L Y I S I T R I G H T R E G A R D I N G T H E T R A N S A C T I O N O F W E A L T H A N D C U R R E N C Y , B U T I T G O V E R N S T H E D I S T R I B U T I O N O F P L A N T S I N T H E J U N G L E , T H E N U M B E R O F S T A R S I N A G I V E N S T A R - C L U S T E R , A N D T H E N U M B E R O F E M P L O Y E E S T H A T C O M P L E T E M O S T O F T H E W O R K I N A B U S I N E S S . I T ’ S T R U E ; I N E Q U A L I T Y I S A N I S S U E . I N F A C T , I T ’ S A M O R E S I G N I F I C A N T I S S U E T H A N W E L I K E T O T H I N K . A D A M G A N T
  • 8. A D A M G A N T POVERTY AND THE PARETO DISTRIBUTION Karl Marx laid the problem of inequality at the feet of capitalism, but this was wrong. Inequality is not a fault of hierarchical structures; it’s something much more pernicious than that; something seemingly intrinsic to humanity itself. The vast redistribution of wealth doesn’t work for a variety of reasons, the least of which not being the fact that wealth will continually stack up with a small minority. All you have to do is play one long game of Monopoly to discover that one person will end up with everything and everyone else will end up with nothing.