manual-pe-2017_compress.pdf

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
2017
Power Electronics
ORCAD Simulation
AC/DC Converters
Dr. Sajid Iqbal

Power Electronics Lab Department of Mechatronics & Control Engineering, UET Lahore
Table of Contents
1. General Notes Page 3
2. Simulation Notes Page 6
3. Single phase full converter Page 10
4. Three phase semi converter Page 23
5. Three phase full converter Page 36
6. Single phase square wave inverter Page 49
7. Three phase square wave inverter Page 53
Lab Instructor: Dr. Sajid Iqbal 2

General Notes
1. How to make a project
1. Open OrCAD Capture
2. Go to File => New => Project.
3. Enter a name
4. Choose "Analog or Mixed A/D"
5. Set the location. (You should create a new directory for your project since PSpice will generate a
bunch of project files in this folder.
6. Click OK
7. Choose "Create blank project" and click OK
8. You should see a window where you can draw the schematic (i.e., your circuit diagram).
9. To add parts for your circuit (i.e., resistors, etc.)
a. Go to Place => Parts
b. Click on the library you want to use, or select multiple libraries by holding Ctrl or dragging
the mouse. In the part window you should see at least the ANALOG, BIPOLAR, EVAL,
SOURCE, and SPECIAL libraries (see below for more information on “Parts Notes”)
c. Find the part you want to add and press OK
d. Click where you want to place the part on your schematic. (Press R to rotate the part by 90
degrees)
e. Use wires to connect part to complete your circuit
10. Run simulation by choosing simulation type (see below for more information under “Simulation
Notes”)
11. Plot your output (see below for more information under “Simulation Notes”)
2. Ground
There are many types of grounds (common points in the circuit, noise reduction, etc.) PSpice uses
node-voltage method for circuit simulation and, therefore, needs a reference node with “zero
voltage”. This is the 0/SOURCE ground. You need to have it in your circuits! (It looks like a ground
symbol with a zero) If you don't, PSpice may complain of "floating nodes" even if you have a
ground.

To place the ground on the circuit Go to Place => Ground and choose 0/source (If you don't see the
"source" in the Libraries section, you will need to add the source library. See Part Notes below).
3. Mega- (i.e. mega-ohm, mega-hertz)
When you need to enter a "Mega-" (106
) unit use "MEG". (Case doesn't matter). "M" is NOT mega,
it is milli (10^-3). Example: for 6.5 megahertz, enter "6.5 Meg", for 3 milli-amps, enter "3 m"
4. All parts must have unique names.
You can't have two parts named "R1" in your circuit. If you are copying and pasting parts or circuits,
you will need to rename your parts because PSpice doesn't do this automatically.
5. Labeling Nodes:
I recommend you use aliases to label your input and output nodes. This makes your node easier to
find. V(Vout) is simpler than finding V(R1:1)
a. Go to Place => Net Alias
b. Enter a name, i.e., Vout or Vin
c. Place the label close to a node
d. Example below shows a simple circuit with aliases:

Simulation Notes
1) DC Bias:
The response of the circuit to DC sources is always calculated. To display DC bias voltages and
currents on your circuit after you run the simulation, go to PSpice => Bias Points, and check Enable,
Enable Bias Current Display, and/or Enable Bias Voltage Display
2) Parametric Sweep
This simulation is used to find the response of the circuit (e.g., current in one element) if the value of
an element (R1 in the example below) is changed. To do so:
a. Change the value of the part to {RL} (use curly braces, name is arbitrary)
b. Go to Place => Part
c. Add a PARAM/SPECIAL part to your schematic
d. Double click on the PARAM part
e. Click “New Column”
f. Set the name to RL (same name as in “a” but with no curly braces)
g. Set the value to something, e.g., 1k (this is the value that is used in calculating DC bias
values, choose somewhere in the range of your sweep).
h. Click "Display"
i. Select "Name and Value" and press OK
j. Your schematic should look like as in figure below
k. Go to PSpice=>Edit Simulation Profile.
l. Change the following settings, Analysis type: DC Sweep ,Options: Primary Sweep, Sweep
variable: Global parameter, Parameter name: RL, Setup the sweep type how you want. (Note
that if you are sweeping resistance, you can't start at 0)

m. Click OK, and go to PSpice => Run to run the simulation.
3) Frequency Domain Simulations
1. Set up your circuit with VAC voltage sources.
2. Go to PSpice => Edit Simulation Profile
3. Select the "Frequency Domain" Analysis type
4. Select the frequency range of interest. Don't start Frequency sweeps at 0!
5. Set the points/Decade to be at least 20.
Bode Plots
1. Use a logarithmic x-axis for the frequency.
2. The magnitude should be measured in decibels. Use the PSpice DB() function to convert to
decibels. For example, DB(V(Vout)/V(Vin)), assuming you have labeled your output and
input nodes with "Vout" and "Vin" aliases. Note that DB(Vout) is NOT the transfer function
in dB.
3. Remember you also need a phase graph (unless instructed otherwise). Use the PSpice P()
function to get the phase angle. For example, P(V(Vout)/V(Vin))
4. Be sure to mark the cutoff points on your bode plots (on both magnitude AND phase graphs).
Remember cutoff is 3dB below the highest point (NOT always at -3dB)
a. Click the "Toggle Cursor" button. (Or go through the menu, Trace => Cursor =>
Display) You will now be able to move the cursor along your plot.
b. Click the "Cursor Max" button to find the highest point. (Or go through the
menu, Trace => Cursor => Max)
c. Click the "Mark Label" button to label that point. (Or go through the menu, Plot
=> Label => Mark)
d. Click the "Cursor Search" button (Or go through the menu, Trace => Cursor
=>Search Commands)
e. Select 1 for Cursor To Move to search along the y-axis
f. Enter "search forward level (max-3)" (don't enter the quotation marks) to move the
cursor to the right to the point which is 3 below the max.

g. Or enter "search back level (max-3)" (don't enter the quotation marks) to move the
cursor to the left
h. Click the "Mark Label" button to label that cutoff point.
a. Unclick the Toggle Cursor button to disable the cursor so you can move the label.
b. Double click on the label to edit the text (to add units, or to name the point)
5. It may help to increase the width of the lines in the plot.
• The colored symbol at the bottom of the graph, or on the graph line
• Note you can select all of the lines by going to Edit => Select All
• Right click on the line. Make sure the selection list has Information, Properties,
Cursor 1, and Cursor 2.(If it lists Settings and Properties, you clicked on the
background, not on the line).
• Select Properties
• You can change the width and other settings of that trace
4) Time Domain Simulations
a. Use VSIN for your voltage source instead of VAC (VOFF is the DC offset, VAMPL is the
amplitude, and FREQ is the frequency of the sine wave).
b. For Square and triangular wave, use VPULSE

Square Wave is the VPLUSE function in the limit of TR = TF = 0 and PW = 0.5 * PER (PER is the
period of the wave). This limit case, however, causes numerical difficulties in calculations. In any
case, we can never make such a square function in practice. In reality, square waves have very small
TR and TF. Typically, we use a symmetric function, i.e., we set TR = TF and PW = 0.5 * PER - 2 *
TR. Thus, for a given frequency we can set up the square function if we choose TR. If we choose TR
too large, the function does not look like a square wave. If we choose TR too small, the program will
take a long time to simulate the circuit and for TR smaller than a certain value, the simulation will
not converge numerically. A good choice for TR is to set it to be 1% of the PER (a period): TR = TF
= 0.01 * PER, PW = 0.48 * PER. This usually results in a nice signal without a huge amount of
computational need. Note that TR does not have to be exactly 1% of PER. You can choose nice
round numbers for TR, TF, and PW.
Triangular Wave is the VPLUSE function in the limit of TR = TF = 0.5* PER and PW = 0
(convince yourself that this is the case). As before, the limit case of PW = 0 causes numerical
difficulties in calculations. So we have to choose PW to be a reasonably small value. A good choice
for PW is to be set at 1% of the PER (period): PW = 0.01* PER, TR = TF = 0.49 * PER (and not TR
= TF = 0.495 * PER so that we get a symmetric function). This usually results in a nice signal
without a huge amount of computational need. Again, note that PW does not have to be exactly 1%
of PER. You can choose nice round numbers for TR, TF, and PW.
Simulation settings
1. Go to PSpice => Edit Simulation Profile
2. Select the "Time Domain (Transient)" Analysis type
3. Enter a Run to time: so that a few periods will be displayed. Remember that the period
(seconds) = 1/frequency (Hz), i.e, if you are using a 1kHz sine wave, it has a 1/1kHz=1ms
period, so use a Run to time of 5ms for 5 periods
4. Set the Maximum step size to be much smaller than the period i.e. for a 1kHz sine wave: It
has a 1ms period, so set a maximum step size of approx .01ms. (This works out to 100 data
points per period).
5. If you don't set the maximum step size, PSpice may choose one which is too big, making
your sine wave look angular and ugly.

Experiment
Single Phase Full Converter
Instructions:
 All Practice and Exercise Questions must be completed in this lab session for full credit.
 You must show the outputs to the instructor before proceeding to the next question.
 Read this lab manual completely at least once before coming to lab.
Recommended Reading:
 “Power Electronics Circuits Devices and Applications” by Muhammad H. Rashid 3rd
edition.
Objectives:
 The purpose of this experiment is to simulate Single Phase Full Converter.
Tools required:
 Software simulator ORCAD
 Calculator
LAB ACTIVITY:
1. Run the simulation software Orcad on your computer.
2. Go to file and select new project.
3. Name the project with your roll no. like 20XXEXXX and also specify the directory to save
project. Choose Analog or Mixed A/D. Click ok.

4. In the next window Check create a blank project and click ok.
5. In the schematic window make the following circuit.
6. Go to place, select part and add all the PSPICE libraries. Then select the following parts and
place on the schematic page.
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Vsine
• Vpulse
• Thyristor S2800N
7. Go to place, select part and place PARAM in the schematic to specify parameters.
8. Double click on PARAMETER after placing it and add variables to it one by one by clicking
on add new column button at the top of spread sheet. Specify the name and value of each
parameter. Use bracket {} as shown in schematic to specify values.

9. After placing the components and specifying parameters make the simulation profile. Go to
PSICE and select New Simulation Profile. A new window will appear.
10. Set the values as shown in figure below and click ok.
11. Run the simulation by pressing the play button.

12. A new window will appear, go to ADD TRACE and plot the required waveforms.
13. Nominal values are: Vs = 220 V L = 20 mH R = 100 ohms f = 50 Hz
PARAMETERS:
TD1 = {((0/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD2 = {((0/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD3 = {((180/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD4 = {((180/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
PARAMETERS:
f = 50
T = {1/f }
Vac = 220
angle = 30
PW = 350u
Rload = 100
Lload = 100m

Practice No.1
Set the value of angle=30 and run the simulation and compare your results with figures given
below.
Figure 1: Output Voltage.
Figure 2: Output Current.
Figure 3: Input Current.

Figure 4: Input Voltage.
Figure 5: FFT of Output Voltage.
Comments about waveforms:
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Exercise No.1
Set the value of angle 60, 90 and plot output current and voltage waveforms. Also plot input
supply current and FFT of output Voltage.
1) Firing Angle = 60 degree
Plot Output Voltage
Plot current through load
Plot Voltage across the thyristor

Plot input current
Plot FFT of output voltage
2) Set the firing angle equal to 90 degree
Plot output voltage

Plot Output Current
Plot Input Current
Plot voltage across thyristor

Plot FFT of output voltage
Exercise No.2
Repeat Exercise No.1 with resistive load R=10Ω
Plot the Output Voltage
Plot the load current

Plot the input/supply current
Plot the FFT of Output Voltage
Plot output voltage

Plot the supply current
Plot the FFT of Output Voltage

Exercise No.3
Repeat Exercise No.1 with inductive load L=20mH.
Plot the output voltage

Plot the FFT of output voltage
Plot the load voltage

Plot the load voltage spectrum
Exercise No.4
Observe and plot the FFT of the input and output voltage and current waveforms from
fundamental frequency to 1000 Hz. Use R=100Ω and L=20mH.
Plot load voltage spectrum

Plot load current spectrum
Plot supply current spectrum
FFT of Intput Voltage

Experiment
Three Phase Semi Converter
Instructions:
edition.
Objectives:
Tools required:
 Calculator
LAB ACTIVITY:
3. Name the project with your roll no. like 20XXEXXX and also specify the directory to save
project. Choose Analog or Mixed A/D. Click ok.

6. Go to place, select part and add all the PSPICE libraries. Then select the following parts and
place on the schematic page.
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Vsine
• Vpulse
• Thyristor S2800N
8. Double click on PARAMETER after placing it and add variables to it one by one by clicking
on add new column button at the top of spread sheet. Specify the name and value of each
parameter. Use bracket {} as shown in schematic to specify values.

10. Set the values as shown in figure below and click ok.

13. Nominal values are: Vs = 250 V L= 6.2 mH R = 100 ohms F= 50 Hz
PARAMETERS:
f = 50
T = {1/f }
Vac = 250
angle = 30
PW = 350u
Rload = 100
Lload = 6.2m
PARAMETERS:
TD1 = {((30/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD2 = {((150/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD3 = {((270/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}

Practice No.1
below.
Figure 1:Output Voltage.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Exercise No.1
Set the value of angle 60,90 and plot output current and voltage waveforms. Also plot input
Output Voltage
Output Current
Input Current

FFT of Output Voltage
Output Voltage
Output Current

Input Current
Exercise No.2
Output Voltage

Output Current
Input Current

Output Voltage
Output Current
Input Current

Exercise No.3
Output Voltage
Output Current

Input Current
Output Voltage

Output Current
Input Current

Exercise No.4
FFT of Output Current

FFT of Intput Current

Experiment
Three Phase Full Converter
Instructions:
edition.
Objectives:
Tools required:
 Calculator
LAB ACTIVITY:
3. Name the project with your roll no. like 20XXEXXX and also specify the directory to
save project. Choose Analog or Mixed A/D. Click ok.

6. Go to place, select part and add all the PSPICE libraries. Then select the following
parts and place on the schematic page.
 Resistor
 Inductor
 Vsine
 Vpulse
 Thyristor S2800N
8. Double click on PARAMETER after placing it and add variables to it one by one by
clicking on add new column button at the top of spread sheet. Specify the name and
value of each parameter. Use bracket {} as shown in schematic to specify values.

10. Set the values as shown in figure below and click OK.

13. Nominal values are: Vs = 250 V L= 6.2 mH R = 100 ohms f= 50 Hz
PARAMETERS:
f = 50
T = {1/f }
Vac = 250
angle = 30
PW = 350u
Rload = 100
Lload = 6.2m
PARAMETERS:
TD1 = {((30/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD2 = {((90/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD3 = {((150/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD4 = {((210/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD5 = {((270/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}
TD6 = {((330/360)*T)+((angle/360)*T)}

Practice No.1
below.
Figure 1: Output Voltage.

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_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Exercise No.1
Set the value of angle 60, 90 and plot output current and voltage waveforms. Also plot input
Output Voltage
Output Current

Input Current
Output Voltage

Output Current
Input Current

Exercise No.2
Output Voltage
Output Current

Input Current
Output Voltage

Output Current
Input Current

Exercise No.3
Output Voltage
Output Current

Input Current
Output Voltage

Output Current
Input Current

Exercise No.4
FFT of Output Current

FFT of Intput Current

Experiment
DC-AC Inverter: Single-phase Square Wave Inverter
Part 1: To get acquainted with the simulation environment for Single-phase Square
wave inverter
Graphically model and simulate the single-phase square wave inverter (dc-ac converter) using
ORCAD 10.5 and PSpice. Study the dc source (input) current and ac load (output) voltage and
current waveforms. Compare the same with the results obtained from the analytical expressions.
Objective:
Part 1:
Graphically model the square wave inverter shown in Fig. 1 using the graphical front end of
ORCAD. The nominal values for the inverter are as follows:
Vs = 120 V L= 20 mH R = 5 ohms F= 50 Hz
Figure 1
Part 2:

1. Observe and plot the load voltage and current waveforms from time 0 to 0.1sec
(Output voltage across R & L), (Current through L).
2. Observe and plot supply current and voltage for the same duration.
3. Observe and plot the FFT of the input and output voltage and current
waveforms from fundamental frequency to 1000 Hz.
Part 3:
Repeat the above for R = 10 ohms.
Part 4:
Repeat the above experiment for a purely inductive load of L = 10 mH.
Tools required:
1. Software simulator ORCAD
2. Calculator
Software modules and settings
1. Add all the available libraries to the project
2. Add MOSFETs IRF450, Resistor, Inductor, VDC, VPULSE and 0/Ground
3. Set VDC = 120V
4. Set Vpulse1: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T}
5. Set Vpulse2: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={0.5*T} PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T}
6. Set Vpulse3: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={0.5*T} PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T}
7. Set Vpulse4: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW=={0.5*T} PR = {T}
8. Set load inductance and resistance as given above.
Procedure
1. Start ORCAD 10.5
2. Make a new project with the name ‘Single_phase_square_inverter’ and select
the option of analog and mixed A/D.

3. Add all the libraries to the project
4. Place components in the schematic page
5. Arrange the components as shown in the figure 1
6. Set the values of the components as required
7. Place ‘PARAM’ in the schematic page and add the variables ‘frequency’ and
‘T’ and assign values as 50 and {1/frequency}.
8. Make a new simulation profile PSpice>New Simulation Profile> Give any
name>Set the simulation time to 0.1sec and other parameters according to
requirements
9. Place the voltage and current marker across the load.

Frequency Spectrum of load voltage and current

Experiment
DC-AC Inverter: Three-phase Square Wave Inverter
Part 1: To get acquainted with the simulation environment for three-phase Square
wave inverter
Graphically model and simulate the three-phase square wave inverter (dc-ac converter) using
ORCAD 10.5 and PSpice. Study the dc source (input) current and ac load (output) voltage and
current waveforms. Compare the same with the results obtained from the analytical expressions.
Objective:
Part 1:
Graphically model the square wave inverter shown in Figure using the graphical front end of
ORCAD. The nominal values for the inverter are as follows:
Vs = 400 V L= 10 mH R = 2 ohms F= 50 Hz
Part 2:
1. Observe and plot the phase voltage and current waveforms from time 20ms to
100ms (Output voltage across R & L), (Current through L).
2. Observe and plot the line to line voltage waveforms from time 20ms to 100ms
3. Observe and plot supply current and voltage for the same duration.
4. Observe and plot the FFT of the input and output voltage and current
waveforms from fundamental frequency to 1000 Hz.
Part 3:
Repeat the above for R = 10 ohms.
Part 4:
Repeat the above experiment for a purely inductive load of L = 10 mH.

Tools required:
1. Software simulator ORCAD
2. Calculator
Software modules and settings
1. Add all the available libraries to the project
2. Add MOSFETs IRF450, Resistor, Inductor, VDC, VPULSE and 0/Ground
3. Set VDC = 120V
4. Set VG1: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD=0 PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T}
5. Set VG2: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T/6} PW= {0.5*T} PR = {T}
8. Set VG5: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T*(2/3)} PW= {0.5*T} PR =
{T}

9. Set VG6: V1=0, V2=15 TR=10u, TF=10u TD={T*(5/6)} PW= {0.5*T} PR =
{T}
10.Set load inductance and resistance as given above.
Procedure
1. Start ORCAD 10.5
2. Make a new project with the name ‘three_phase_square_inverter’ and select the
option of analog and mixed A/D.
3. Add all the libraries to the project
4. Place components in the schematic page
5. Arrange the components as shown in the figure
6. Set the values of the components as required
7. Place ‘PARAM’ in the schematic page and add the variables ‘frequency’, ‘T’,
‘Rload’ and ‘Lload’ and assign values.
8. Make a new simulation profile PSpice>New Simulation Profile> Give any
name>Set the simulation time to 0.1sec and other parameters according to
requirements
9. Place the voltage and current marker across the load.

• Load current waveforms for R=2 ohm and L=10mH
• Phase A voltage

• Line to Line Voltage Vab

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