1. Presentation of Information Technology
Presented To:
Sir Salman Ashar

2. Group Members:
• Mirza Ali Raza. 90
• Syed Ali Kamran. 50
• M.Jafar Tayar. 48
• Hussain zain-ul- abiden. 85
• Amjad Abbas. 71
• Samiullah warrich. 62
• Raja shoaib Azam 59

3. Presentation Outline:
 Networks.(LAN,MAN,WAN)
 Interconnecting/Linking Devices
 Signals.

4. Network:
A computer network is a system for
communication between computers.
Components of Networks:
 People.
 Hard ware.
 Software.
 connectivity.
 Procedure.

5. Network Diagram:

6. Local Area Network:
A local area network is data communication
system in a limited geographical area. Like a
home, office, or small group of buildings

7. Metro-Politan Area Network:
A Metro-politan area network is a network
designed to extend over an entire city.

8. Wide Area Network:
A wide area network provides long distance
transmission of data over a large geographical areas
Comprising a country,a continent or the whole world.
The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

9. Network Topology:
. The logical layout of the cables and
devices that connects the nodes of a
computer.

10. Types of Topologies:
 Star Topology.
 Bus Topology.
 Ring Topology.
 Mesh topology.
 Tree Topology.
 Hybrid Topology.

11. Bus Topology:
All devices are connected to a central
cable, called the bus or backbone.

12. Star Topology:
All devices are connected to a central
hub.Nodes communicate across the
network by passing data through the
hub.

13. Ring Topology:
All devices are connected to one another in
the shape of a closed loop, so that each
device is connected directly to two other
devices, one on either side of it.

14. Mesh Topology:
In a true mesh topology every node has a
connection to every other node in the network

15. Tree Topology:
Tree topologies integrate multiple star
topologies together onto a bus.

16. Hybrid Topology:
A hybrid topology is always produced when
two different basic network topologies are
connected. Two common examples for Hybrid
network are: star ring network and star bus
network.

17. Linking devices:
A type of linking mechanism needed to
interconnect at least two computers.They are used
to create a network. For example Cables,Switches
or Hubs.

18. Connecting Devices
Networking Devices
Networking Devices Internetworking Devices
Internetworking Devices
Repeaters
Repeater Bridges Routers
Routers Gateways

19. Repeaters :
A network device used to regenerate or replicate
a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission
systems to regenerate analog or digital signals
distorted by transmission loss.

20. Bridges :
A Bridge is an interface used to connect the
same types of networks.

21. Bridges Diagram:

22. Types of Bridges:
1) Simple Bridge
3) Multipoint Bridge
5) Transparent / Learning Bridge

23. Router :
A Router is a special computer that directs
communicating messages when several
networks are connected together.

24. Routing:
Routing concepts
Least cost Routing
Non adaptive Routing
Adaptive Routing

25. Gateways:
A Gateway is an interface permitting
communication between dissimilar
networks.

26. Other Devices:
• Multiprotocol Routers
• Brouters
• Switches

27. MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTERS:
Multiprotocol routers have been designed
to route packets belonging to two or more
protocols

28. BROUTER:
A Brouter is a single protocol or multi protocol
router that sometimes acts as a router and sometimes
as a bridge.

29. Switches :
Switches are the hardware or software devices
capable of creating temporary links between two or
more devices linking to the switch but not to each.

30. Hubs:
A Hub is the simple connection point for different
type of devices on a network. It sends all the data to
all devices connected to it.

31. Nodes:
Any device that is attached to a network.A node
may be a microcomputer,terminal,storage
device or peripheral device which enhance the
usefulness of the network.

32. Signals:
The electronic transformation of data and
information through a medium is called signal.

33. Types of Signals:
i) Analog signal.
ii) Digital signal.

34. Analog signals:
The transformation of data in the form of waves.

35. Digital signals:
The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

36. Periodic signal:
Periodic signals consist of a
continuously repeated pattern.

37. Aperiodic signal:
Aperiodic signals consist of a non repeated pattern.

38. Types of Analog signal:
 Simple signal.
 Composite signal.

39. Simple Signal:
A simple analog signals consist of a single sine
wave or a single frequency signals.

40. Composite signals:
The signals which composed of more than one sine
waves having different frequencies.

41. Frequency spectrum and bandwidth:
The frequency spectrum of a signals is
the collection of all the component
frequencies that it contain .
The bandwidth of a signal is the width of
frequency spectrum.

42. Digital Signal:
The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

43. Bit interval and bit rate:
The bit interval is the time required
to send a single bit.
The bit rate is number of bit intervals per
second,usually expressed in bits per second.

44. Any Questions?

45. Thank You.