Auto Insurance 2025

Auto Insurance 2025
Seven Tectonic Trends That Will
Reshape The Auto Claims Industry
__________________________________________
As the world gets smaller, automotive technologies
smarter, and Big Data even bigger, insurance carriers and
claims networks would be wise to start making “course
corrections” to ensure their survival. Within 10 years, the
auto claims landscape will be unrecognizable.
ACD White Paper
By Ernie Bray
ebray@acdcorp.com
ACD | TECHNOLOGY + CLAIMS SERVICES
November 2014

November 2014 Page 2 ACD (AutoClaims Direct)

Seven major trends will converge in the coming decade – a confluence with
enough seismic force to shake the auto claims industry to its foundations. Although
some trends promise to open vast new markets to carriers and claims networks while
dramatically reducing expenses and improving customer retention, some may erase
hundreds of billions of dollars in annual revenues, and others threaten to eradicate the
model of mandatory personal auto insurance. Given the pace of these changes, the
challenge for individual firms and the industry is not “adapt or perish,” but how and when
to proactively get in front of the trends. Those who wait to “ride the wave” may find that
it’s already too late to capitalize on (but not to be crushed by) the following:
1. Usage-based auto insurance powered by telematics promises to drastically
lower premiums for many drivers based on their behavior behind the wheel.
However, the benefits may come at the cost of individual privacy, and some
programs could unfairly penalize good drivers.
2. Driverless cars could radically reduce accidents and their severity, as long as a
critical mass of consumers is willing to abdicate the driver’s seat. But self-driving
technology poses a big question: who will assume liability for accidents involving
“robot cars?”
3. The disappearing claims adjuster? Some experts are predicting the elimination
of auto accidents and auto claims as we know it, but these reports are greatly
exaggerated.
4. More expensive automotive materials. As Detroit adds more “exotic” and light-
weight metals to vehicles, future auto losses will grow more costly. This may spur
further consolidation of the U.S. collision-repair market and present insurance
carriers with a dilemma when it comes to recouping the additional costs.
5. Globally Emerging middle classes. As auto-hungry middle classes emerge in
the developing world, so will the need for insurance claims technology, services,
innovation and workflow processes. These new markets offer a wealth of
opportunities for companies that are prepared to act on a global scale.
6. The new generation gap. Recent studies show that seniors are driving to an
older age than ever before. And although Millennials are less enamored with car


ownership than any previous generation, those who do drive are demanding
more complete, customized customer-service experiences than their older peers.
7. Cloud computing and connected vehicles are set to revolutionize the auto
claims and insurance industry, but the hazards posed by hackers are not fully
understood, leaving automakers and insurers unprepared for worst-case
scenarios.
As the world gets smaller, automotive technology smarter, and Big Data even
bigger, insurance carriers and claims networks would be wise to begin making “course
corrections” today to ensure they remain competitive tomorrow. Unfortunately, the auto
claims sector has been historically slow to change when confronted with new
technologies and social trends. “Slow and steady” won’t win the race this time around.
Usage-Based Insurance Powered by Telematics. Usage-based insurance, in
which rates are established based on data that includes vehicle type, driver behavior,
time and distance traveled, etc. – has long been a dream of auto insurers. It’s now
becoming a reality, thanks (in part) to the growing number of cars with telematics
devices. Services such as OnStar and consumer devices such as GPS and
smartphones have obviated the need for consumers to install proprietary telematics
devices in their cars. In turn, this has cut the cost of collecting, transmitting and
analyzing the information, fueling more consumer interest in experimental programs.
Some insurers have already begun forming partnerships with automakers to
facilitate the process – e.g., the recent collaboration between State Farm and Ford. In
addition, Allstate, Progressive and State Farm are pioneering optional, usage-based
insurance programs for customers in the hope of attracting safer drivers. Customers


who sign up for the programs pay premiums based on driving performance rather than
their age, gender or credit history.
In his article for The New York Times, journalist Ron Lieberaug summarized his
participation in the State Farm program:
State Farm sent us a device that we plugged into a port under the steering
wheel of our 2003 Toyota Highlander. That was all we had to do to begin;
the machine wirelessly transmitted data about our movements to the
company.
A few weeks later, we started getting feedback in the form of a report card
that State Farm issues to customers participating in its Drive Safe and
Save program. The company assesses drivers in five categories —
acceleration, deceleration, turns, time of day and speed — with grades
ranging from A to C…. The grades are then plugged into a formula that
determines discounts.
For now, the company’s interest in a customer’s speed extends only to
whether you’re driving more than 80 miles per hour, and if so, for how
long. We … ended up with an A-minus grade in that category. Our lead
foot on the accelerator led to our worst grade, a B-plus, in the acceleration
category. The company has data showing correlations between higher
claims and repeated instances of increasing speed more than 5 m.p.h. in
less than a second. Our A-minus on deceleration meant that we didn’t
slow down by more than 10 m.p.h. in less than a second too often….
Our A-minus on turns was a pleasant surprise given the number of curves
we encountered while driving on vacation, but the device can measure the
G forces exerted from each turn and we mostly passed muster there. Our
only perfect grade was in the time-of-day category, as we didn’t drive


during rush hour and we stay off the roads from midnight to 4 a.m. when
the drunk and exhausted are out in force.
For our above-average efforts, State Farm said we would have qualified
for a 22 percent annual discount on a policy with generous coverage limits
in New Jersey if we drove about 10,000 miles a year, reflecting a $190
discount off an initial $870 premium.i
To date, most insurers haven’t done a spectacular job of building market
awareness about usage-based insurance, but once more drivers appreciate the
benefits, it’s a good bet that consumer adoption will skyrocket. Though some customers
may resist the loss of privacy, many others (especially Millennials with few or no
expectations of privacy) will happily trade privacy for discounted premiums.
However, some skeptics worry that the data collected by insurance companies
will eventually be sold to third parties for commercial purposes, or mined by police and
government agencies to track people’s movements and locations. In addition:
• There is concern that an overreliance on certain data points could inadvertently
penalize good drivers. For example, otherwise safe drivers who tend to
accelerate quickly might be lumped with high-risk motorists.
• As more policyholders participate in usage-based programs, the standard rates
may come to resemble penalties, rather than incentives, for those who decline to
join.
• Some people worry (while others eagerly anticipate) the day when the industry
creates a FICO-like driver score. Such a score might be brought about by
consumers themselves, many of whom (presumably the safe drivers) will want
the ability to transfer their usage-based driving data to other insurers to qualify for
discounts and other benefits.


Despite the potential “dark side,” insurers will come under significant pressure to jump
on the usage-based bandwagon or risk having their best customers poached by more
farsighted competitors. There’s big money to be made by mining Big Data.
Driverless Cars. In 10 years, will we all be eating breakfast, shaving and
watching the morning news in the passenger seat as our automated vehicles transport
us in high-speed comfort through a sea of interconnected traffic? In my view, such a
forecast may come true, but the 10-year timetable posited by some analysts is far too
optimistic. First, no fully autonomous car has gone beyond the testing phase. Second,
even if driverless cars were available tomorrow, widespread consumer adoption would
probably take another 20-30 years, given the fact that the average vehicle on the road is
11 years old. It’s much more likely that automated control technologies will be
introduced incrementally, starting with emergency warning and collision-avoidance
systems that take partial control of the vehicle under certain circumstances, but
otherwise leave the human in control. In addition, popular attitudes toward the
technology may further delay the forecasts of future-shock enthusiasts. At the moment,
not all U.S. drivers are anxious to say, “Domo arigato, Mr. Roboto” for safely
chauffeuring them around the town.
• Just 20 percent of drivers said they would buy a fully autonomous car if one were
available today, according to a survey by CarInsurance.com.ii
• According to a recent study by KPMG: 64 percent of respondents said computers
weren’t capable of the same quality of decision-making as humans; 75 percent
said they could drive a car better than a computer; and 75 percent wouldn’t trust
a driverless car to take their children to school.iii


• However, the KPMG survey also found that 34 percent of people would be “very
likely” to buy an autonomous vehicle in exchange for a big insurance discount,
while another 56 percent would consider it. Only 10 percent ruled out a driverless
car entirely.iv
Given the enormous safety benefits of autonomous cars – 95 percent of
accidents are caused by human error according to the NHSTA – and the probability that
insurers would, at some point,” reduce the premiums for policyholders who adopt certain
driver-assist technologies, it seems almost certain that autonomous technology will
make a big impact on the auto claims industry in the near future.
According to Forbes, one large insurer recently forecast that even a 20 percent
adoption rate of driver-assist technologies could reduce accident rates enough to trigger
rate reductions, with a Celent report predicting that liability premiums could drop by 60
to 80 percent by the year 2022.v
Some analysts believe fully autonomous cars could slash hundreds of billions in
annual revenues from car makers, parts suppliers, dealerships, insurance companies,
collision-repair shops, etc. And if accident rates fell by 99 percent and premiums by 90
percent, the current model of mandatory personal auto insurance might be in jeopardy.
More troubling for automakers and insurers is the question of who would be liable
for accidents involving autonomous vehicles, or for accidents involving a mixture of
driverless and driver-controlled cars – the automakers; the suppliers of the computers
and other electronic devices? Would it always be assumed that human drivers were at
fault when accidents occurred? To date, serious crashes of driverless cars have been


extremely rare, but some experts worry that the cost of even a single crash might be too
great for some parties to bear.
The Disappearing Claims Adjuster? If all cars were fully autonomous, it’s
estimated that accident claims would plummet by 4.95 million per year, resulting in
30,000 fewer deaths, two million fewer injuries and $400 billion in accident-related cost
savings vi
Even so, a considerable number of accidents would still occur, so the need for
claims adjusters and administrators would not evaporate. In the near term, claims
adjusters and administrators are not just here to stay, but their services will be in even
more demand, though the work will be increasingly outsourced.
Insurance carriers … have increasingly outsourced these services in an
effort to cut operating costs and improve profitability…. New financial
sector regulations will pressure insurers’ profitability and increase
outsourcing to industry operators. Meanwhile, a renewed focus on risk
management by insurers, as well as employee-benefit fund administrators,
will boost demand for industry risk advisory and actuarial consulting
services. Consequently, in the five years to 2019, industry revenue is
project to grow at any average annual rate of 3.7% to $66 billion.vii
It’s my belief that insurance companies will increasingly focus on core processes
that contribute most to their profitability while outsourcing claims processing and other
ancillary functions to third parties that can more cost-effectively deliver such services.
Despite the growing complexity of vehicles and the potential that risk will be shifted from
consumers to auto and technology makers, an accident-free world is not going to


happen. Combine this fact with emerging global markets, and auto claims are more
likely to rise than fall in the foreseeable future.
In their current iteration, however, the number of adjusters will almost certainly
decline, but the most qualified, hard-working and adaptable ones will adjust to changing
market conditions and technologies. Those on the fringes will wash out and disappear.
While the industry may contract as a whole, there will always be a need for specialized
and experienced claims talent. Even before autonomous vehicles become a mainstay
on streets and highways, claims adjusters will have to become highly trained in product
liability. They will also have to understand new technologies, knowing how to analyze
and interpret new data sets to determine who is at fault.
More Expensive Automotive Materials. In recent years, automakers have been
incorporating greater quantities of lightweight and “exotic” materials, such as aluminum
and magnesium, into vehicles to enhance fuel efficiency and performance. While the
use of these metals has helped manufacturers solve certain technical problems and
meet federal mileage standards, switching metals comes with a price tag that will largely
be borne by insurers and auto body shops, because: (1) the materials will cause the
average cost per accident to rise significantly; and (2) relatively few collision-repair
shops are currently equipped to work with these metals.
Repairing aluminum, for example, requires specialized tools and repair
techniques, which in turn requires that technicians receive updated training and
specialized equipment. Such repairs also require that shops invest in dedicated “clean


rooms,” which must be fully quarantined from the rest of the facilities. According to Mark
Allen, a collision programs and workshop specialist for Audi of America, the clean room
is necessary for two reasons:
First, other types of vehicle metals, such as steel, contain elements that
contaminate aluminum. Iron oxide flies into the air when technicians grind
and sand steel components, which causes corrosion. That leads to
adhesion and paint failures. Shops end up replacing those ruined
components, and eat the part cost of the repair bill because they made a
mistake.
Second, the combination of contaminants with aluminum can cause
thermite reactions – iron oxide and aluminum are the two main
components of thermite bombs.
“If you mix magnesium with that, which is present in many luxury vehicles,
you could end up with an explosive incendiary mixture in your work
environment,” Allen says, noting that puts you at risk for severe liability
issues. “The explosive repercussions of [not having a clean room] are
certainly a risk to both the vehicle repair and the repair facility.”viii
The average cost of installing a clean room is estimated at $40,000 to $60,000,
while new equipment can run into the tens of thousands of dollars. For example: a
separate toolset specially made for aluminum work can easily cost $8,000; an
explosion-proof vacuum (needed to remove excess dust from the clean room) can cost
$8,000-$13,000; and a dedicated parts cart will cost roughly $500. And these figures


don’t include the gas evacuation system needed to remove welding gases and dust, or
the cost of training the staff.
There are approximately 30,000 repair shops in the U.S. today – down from
80,000 in the 1980’s. The growing use of lightweight and exotic materials is certain to
accelerate the industry’s ongoing consolidation. Smaller and independently owned
shops will be especially hard pressed to survive. Meanwhile, insurers will likely see a
hike in appraisal and repair severities after a long period of consistency in repair costs.
Historically, most additional costs have been passed to the consumer, but in tandem
with the other six trends – most of which will put downward pressure on premiums – this
may be more difficult to accomplish than it once was.
Many insurers will be shocked by the rise in accident severities, triggering a rush
to discover new ways to control the rising costs of claims.
The Globally Emerging Middle Classes. Despite significant challenges, many
auto insurers see a bright future with the emerging middle classes of developing
nations.
• Between 2012 and 2021, more than half the growth of the global economy is
expected to come from emerging markets, according to a 2011 Swiss Re report,
“Insurance in Emerging Markets: Growth Drivers and Profitability.”ix
• Asia and Latin America have contributed most to emerging-market premium
growth in the past decade, driven by healthy economic environments and
improvements in insurance regulations.
• A survey from London-based Finaccord found that in 10 emerging economies,
surging car sales have doubled the value of their automotive finance and leasing
markets in five years, to $182 billion.x


“The future of the global automotive industry lies firmly in the world’s emerging
markets, where car sales have risen faster than in the developed world for several
years,” said a Finaccord spokesperson. “Even the global financial crisis did not stop
both new and used car registrations from rising in countries such as Indonesia, as well
as China and India.xi
As the middle class expands in these regions, so does the desire to protect their
assets. “Personal-lines demand, especially for auto insurance … is largely driven by the
middle class,” says Luis Bonell, president of Liberty Mutual Insurance’s international
country operations. “Overall, we see the middle class rising vigorously in most emerging
markets.”xii
The hurdles to entering and succeeding in these markets, however, can be
significant. In parts of the developing world, there is little or no history of insurance and
risk-management, forcing early entrants to build much of the infrastructure while also
educating consumers on the benefits of auto insurance and how it works. Although entry
barriers and regulatory obstacles have been reduced in countries such as China and
Vietnam, the idea of purchasing property and casualty insurance is often greeted with
skepticism in the enormous Indian market, where penetration for the non-life-insurance
segment has reached only 0.78 percent.xiii
Throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa,
meanwhile, insurance tends to be heavily regulated by governments while the
transportation and finance infrastructure lags behind the developed world.
Perhaps most challenging, the number of annual traffic deaths in some
developing and former Eastern Bloc nations is staggering. For example, the combined


death tolls of the 10 countries with the highest number of annual traffic fatalities (which
include Mexico, Brazil, Russia and China) is nearly the same (600,000) as the total
casualty count of the U.S. Civil War. In many instances, these deaths can be attributed
to lax or rarely-enforced safety regulations, poor road conditions, drunk driving and a
general disregard for the rules of the road. So while opportunities abound for rapid
growth in these emerging markets, so do the financial risks. Forward thinking
companies who are able to bring technology to the claims process in these emerging
markets have an immense opportunity to create a ecosystem that connects every link of
the claims value chain.
The New Generation Gap. America’s aging population isn’t translating into
fewer cars on the roads. Instead, seniors are driving longer and farther than their
parents did. According to Triple-A, there’s been a significant increase in the number of
older Americans who hold onto their driver’s licenses: 84 percent of people over 65
have driver’s licenses today, compared with 50 percent in the early-1970s.xiv
Although seniors are less likely to become involved in accidents compared with
younger motorists, they are more likely to be killed or seriously injured when they are
involved.xv
On a per mile basis, fatal crash rates increase starting at age 75 and
increase significantly after age 80, according to a report by the Centers for Disease
Control. “This is largely due to increased susceptibility to injury and medical
complications among older drivers rather than an increased tendency to get into


crashes. Age-related declines in vision and cognitive functioning … as well as physical
changes, may affect some older adults’ driving abilities.”xvi
Historically, younger drivers (especially young men) are much more prone to auto
accidents, but this may be changing, not because young adults are better drivers than
previous generations, but because fewer of them actually drive. According to a 2013
study by U.S. PIRG, miles driven in America have stagnated since 2004 – a change due
mainly to the Millennials. If the trend continues, it “could have serious repercussions
both for transportation policy and the auto industry.”xvii
Put simply: Millennials are less
likely to own a car than their parents and grandparents were when they were young,
and many seem less enamored of America’s car culture.
According to a 2012 AAA study, only 44 percent of teenagers are getting
driver’s licenses within a year of eligibility. Most cited financial constraints
and lack of interest as the main reasons for the delay. Lack of interest in
driving may increase for younger populations. A recent Deloitte study
found that 46 percent of 18-to-24-year-olds chose Internet access over
owning a car.xviii
Tough economic times are partly to blame for the phenomenon, but so is
Millennials’ preference for urban lifestyles. According to a Wall Street Journal report, 88
percent of young people are interested in living in cities, where car ownership is often an
expensive and time-consuming hassle. This has fueled their enthusiasm for public
transportation, bicycling and services like those offered by LYFT, Uber and Zip Car.
Of course, not all Millennials eschew automobiles, and those who do drive want
more control over the auto claims process. As a group, they want to more fully


participate in the process, receiving information every step of the way. By contrast, older
generations have a less hands-on approach to auto claims and a different definition of
what constitutes excellent customer service.
For example, self-service auto claims processing is the hot trend among auto
insurers and many customers, especially Millennials. Thanks to new mobile web and
app technologies that let customers initiate claims and upload photos of their vehicles
from smartphones and tablets, insurance companies can dramatically reduce their Loss
Adjustment Expenses (LAE) while improving customer service and retention. Using a
mobile solution such as ACD’s Self(ie)™ Service, insurers can:
• Reduce the cost of processing each accident claim by an average of 50 percent
compared with sending a staff appraiser to the field, and by 35 percent or more
compared with the cost of independent appraisers.
• Shave the total time needed to process the average claim from 3-5 days to 3-4
hours. Obtaining same-day settlements improves staff productivity by freeing
appraisers and claims adjusters to tackle new assignments instead of
maintaining hundreds of open files
However, older customers tend to be less enthusiastic about this service, with
many saying, “It isn’t my job to be a claims adjuster for the insurance company. I expect
them to do it for me.”
In general, high-tech, interactive claims solutions do not appeal to older
customers. But according to recent studyxix
, Generations X and Y are actually more


likely to choose insurance companies based on web information and ease of navigation
rather than price.
Therefore, it may be desirable – it not necessary – for insurers to create a
bifurcated customer service program: one that appeals to younger generations who
have grown accustomed to high-tech interactions with companies, and another that
targets an older demographic that prefers the “old school” solutions and customer
service.
Cloud Computing and Connected Vehicles. As more vehicles are packed with
electrical control units, infotainment systems and other technology that renders them
“smarter” and more connected, the severity of auto claims is rising. Moving some of this
automotive hardware from the dashboard to remote servers in the Cloud promises
smaller control boards, increased legroom and, most important, a reduction in claims
severity. What’s more, it may also help decrease the cost of cars, which today have
more in common with corporate data centers than the machines Henry Ford helped
pioneer. Other benefits of outsourcing computer hardware to remote servers include
improved drive dynamics and easier seasonal maintenance.
[But] convenience and drive functionality are not the only types of benefits
driving auto experts to look at practical applications for cloud services in
vehicles. In fact, cloud capabilities are much more than a cool new toy for
car owners to play with; they could also affect advances in automotive
safety.


One simple way to describe the powerful appeal of cloud computing in
vehicular safety design is that cloud services could enable more efficient
GPS-enabled augmented reality devices…. One example is a lane
departure warning system now common on some new luxury cars or other
upscale vehicles. This system typically relies on satellite signals to help
keep a car traveling in a safe path.
Other similar features include pre-collision warnings, which, in some
vehicles, employ sonar and automated braking to prevent a crash. These
systems generally use physical sensors, but cloud computing would
enable more consolidation for the acquisition of key satellite signals, while
possibly making some kinds of physical sensors obsolete because of the
large amount of physical data that could be sent over cloud services.xx
Some skeptics and security analysts warn, however, that increased reliance on
computer technology may make vehicles more susceptible to hacking. While some
experts worry that hackers might mine private data from vehicles or servers, others
raise the possibility that criminals could take control of vehicles. Just imagine if the
entire interconnected traffic cloud was ‘hacked’
If this sounds like something cooked up by a Hollywood screenwriter, you might
be interested to learn that in 2010, researchers affiliated with the Center for Automotive
Embedded Systems “demonstrated that it’s possible to take over all of a car’s vital
systems by plugging a device into the OBD-II port under the dashboard. The following
year, the same CAESS researchers demonstrated how to remotely take control of … a
vehicle through its telematics systems. In a report, they also reveal that it is theoretically


possible to hack a car with malware embedded in an MP3 and with code transmitted
over a Wi-Fi connection.” xxi
That said, it’s less likely that hackers would be able to penetrate the security
protocols of a remote data center than the on-board systems of an individual vehicle,
which makes cloud computing the safer option. But how much safer is yet to be
determined. Because even well-defended networks might be vulnerable to security
breaches, insurers will have to factor these possibilities into their future risk-
management decisions.
Conclusion
The next 10-15 years and beyond will be marked by the emergence of dynamic
global markets, disruptive technologies and changing demographics, fueling the need
for rapid innovation among insurers and third-party claims networks. While the volume
of some claims will decrease due to improved technology and safer cars, loss severities
will rise because of the increased complexity and cost of repairing vehicles by a
shrinking pool of qualified auto body shops.
“Established” companies that continue to display complacency will soon confront
new challenges and challengers to their positions – if not their very survival. Change is
coming – and coming soon – regardless of whether anyone is ready.


i

Ron
Lieberaug,
“Lower
Your
Car
Insurance
Bill,
at
the
Price
of
Some
Privacy.”
The
New
York
Times,
Aug.
15.
2014.

ii

Mark
Vallet,
“Survey:
Drivers
Ready
to
Trust
Robot
Cars?”
Car
insurance.com,
November
1,
2013.

iii

Ibid.

iv

Mark
Vallet,
“Survey:
Drivers
Ready
to
Trust
Robot
Cars?”

v

Ibid.

vi

“Effect
of
Robotic
Driverless
Vehicles
on
Auto
Insurance
Costs.”
Robotics
Tomorrow,
July
17,
2014.

vii

“IBISWorld
Industry
Report
52429:
Third-‐Party
Administrators
&
Insurance
in
the
U.S.”
IBISWorld,
March
2014.

viii

Andrew
Johnson,
“Reserved
for
Aluminum.”
Fender
Bender,
January
2013.

ix

Shawn
Moynihan,
“Emerging
Markets
Present
Major
New
Opportunities
for
Global
Carriers.”
Property
&
Casualty,

April
2-‐9,
2012.

x

Charles
E.
Boyle,
“Survey
Finds
Emerging
Markets’
Growth
in
Auto
Financial
Services.”
Insurance
Journal,
March
8,

2012.

xi

Ibid.

xii

Shawn
Moynihan,
“Emerging
Markets
Present
Major
New
Opportunities
for
Global
Carriers,”

ProeprtyCasualty360.com,
April
5,
2012.

xiii

Ibid.

xiv

Dar
Daniels,
“Older
drivers
staying
behind
the
wheel
longer,
traveling
farther.”
Radio
Iowa,
March
12,
2014

xv

“Aging
Drivers
Crash
Less
Often
than
Earlier
Generations.”
CBS
News,
February
20,
2014.

xvi

http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/older_adult_drivers/adult-‐drivers_factsheet.html

xvii

Kerry
Cardoza,
“Millennials
lead
trend
in
less
car
ownership,
driving.”
Medill
Reports
Chicago,
June
5,
2014.

xviii

Ibid.

xix

2014
Insurance
Website
Evaluation
Study
(IWES).

xx

Justin
Stoltzfus,
“Cloud
Computing
for
Vehicles:
Tomorrow’s
High-‐Tech
Car.”
Technopedia,
March
21,
2012.

xxi

“Smart
cars
and
connected
vehicles:
Privacy,
security
and
safety
considerations.”
Advisen,
Zurich
American

Insurance
Company,
2014.

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