1. Understand the basic premises of subject/discipline 2. Understand the need for classification of human knowledge 3. Know required basic competencies for effective transaction of knowledge 4. Know how to enhance knowledge of the discipline 5. Importance of research for advancement of subject/discipline

1. What is a Subject?
A subject or a field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the school,
college or university level.
A school subject refers to an area of knowledge that is studied in school . It can be called
a learning tool or the criteria by which we learn. More precisely, subjects are the parts into which
learning can be divided. It is a field or sphere of knowledge in which the learner has chosen to
specialise.
It can sometimes be used synonymously with the term ‘discipline’ and can be referred to
as a systematic instruction given to the students in a particular area of learning that follows a
specific code of conduct.
Humanist educators argue that school subjects are created to provide students with
“intrinsically rewarding experiences” that contribute to the pursuit of self actualization, personal
growth, and individual freedom . School subjects, therefore, need to be formulated according to
the interest, attitudes, and developmental stages of individual students. They need to derive content
from a wide range of sources – such as personal experiences, human activities, and community
cultures and wisdoms. Disciplinary knowledge might (or might not) be useful for the formation of
school subjects.
From the perspective of social efficiency, school subjects are constructed for the primary
purpose of maintaining and enhancing economic and social productivity by equipping future
citizens with the requisite knowledge, skills, and capital. The formation of school subjects,
therefore, is justified with close reference to the needs of occupation, profession, and vocation.
Specialized and applied fields (e.g., engineering, accounting, and marketing, among others),
therefore, are the primary sources from which the contents of school subjects are derived.
For social reconstructionist, school subjects are created to provide students with
meaningful learning experiences that might lead to emancipation and engender social agency. To
this end, the formation of school subjects is based upon an examination of social contexts, social
issues, and futures, with the intention of helping individuals reconstruct their own analyses,
standpoints, and actions. Like humanistic educators, social reconstructionist believe that school
subjects derive contents from a wide range of sources.
Subject refers to a branch of knowledge studied or taught. In schools, children learn a number
of subjects such as mathematics, science, language, history, religion, music, art, dancing, health,
etc. These subjects are also branches of knowledge but are often adjusted to accommodate the
goals of education. When speaking of subjects attention paid to research is rather minimal.
The word subject has other meanings as well. It is used to refer to the word in a sentence naming
who or what performs the action of the verb. Let us look at an example.
Jim played tennis.

2. In the sentence, the subject or the person who does the action is Jim. Hence, Jim is the subject.
It can be used to refer to a member of a state ruled by a monarch. For instance when we say the
kind addressed his subjects, it denotes that the king spoke to his people.
Definition for School Subject
A school subject can be defined as a branch of knowledge or a body of knowledge that is being
provided to its learner.
According to Zongyi Deng “a school subject refers to an area of learning within the school
curriculum that constitutes an institutionally defined field of knowledge and practice for teaching
and learning.”
Features of School Subjects
Grossman and Stodolsky (1995) defined three features of school subjects: Statue, perceived
sequentiality and scope.
(i) School subjects differ in the status they have in the school and larger community.
(ii) Sequentiality is perceived as important in school subjects, where certain knowledge and skills
have to be known before proceeding to a new learning. For example in mathematics, learners
should have number concept and the concept of place value before proceeding to addition,
subtraction etc.
(iii) The scope of the subject refers to the different disciplinary areas included in the subjects,
which can be broad or restricted. An example of broad based subject is social studies, which draws
on discipline like history, political science, economics, geography etc.
Meaning of Discipline
What is a Discipline?
Let us begin with the word discipline. As mentioned above, discipline refers to a branch of
academic study. For example, psychology, sociology, anthropology, mathematics
and philosophy are all disciplines. These can mostly be seen in higher educational institutions such
as universities. This, however, does not denote that disciplines cannot be seen in other educational
settings such as schools. For example, mathematics is a school subject that is also a discipline that
is found in higher educational institutions.
Disciplines usually consist of theoretical backgrounds, research and experiments, groups of experts
in the discipline, etc. For example, a person who is pursuing his studies in a particular discipline
not only gains an in-depth understanding of it but also conducts experiments or research as well.
Such a person is considered as specializing in the chosen discipline.
However, the word discipline can also refer to the training of people to obey rules or a code of
behavior. For example in schools disciplining the child is considered as an important part of
learning as subject knowledge.

3. Characteristics of academic disciplines
1. Body of specialised knowledge
2. Has theories and concepts
3. Specific terminology
4. Specific object of research
5. Definite methodology of research
6. Institutional manifestation in form of subjects taught , professional organizations
The term ‘discipline’ originates from the Latin words discipulus, which means pupil, and
disciplina, which means teaching. A discipline is focused study in one academic field or
profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies,
inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given discipline. A discipline may
have branches, and these are often called sub-disciplines.
Meaning of Academic Discipline
An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as
part of higher education.
Definition for Academic Discipline
According to Zongyi Deng “an academic discipline is a field or branch of learning affiliated with
an academic department within a university, formulated for the advancement of research and
scholarship and the professional training of researchers, academics, and specialists.
Types of Discipline.
Self-Discipline.
Self-discipline is a willing and instinctive sense of responsibility that leads you to know what needs
to be done. Getting to work on time, knowing the job, setting priorities, and denying personal
preferences for more important ones all measure how self disciplined you are. This is the highest
order of all disciplines because it springs from the values you use to regulate and control your
actions. The ideal situation is to motivate cadets to willingly discipline themselves, and exercise
self control and direction to accomplish the task.
Task Discipline.
Task discipline is a measure of how well you meet the challenges of your job. Task discipline
requires that you have a strong sense of responsibility to do your job to the best of your ability.
Group Discipline.
Group discipline means teamwork. Since most jobs in CAP require that several people work
effectively as a team, group discipline is very important. Imposed Discipline. Imposed discipline

4. is the enforced obedience to legal orders and regulations. It is absolute in emergencies when there
is no time to explain or discuss an order an order. Much of your CAP training is to teach you to
carry out orders quickly and efficiently. This type of discipline provides the structure and good
order necessary throughout your unit to accomplish a task no matter the situation.
Internal discipline:
The students develop the feeling of responsibility while learning through internal discipline. All
the students treated in the class equally. They play, sing, study and all the activities done in the
classroom with the help of internal discipline.
School discipline:
In our country school discipline based on corporal punishment given. But these types of
punishments reduce in the school. Now using different methods used to make positive results.
Positive discipline:
Positive discipline is based on praise, rewards and encouragement provides students to solve their
problems. Positive discipline mainly aims in students behavioral changes.
Boundary based discipline:
It means focuses on setting limits, and making the rules clear up front. Kids are then given choices
and there are clear consequences for misbehavior, such as logical consequences, or natural
consequences, it would set a limit and make the consequence.
Emergence of academic disciplines
Educational institutions originally used the term "discipline" to catalog and archive the new and
expanding body of information produced by the scientific community. Disciplinary designations
originated in German Universities during the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Most academic disciplines have their roots in the mid-to-late-19th century secularization of
universities, when the traditional curricula were supplemented with non-classical languages and
literatures, social sciences such as political science, economics, sociology and public
administration, and natural science and technology disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology,
and engineering.
In the early 20th century, new academic disciplines such as education and psychology were added.
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was an explosion of new academic disciplines focusing on specific
themes, such as media studies, women's studies, and black studies. Many academic disciplines
designed as preparation for careers and professions, such as nursing, hospitality management, and
corrections, also emerged in the universities. Finally, interdisciplinary scientific fields of study
such as biochemistry and geophysics gained prominence as their contribution to knowledge
became widely recognized.

5. As the twentieth century approached, these designations were gradually adopted by other countries
and became the accepted conventional subjects. However, these designations differed between
various countries. In the twentieth century, the science disciplines included: physics, chemistry,
biology, geology, and astronomy. The social science disciplines included: economics, politics,
sociology, and psychology.
Prior to the twentieth century, categories were broad and general, which was expected due to the
lack of interest in science at the time. With rare exceptions, practitioners of science tended to be
amateurs and were referred to as "natural historians" and "natural philosophers"—labels that date
back to Aristotle—instead of "scientists”. Natural history referred to what we now call life sciences
and natural philosophy referred to the current physical sciences.
Few opportunities existed for science as an occupation outside of the educational system. Higher
education provided the institutional structure for scientific investigation, as well as economic
support.
Soon, the volume of scientific information rapidly increased and people realized the importance
of concentrating on smaller fields of scientific activity. Because of this, scientific specializations
emerged.
As these specializations developed, modern scientific disciplines in universities also improved.
Eventually, academia's identified disciplines became the foundations for people of specific
specialized interests and expertise.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCHOOL SUBJECTS AND ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
BASIS OF DIFFERENCE SCHOOL SUBJECTS ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES
Aims of education Development of basic skills
and awareness.
Development of a social
citizen.
Development of specialised
knowledge and skills.
Development of scholars,
researchers, academics,
specialists, etc.,
Nature of content Simple ideas and
informations.
Complex theories of educators.
Curriculum construction Considering needs, wants of
learners. Includes learner
centred teaching methods.
Contents are arranged for the
development of different
specialised skills at complex
and wider levels.
Development of skills Gives importance for the
development of basic skills ,
such as reading , writing and
arithmetic.
Gives importance for the
development of specialised
skills, mainly professional and
vocational skills.
Area of operation Limited to Schools. For university and other higher
education.

6. Developmental phases School subjects comes first
in the development of a
person.
Academic disciplines comes later
in one’s learning journey from
school to university
Content of a School Subject
The argument proposed here is that teachers do need basic knowledge of related academic
disciplines, but knowing the content of a school subject lies at the heart of their professional
understanding. School subjects, not academic disciplines, constitute the “locus” of classroom
teaching; they frame classroom teachers’ practice and per- spectives on curriculum and instruction
. Knowing the content of a school subject involves knowing more than the content per se; it entails
knowing the theory of content – i.e., knowing how the content is selected, formulated, framed, and
transformed in ways that render meaningful and educative experiences for students. This knowing
is crucial for disclosing the educational potential inherent in the content.
Teachers need to have three kinds of subject matter knowledge: content knowledge,
pedagogical content knowledge, and curricular knowledge. Content knowledge includes
knowledge of the substance and structure of the academic discipline. Pedagogical content
knowledge involves an understanding of pedagogical representations and instructional strategies,
and of students’ pre-conceptions with respect to particular curriculum topics at particular grade
levels. By means of this knowledge, the teacher transforms his or her disciplinary content into
“forms that are pedagogically powerful and yet adaptive to the variations in ability and background
presented by students”. Curricular knowledge involves an understanding of the curriculum and the
instructional materials available for teaching a subject at various grade levels, which can be an aid
to the transformation process.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL SUBJECTS AND ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
School subjects can have different and variable relationships to academic disciplines,
depending on their aims, contents, and developmental phases. School subjects are derived from
and organized according to the “structure” of academic disciplines. They constitute a faithful and
valid introduction to the academic disciplines. While students are dealing with relatively simple
ideas and methods in school subjects, they study the same ideas and methods known by experts in
the academic disciplines. So school subjects are the connecting links to academic disciplines.
Academic disciplines are of complex nature, and they are the continuation of school subjects.
School subjects are basis for the development of basic informations that will turns the
learners into specialists in academic disciplines. A school subject results from the transformation of an
Academic Discipline. School subjects come first and academic disciplines later in one’s learning journey
from school to university. An academic discipline provides the endpoint for the formation of a school
subject and the school subject furnishes the avenue for getting to know the academic discipline.

7. School subjects can have different and variable relationships to academic disciplines, depending on their
aims, contents, and developmental phases. Stengel (1997) identifies five possible relationships between
academic disciplines and school subjects.
(1) Academic disciplines and school subjects are essentially continuous;
(2) Academic disciplines and school subjects are basically discontinuous;
(3) Academic disciplines and school subjects are different but related in one of the three ways:
(3a) academic discipline precedes school subject,
(3b) school subject precedes academic discipline, or
(3c) the relation between the two is dialectic.
She argues further that each of the relationships implies a curricular position, reflecting particular political
and moral interests.
WHY STUDYING SCHOOL SUBJECTS ?
To develop basic skills like reading ,writing and arithmetic [ 3R’s]
To enhance students’ understanding of themselves, their society, their nation, the human world and
the physical environment.
To enable students to develop multiple perspectives on contemporary issues in different contexts
(e.g., cultural, social, economic, political, and technological contexts).
To help students become independent thinkers so that they can construct knowledge appropriate to
changing personal and social circumstances.
To develop in students a range of skills for life-long learning, including critical thinking skills,
creativity, problem-solving skills, communication skills, and information technology skills.
To help students appreciate and respect diversity in cultures and views in a pluralistic society and
handle conflicting values.
To help students develop positive values and attitude towards life, so that they can become informed
and responsible citizens of society, the country and the world.
They contribute to the pursuit of self actualization, personal growth, and individual freedom.
School subjects and academic disciplines are basically discontinuous.
In this curricular position school subjects and academic disciplines are essentially discontinuous
in purpose and substance. Hence, school subjects are allowed for construction, which could get
beyond the narrow academic or disciplinary concern.
The discontinuous position finds support in humanism, social efficiency, and social
reconstructions.
Humanist educators argue that school subjects are created to provide students with rewarding
experiences that contribute to personal growth and individual freedom. School subjects, therefore,

8. need to be formulated according to the interest, attitudes, and developmental stages of individual
students.
They need to derive content from a wide range of sources – such as personal experiences, human
activities and community cultures and wisdoms. Disciplinary knowledge may or may not be useful
for the formation of school subjects.
From the perspective of social efficiency, school subjects are constructed for the primary purpose
of maintaining and enhancing economic and social productivity by equipping future citizens with
the requisite knowledge, skills, and capital. The formation of school subjects, therefore, is justified
with close reference to the needs of occupation, profession, and vocation. Therefore, specialised
and applied fields like engineering, accounting, and marketing, among others, are the primary
sources from which the contents of school subjects are derived. Academic disciplines are drawn
upon only when they demonstrate their efficacy in promoting those skills and knowledge actually
needed in occupations. School subjects are created to provide students with meaningful learning
experiences that might lead to liberation and cause social activity.
The formation of school subjects is based upon an examination of social contexts, social issues,
and futures, with the intention of helping individuals reconstruct their own, standpoints, and
actions.
Like humanistic educators, social Reconstructionist believe that school subjects derive contents
from a wide range of sources. Contemporary curricular views like autonomous learners,
participatory citizenship and globalisation further set school subjects apart from academic
disciplines.
The curricular discourses call for a learner-oriented approach to the construction of a school subject
that allows learners to construct their own knowledge according to their individual needs and
interests.
The curricular discourses require the school subject to be formulated in ways that help students
cultivate certain kinds of sensitivity, disposition and awareness needed for responsible
participation in society. The school subjects equip students with general skills and lifelong learning
abilities, essential for facing the challenges of globalisation and the knowledge-based economy.